经鼻鼻内镜切除鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤

经鼻鼻内镜入路（endoscopic endonasal approach, EEA）手术在切除鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤将近20年的实践中取得了令人鼓舞的结果,取得了不低于开放手术的近期疗效,由于其微创的特点,降低了手术相关并发症,提高了患者的生存质量。随着颅底解剖知识、手术器械和材料、鼻内镜技术的进步, EEA的手术范围和适应证逐渐扩大,但现有研究证据级别低,其疗效仍然需要进一步证实,仍缺乏被广泛接受的手术适应证和手术方法。     

扩大鼻内镜上颌窦手术视野的解剖学研究

目的:通过对鼻腔和上颌窦相关解剖结构的观测,寻找扩大鼻内镜上颌窦手术视野的解剖学方法,为获得满意的手术视野提供指导。方法:以30例(60侧)经4%甲醛固定的成人尸头(男21例,女9例)为研究对象,去除鼻腔外侧壁的黏膜,保留各个重要骨性结构的完整性,以骨性鼻泪管和下鼻甲骨附着缘为标志,观察测量相关结构的解剖特点以及与周围毗邻结构的位置关系。通过解剖学观测,寻找影响鼻内镜下扩大上颌窦手术视野的解剖学因素。结果:骨性鼻泪管前界上、中、下端到上颌窦前壁与内侧壁交界的水平距离分别为0、(1.90±1.03)、(3.29±1.04)mm;骨性鼻泪管前下端到下鼻甲前缘的水平距离为(5.13±0.62)mm,到鼻底的垂直距离为(16.89±0.97)mm,左右侧测量数据差异无统计学意义。去除的骨质范围:下鼻甲附着缘以上部分上下径为(9.43±1.72)mm,前后径由上往下为(9.76±0.83)、(11.39±0.50)、(12.85±0.66)mm,下鼻甲附着缘以下部分上下径为(13.52±0.83)mm,前后径由上往下为(19.89±1.37)、(16.59±0.77)、(12.48±0.91)mm。结论:鼻内镜下中鼻道入路的上颌窦手术视野,受上颌窦口前方的骨性鼻泪管、上颌骨额突及下方的下鼻道外侧壁骨质的影响而无法充分显露,同过去除窦口周边无用的骨质而保留重要结构,可以扩大内镜下中鼻道入路上颌窦手术的视野,利于彻底清除上颌窦内底壁、前壁的病变。     

经鼻鼻内镜下泪囊造口定位的解剖与临床研究

目的调查经鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的解剖定位资料。方法经鼻内镜下解剖16具湿性成人尸头32侧泪囊,确定泪囊鼻腔造口的最佳解剖位置标志;并结合2例手术失败病例和12例尚未行手术的慢性泪囊炎病例的相关影像学资料,对比分析最佳解剖定位数据。结果泪囊上、下点与鼻小柱和鼻翼交界点及"中鼻甲腋"(即中鼻甲前端位于鼻腔外侧壁的附着处)的距离分别为33.0±3.3mm、44.6±4.9mm和6.8±1.4mm、3.2±1.6mm;2例手术失败病例的泪囊鼻腔开口位置较低。结论手术中,应在中鼻甲腋前上方定位鼻腔内泪囊开口。     

New guidelines for endoscopic localization of the anterior ethmoidal artery: a cadaveric study

OBJECTIVES: To determine objective data to improve the methods of identification of the anterior ethmoidal artery during endoscopic dissection. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric dissection of adult human heads. METHODS: A 0 degrees, 4-mm rigid endoscope was used to guide uncinectomy and frontoethmoidectomy. The location of the anterior ethmoidal artery was first determined visually and then confirmed by passing a needle through the anterior ethmoidal foramen from the orbit into the nose in all cases. The distances were endoscopically measured using a simple ruler between two nasal landmarks and the anterior ethmoidal artery. RESULTS: Fifty-six nasal fossae in 28 cadavers were dissected endoscopically. The median distance between the artery and the "axilla" formed by the anterior attachment of the middle turbinate to the lateral nasal wall was 20 mm (range, 17-25 mm), irrespective of the side. The measurement differed by less than 2 mm between the sides in the same individual. The median distance between the artery and the "axilla" formed by the medial and lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilage (superomedial edge of the nostril) was 62 mm (range, 55-75 mm) for both sides. The artery was found to be in direct alignment with the two "axillae" formed by the middle turbinate and the nostril edge. CONCLUSIONS: The distance between the ethmoidal artery and the axilla of the middle turbinate showed the least intraindividual and interindividual variations. The tip of the endoscope (or the ruler) points directly at the anterior ethmoidal artery in the fovea ethmoidalis when its edge is aligned with the two nasal landmarks. These simple guidelines can aid the identification of the artery in endoscopic frontoethmoidectomy.     

Creation and validation of a radiological checklist for functional endoscopic sinonasal surgery. A YO-IFOS initiative

BackgroundFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery might lead to dangerous complications. Studying and analysing preoperative CT scans provides surgeons with a precise knowledge of their patient's anatomy, thus reducing the risk of potential complications. Checklists highlighting key anatomical areas have been published and proven useful. However, none of these are widely accepted or systematically used in daily practice.ObjectiveIn this paper, the rhinology group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) aim to create and validate a new checklist designed to be fast and user friendly for daily practice.MethodsTwo CT sinonasal scans were selected as test cases. Forty otolaryngologists were selected from five tertiary referral hospitals. It was a cross-sectional study; each participant was their own control. All participants completed a questionnaire after the analysis of both CT scans to prevent learning bias. The evaluation included ten items critical in endoscopic sinus surgery according to previous publications.ResultsThere were 80 evaluations. There was a significant increase in the number of correctly identified critical structures with the use of the checklist (p = .009). There was a statistically significant difference in low- experience evaluators, while it was not statistically significant for experienced surgeons. The most unanswered structures were suprabullar recess, dangerous v2 nerve, anterior ethmoid artery, dangerous vidian nerve and Onodi cell. The most wrongly identified structures were Keros type, septal deviation and cribiform middle turbinate.ConclusionThe YO-IFOS radiological checklist has proven a useful tool for correctly studying sinonasal anatomical variations. There is a clear learning component in the use of the checklist although it does not in any way exempt specialists from thorough study of sinonasal anatomy. Given the risk-benefit ratio, we strongly suggest the routine use of the checklist to systematically assess CT-scans prior to endoscopic sinonasal surgery.     

两种鼻内镜额窦手术方式的临床评价

目的对鼻内镜额窦手术Wormald术式与筛泡前径路术式进行临床比较与评价。方法慢性额窦炎行功能性鼻内镜额窦手术患者50例70侧。随机分为2组：A组（Wormald术式）24例32侧;B组（筛泡前径路术式）26例38侧。结果所有患者均随访6-12个月。①Wormald术式组有效率90．63％（29／32）,筛泡前径路术式组有效率84．21％（32／38）,2组比较P〉0．05。②额窦开放术后随访3个月,以额窦口直径〉0．5cm为标准,A组84．38％（27／32）,B组78．95％（30／38）,两组比较P〉0．05。③手术时间为A组平均54．32min,B组平均58．51min。④手术并发症为A组鼻泪管损伤1例;B组筛前动脉损伤1例,术后下眼睑瘀斑2例。结论对于2种手术径路的临床应用,可以依据鼻窦解剖、术者经验和手术器械的不同而定。但就鼻窦解剖特点而言,如鼻丘气房发育良好或钩突上端附着判断困难,则采取Wormald术式较好;如钩突上端附着于眶内壁或鼻丘气房发育小,则采取筛泡前径路术式较好。手术中如能将两者有机结合应用则更好。     

Outcomes for endoscopic resection of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: Preliminary data suggest efficacy for the endoscopic approach for sinonasal malignancy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the endoscopic approach for the resection of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endoscopic resection of sinonasal SCC from August 1996 to May 2004. METHODS: Eleven patients were treated with curative intent. Demographic data, histopathology, extent of tumor involvement, and need for adjunctive radiation or chemotherapy were determined. Local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age for the patient population was 62.5 (52-85) years with a male:female ratio of 8:3. Multimodality therapy including radiation or chemotherapy was used in 8 of 11 (73%) patients. Seven patients were resected using strictly an endoscopic approach, whereas four required combined endoscopic and neurosurgical resection. LR and distant metastatic rates were 20% and 0%, respectively. OS and DFS were both 91%, with mean follow-up of 31.5 (range 6-88) months. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic resection in combination with multimodality therapy is an effective method for curative resection of sinonasal SCC. In this preliminary study, it facilitated complete resection with acceptable LR and DFS rates.     

内镜或内镜辅助下治疗鼻内翻性乳头状瘤恶变的临床分析

目的　分析内镜或内镜辅助下鼻内翻性乳头状瘤（sinonasal inverted papilloma,SNIP）恶变患者的治疗方法,探讨影响其预后的因素并分析最佳治疗策略。方法  回顾性分析2001年9月～2010年9月我科收治的采用内镜或内镜辅助治疗的经病理确诊的SNIP恶变患者共27例,术前行影像学检查并依照UICC第6版分期标准,T1级3例,T2级8例,T3级12例,T4级4例。27例患者均行内镜或内镜辅助下手术治疗,其中11例为单纯内镜或内镜辅助下手术治疗,术后对16例患者联合行放射治疗。结果　所有病例均经病理证实恶变为鳞状细胞癌。27例SNIP恶变患者总体5年生存率为77.8%,11例单纯手术治疗患者的5年生存率为75.0%,5例于术后局部复发。16例手术联合放射治疗患者的5年生存率为81.8%,5例于术后局部复发,2例患者术后局部复发伴颅内转移死亡。结论　内镜或内镜辅助下手术治疗SNIP恶变患者手术效果良好,并发症少,提高了患者的术后生活质量,术后联合放射治疗可提高患者远期生存率。     

Role of intraoperative CT-updates during image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery for sinonasal fibro-osseous lesions

Fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma and osteomas are collectively known as fibro-osseous lesions. Occurrence in the sinonasal region is rare, and its management can be technically challenging. We report a case of an 8-year-old female with cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid sinus who underwent a two-staged, endoscopically assisted, transfacial resection of the lesion and a 31-year-old male with fibrous dysplasia of the ethmoid sinus who underwent endoscopic removal of the tumor. Both cases utilized intraoperative computed tomography (CT)-updated image-guided systems (IGS) to improve surgical precision. In the second patient, further resection was undertaken after CT-update in the same surgery. The postoperative courses were uneventful, and at 1-year follow-up no tumor recurrence was observed in either patient. Our experience suggested that the use of intraoperative CT-updated IGS in endoscopic or endoscopically assisted surgeries for sinonasal fibro-osseous lesions will lead to more optimal tumor control, which can translate into greater patient safety.     

Tympanometric measurements in conscious sheep - a diagnostic tool for pre-clinical middle ear implant studies

Objective: To investigate and establish the use of tympanometry in conscious sheep to provide a means of objective assessment of tympanic membrane integrity, middle ear ventilation and functioning of the Eustachian tube (ET). Design: After conditioning the sheep for four weeks, tympanometric measurements at 226?Hz were carried out weekly for 13 weeks. Before measurements, the external ear canal had been cleaned. Resultant curves were classified according to human reference values. Study Sample: Tests were performed on 12 female blackface sheep. Results: After cleaning of the external ear canal under otoscopic control, tympanic membranes were intact with no evidence of acute or chronic middle ear inflammation, middle ear effusion or retraction. Cleaning ensured valid, objective and reproducible measurements. As the majority of normal tympanograms were notched without the appearance of any malformation, an additional tympanogram type (A_N) was introduced. The notched appearance can most likely be explained by the anatomy of the middle ear of the sheep and the test frequency that was used. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated how tympanometry can be used to evaluate treatment modalities for middle ear and ET function in conscious sheep. This provided a large animal model for further human research in otology.     

The role of propofol as a general anaesthetic agent in surgery for sinonasal diseases

Propofol is known to he a better drug when used for induction of general anaesthesia. But when it is used for induction as well as maintenance of general anaesthesia in the surgery for sinonasal diseases, it significantly reduces the blood loss thereby improving the risibility of the endonasal structures and minimises the chance of complications related to endoseopic sinus surgery.     

Localization and infliction pattern of iatrogenic skull base defects following endoscopic sinus surgery at a teaching hospital

Objective

Aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence, infliction patterns and management of dural injuries with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea following endoscopic sinus surgery at a teaching hospital. We present our results of over 14 years of experience from endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea with long-term follow-up.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed by screening 14 years of sinus surgeries for iatrogenically inflicted CSF leaks of the anterior skull base. Obtained data were analyzed to determine the infliction pattern and location of CSF leaks, surgical closure techniques and outcomes. All incidences were further evaluated with regards to the surgeons training status.

Results

144 patients out of 6908 sinus surgeries were diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea and underwent subsequent surgical repair. 52 patients had iatrogenic CSF leaks with 32 of the defects inflicted by the department's physician personnel. Average follow-up was 62 months, with a range of 10–168 months. The side distribution was 56.3% to the patient's right side and in 40.6% to the patient's left side. 68.7% became apparent during the initial surgery whereas 31.3% only after surgery. The most common defect location was the anterior ethmoid at the attachment of the medial concha base with 43.7%, followed by the junction between the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus with 21.9%, the frontal sinus aditus with 18.7% and the medial ethmoid region with 9.4%. With increasing training status, surgeons were more prone to cause defects at the frontal sinus aditus whereas surgeons with lesser training status caused more defects at the anterior ethmoid at the medial concha base. The posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinus was equally prone to defects over all stages of surgical training. Initial endoscopic repair was successful in 87.5% of patients and 95% after revision surgery.

Conclusion

The obtained data confirm the safety of the endonasal sinus surgery according to Wigand's technique. The incidence of iatrogenic CSF leaks at a teaching hospital is not higher than at specialized rhinology departments. We observed a distinct pattern of inflicted skull base defects with different hot-spot areas, prone to damage in various stages of the surgeon's status of expertise.     

An alternative model for stapedectomy training in residency program: sheep cadaver ear

To determine the usefulness of sheep cadaver ear as a complementary model for training of stapedectomy at residency programs, 2 of our 4 year residents were included in the study and each operated 20 sheep ears. All routine steps of stapedectomy operation were performed, and their success and complication scores were recorded. Performance of residents for stapedectomy and teflon piston placement in sheep ears were evaluated by the authors. Success of both residents improved progressively. Success and complications were impressively better in the second 10 ears than the initial 10 for each resident. Both residents had better outcomes in last 10 ears. Sheep cadaver ear is an excellent model for stapedectomy training in residency and helps to improve surgical skills. We offer sheep cadaver ear training model especially in the countries where obtaining human cadaver temporal bone is difficult.     

Transnasal endoscopic resection of lesions of the clivus: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with transnasal endoscopic resection of clival lesions. BACKGROUND: Because of the surrounding vital structures and the difficulties in achieving wide surgical exposure, the treatment of clival lesions is challenging. In an effort to overcome these obstacles, many centers use facial incisions and osteotomies to approach clival lesions. Minimally invasive endoscopic techniques have the potential to minimize morbidity while yielding similar surgical results. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with tumors involving the clivus that underwent endoscopic resection between 2000 and 2004 were identified. Charts were reviewed for clinical characteristics, previous therapies, diagnosis, tumor extent, management modalities, length of hospital stay, complications, and outcome. RESULTS: A total of six patients were identified. There were four males and two females with a mean age of 50 years, ranging from 29 to 66 years. The most common presenting symptoms were visual disturbances. Three patients had prior craniotomy with subtotal tumor resection. The pathology included three clival chordomas, and one each of meningioma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. All patients were managed with computer-aided transnasal endoscopic tumor resection with neurosurgical standby or involvement. None of the patients required additional craniotomies. The mean follow-up was 13 (range, 8-24) months. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy was used in three patients, and two patients are currently undergoing proton beam radiation therapy (PBRT). The average length of hospital stay was 2 (range, 2-3) days. There were no major postoperative complications. At the last follow-up, five patients were alive with two patients being free of disease. Two patients with residual disease are currently undergoing PBRT, and one patient developed distant metastasis. One patient died of unrelated causes. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary report suggests that transnasal endoscopic management of clival lesions is a viable option to traditional open approaches with acceptable morbidity and mortality. The use of computer-aided surgery further minimizes surgical risks while maximizing tumor resection.