Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection for advanced rectal and prostate cancer with synchronous lateral lymph node metastases

Here we report a case of advanced rectal and prostate cancer with synchronous lateral lymph node (LLN) metastases that was treated with laparoscopic surgery. A 71‐year‐old man presented with fecal occult blood and was diagnosed with rectal cancer. A metastatic right LLN was suspected after CT examination of a 19‐mm lymph node (proximal internal iliac artery region) and a 13‐mm lymph node (distal internal iliac artery region) in the right lateral region. We planned neoadjuvant chemotherapy to suppress local and distant recurrence. This treatment decreased the size of the primary rectal tumor. We performed laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and right LLN dissection. The histopathological diagnosis was LLN metastases from the rectal and prostate cancers. It is rare for synchronous metastases from rectal and prostate cancers to be observed in the LLN. It may be difficult to determine an appropriate treatment strategy in cases like this.     

A new model of rectal cancer with regional lymph node metastasis allowing in vivo evaluation by imaging biomarkers

Object

The work is aimed to develop a murine model of rectal cancer, which could be used to monitor lymph node metastasis development by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging (OI) techniques.

Subjects and methods

Ht-29 cancer cells were directly injected into the submucosal layer of the rectum of athymic nude mice using trans-anal rectal cancer cell injection (TARCI). Thirty-six mice were inoculated with 10 × 10⁵ cells and five mice were treated with sterile phosphate buffer solution. One to 4 weeks after cell injection, tumor growth was evaluated in vivo using T2-weighted MRI at 4.7T. A further group of animal (n = 6) treated with ht-29_luc cells, with the same protocol, was monitored by optical imaging. In both groups, the presence of the primary tumor and of lymph nodes metastasis was confirmed by histology.

Results

In all animals, primary tumors were detectable by MRI, 1 week from TARCI. After 4 weeks primary tumors showed a mean longitudinal diameter of about 2 cm. All animals developed regional lymph node metastases. Others organs (e.g. lung or liver) were not affected. In fat-suppressed, T2-weighted MRI, lymph nodes appeared as small areas characterized by hyper-intense signal compared to muscle. OI permitted evaluation of the primary tumor growth in perineal region.

Conclusions

TARCI of ht-29 cells into the rectum of nude mice is a feasible way to obtain a easily reproducible model of regional lymph node metastases could be monitored by magnetic resonance and optical imaging techniques.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤的临床观察

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)在胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤(GI-NENs)治疗中的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析该院2011年1月-2015年12月52例经ESD治疗的GI-NENs患者临床资料,总结其内镜下形态,记录完整切除率,并发症发生率,病理特征以及随访结果。结果 52例患者中胃16例,结肠9例,直肠27例;大部分病灶为黏膜下隆起,少数为不典型的息肉样改变;所有病灶均一次性整块切除病变,其中G1 44例,G2 8例;完整切除率94.23%(49/52);2例直肠病灶侵犯固有肌层,追加外科手术;1例直肠穿孔,内镜下处理及保守治疗好转。全组病例未出现大出血,术后平均随访22.6个月,1例胃病灶发生局部复发,行第二次ESD治疗,未发现淋巴结和远处转移病例。结论严格把握内镜治疗适应证,ESD治疗GI-NENs是可行、安全、有效的。     

结直肠癌术后肝转移的影响因素分析

【目的】探讨结直肠癌术后肝转移与其临床病理因素之间的关系,分析其在结直肠癌术后肝转移中的意义。【方法】收集行根治性手术治疗的结直肠癌病例700例,其中结直肠癌术后肝转移170例,无肝转移530例,选择性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、分化程度、Dukes分期、组织学类型、淋巴结转移等临床病理因素分组用χ^2检验进行组间分析。【结果】Dukes分期和淋巴结转移两组中肝转移发生率的差别具有显著性（P〈0．05）,其中DukesA、B、C期肝转移的发生率分别为17．2％、17．4％、36．3％。有淋巴结转移者肝转移的发生率为36．3％,无淋巴结转移者肝转移发生率为17．3％。【结论】肿瘤分期和淋巴结转移是影响结直肠癌肝转移的重要因素。肿瘤病理分期越晚者更易发生肝转移,有淋巴结转移者术后肝转移发生率明显高于无淋巴结转移者。     

胸段食管癌术后淋巴结转移情况与术后放疗疗效分析

目的探讨胸段食管癌术后淋巴结转移情况及术后放疗效果。方法选取65例胸段食管癌患者,胸上段14例,胸中段27例,胸下段24例;发生淋巴结转移者38例,病灶大小:<3 cm者35例,≥3 cm者30例,所有患者均采用食管癌根治术配合术后放疗,回访3年,观察65例患者治疗转归及不同部分胸段食管癌淋巴结转移特点及术后放疗疗效,对病灶大小及有无淋巴结转移与患者术后1、3年生存率的关系进行分析。结果 65例患在者采用食管癌根治术联合术后放疗后,60例(92.31%)肿瘤得到一定程度的控制,回访3年期间,1年生存率为76.92%(50/65),3年生存率为58.46%(38/65)。胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移以颈部淋巴结转移多见,胸中段及胸下段食管癌以腹腔淋巴结及纵隔淋巴结多见,且胸中段食管癌患者术后1年生存率及3年生存率均明显高于胸上段及胸下段食管癌。病灶<3 cm及无淋巴结转移的患者术后1、3年生存率均显著高于病灶≥3 cm及发生淋巴结转移的患者,P<0.05。结论胸段食管癌术后易发生淋巴结转移,术后联合放疗,可提高患者术后生存率,改善患者预后,提高患者生活质量,是胸段食管癌患者术后发生淋巴结转移重要的有效的治疗手段。     

Lateral lymph node recurrence of rectal cancer with a pathological complete response to chemotherapy confirmed by laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection: A case report

Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is one of the forms of local recurrence after surgery for lower rectal cancer. We here present a case of LLN recurrence of rectal cancer that was shown by laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) to have a complete pathological response to chemotherapy. A 58-year-old man underwent open low anterior resection for lower rectal cancer. After detection of right LLN recurrence 43 months after the operation, 11 cycles of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab chemotherapy were administered. Laparoscopic right LLND was performed 55 months after the first operation. Pathological examination revealed no viable tumor cells in the dissected lymph nodes. The patient remains alive without recurrence 61 months after the first surgery and 6 months after laparoscopic LLND. Laparoscopic LLND for LLN recurrence of rectal cancer is feasible and should be considered a valid treatment option.     

人工神经网络模型基于胃癌生物学行为的MSCT影像信息判断淋巴结转移

目的 应用人工神经网络(ANN)分析反映胃癌生物学行为的MSCT影像学信息,建立胃癌淋巴结转移判断模型。方法 收集经手术病理证实的胃癌患者175例,患者术前均接受MSCT检查,术前未接受抗肿瘤治疗,未发现远处转移。根据手术病理是否存在淋巴结转移,分为有淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组。观察测量治疗前MSCT显示的反映胃癌生物学行为的癌肿、淋巴结及临床相关指标。以统计学单因素分析筛选两组间有统计学差异的指标,进一步建立ANN和Logistic回归分析模型判断胃癌淋巴结转移。结果 175例胃癌患者中,手术病理证实共134例存在淋巴结转移,41例无淋巴结转移。单因素分析显示癌肿浆膜浸润、大体类型、最大径线、厚度、强化方式、淋巴结数目、分站、最大淋巴结短径共8项指标在有、无淋巴结转移组之间差异有统计学意义。将其作为输入指标建模,ANN模型判断淋巴结转移的总敏感度、总特异度和总准确率分别为90.30%(121/134)、82.93%(34/41)和88.57%(155/175),而Logistic回归判断淋巴结转移的总敏感度、总特异度和总准确率为85.82%(115/134)、70.73%(29/41)和82.29%(144/175)。结论 采用ANN模型,利用MSCT反映的胃癌生物学行为相关信息,可帮助术前判断患者是否存在淋巴结转移,其效能优于Logistic回归分析。     

CT analysis of postoperative tumor recurrence patterns in periampullary cancer

BACKGROUND: We analyzed postoperative tumor recurrence in periampullary cancer on computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Forty-six patients with tumor recurrence (16 pancreas head cancers, 19 distal common bile duct cancers, and 11 ampulla of Vater cancers) of 125 patients who underwent surgery for periampullary cancer were enrolled. Recurrence was diagnosed by CT findings plus elevated CA 19-9 (n = 28) or biopsy (n = 18). Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed 156 contrast-enhanced CT scans, with 7-mm slice thickness, obtained in our institution until the initial diagnosis of tumor recurrence. The modes of recurrence were classified as local recurrence, hepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, peritoneal carcinomatosis, or extraabdominal metastasis. We evaluated the time of recurrence, the frequency of each mode of recurrence, and the earliest mode of recurrence. The differences in tumor recurrence for the three types of periampullary cancer were evaluated. RESULTS: Half of the recurrences occurred within 6 months after surgery and 87% occurred within 12 months after surgery. Local recurrences (67%), hepatic metastases (72%), and lymph node metastases (61%) were common modes of tumor recurrence. Pancreas head cancers recurred earlier than the other types of periampullary cancer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Periampullary cancer tends to recur early after surgery, usually as a local recurrence, hepatic metastasis, or lymph node metastasis.     

直肠神经内分泌肿瘤130例临床分析

  目的  分析影响直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine neoplasia, NEN)预后的临床因素。  方法  回顾性收集2012年5月至2019年9月北京协和医院门诊结直肠NEN前瞻性数据库中确诊为直肠NEN并在基本外科行手术治疗的患者资料, 包括一般资料、手术方式、病理诊断结果及随访信息。采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析, 比较患者临床因素与预后的关系。  结果  共130例符合纳入和排除标准的患者入选本研究, 其中男性71例(54.6%), 女性59例(45.4%)。102例术后病理有明确世界卫生组织分级, G1、G2、G3级患者分别为82例、18例、2例。122例行局部切除手术, 9例行根治性手术(其中1例先行局部切除手术后行根治性手术)。7例患者存在淋巴结转移, 均为接受根治性手术患者。116例患者完成随访, 其中4例出现复发或转移, 2例死于NEN转移。Kaplan-Meier分析显示, 接受根治性手术较局部切除手术、出现淋巴结转移较未出现淋巴结转移、病灶≥ 2 cm较病灶1~ < 2 cm或 < 1 cm患者的无复发生存率更低(P均 < 0.05)。  结论  病灶≥ 2 cm、淋巴结转移是直肠NEN患者预后不良的危险因素, 此类患者应除外远处转移后行根治性手术, 术后密切随访。     

Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection for anorectal melanoma: A case report

Because anorectal melanoma, a rare cancer with a poor outcome, does not respond well to local radiation therapy or systemic chemotherapy, surgery is the primary treatment. Herein, we present a case of anorectal melanoma with lateral and inguinal lymph node metastases. A 61‐year‐old woman presented with rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed a black tumor with ulceration in the anorectum. A CT scan revealed an anorectal tumor with left lateral lymph node swelling and right inguinal lymph node swelling. We performed a laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection and right inguinal lymph node dissection. One year after the initial operation, pulmonary metastases were observed, and pulmonary resection was performed. After the pulmonary resection, brain metastases developed, and surgical resection was performed. Despite the recurrence of disease, the patient has survived for 52 months since the initial surgery and continues to receive systemic chemotherapy.     

Metachronous solitary mediastinal lymph node metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by video‐assisted thoracic surgery twice: Report of a case

Solitary mediastinal lymph node metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. We report a case of metachronically solitary mediastinal metastases of HCC treated by video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) twice. A 66‐year‐old man underwent repeated laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation or trans‐arterial catheter chemo‐embolization against HCC for more than 10 years. The level of alpha fetoprotein protein was elevated, and radiological modalities including FDG‐PET revealed solitary mediastinal tumor metachronically. VATS was performed bilaterally twice. The postoperative course was uneventful and there had no recurrence of extra‐hepatic metastases and tumor markers are within normal limits at 18 months after second VATS. VATS is a minimally invasive and useful procedure for solitary mediastinal lymph node metastasis of HCC. If primary HCC was controlled and lymph node metastasis was solitary, mediastinum lymphadenectomy using VATS might give good short and long term results.     

骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨骨的良性纤维组织细胞瘤(benign fibrous histiocytoma,BFH)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断要点与治疗方案.方法 对2例发生于胫骨的BFH的临床表现、影像学特征、组织学形态进行分析,并复习相关文献.结果 临床表现、CT及MRI图像与组织学特征均支持骨BFH的诊断,骨BFH并无特异性的免疫标记.结论 BFH在骨关节系统是一种鲜见的良性肿瘤,须密切结合临床资料、影像学特点及组织形态学特点,才能做出明确的病理诊断,并要与干骺端纤维缺损/非骨化性纤维瘤、骨巨细胞瘤等相鉴别.     

淋巴结转移率对甲状腺乳头状癌术后131I治疗临床转归的预测价值

目的 分析淋巴结转移率对甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)患者手术后碘131(131I)清除残留甲状腺组织(清甲)治疗临床转归的预测价值.方法 采用回顾性研究方法,收集2015 年1 月至2017 年6 月收治的95 例PTC 患者的临床资料,手术后均行131I清甲治疗.依据患者淋巴结转移率的不同,分为A组(转移率≤10％)14...     

影响早期胃癌患者淋巴结转移的相关临床病理因素分析

目的探讨早期胃癌发生转移的规律,为选择合适的治疗方案提供思路。方法收集2006年1月-2012年12月间安康市中心医院收治并确诊的早期胃癌患者118例,对8个可能与早期胃癌淋巴结转移发生有关的因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果有无溃疡、肿瘤大小、浸润深度及有无淋巴管浸润4个因素淋巴结转移率分别比较具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;进一步多因素logistic回归分析显示,影响淋巴结转移的独立危险因素包括有溃疡、肿瘤大小≥3cm、浸润深度至黏膜下层、有淋巴管浸润（OR值分别为2．872、2．351、3．461、1．784,均P〈0．05）。结论早期胃癌发生淋巴结转移与多因素有关,建议术前严格筛查,排除各危险因素并选择合理的治疗方案。     

结直肠癌肝转移的手术治疗及预后分析

目的探讨结直肠癌肝转移患者手术治疗的指征、相关病理因素及手术治疗对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析本院2000年1月至2007年12月间经手术治疗的75例结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料。结果本组同时性肝转移62例,异时性肝转移13例,均在结直肠癌原发灶根治性切除基础上,行肝叶规则或不规则切除70例,结节切除活检5例。术后出现并发症10例。术后1年,3年,5年累积生存率分别为74．67％,58．67％,28．00％。生存分析显示：肝切除术后的生存率与原发灶的分化程度、术前CEA、Duke’s分期、肝转移数目、组织分型及淋巴结受侵有关。结论临床病理分期早,肿瘤分化程度高,转移灶数目≤2．术前CEA水平低的患者预后好：手术治疗是结直肠癌肝转移的首选治疗方法。     

Importance of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal cancer: A pilot study

Accurate identification of lymph nodes involved in metastases is vitally important for predicting survival, and it facilitates decision making with regard to adjuvant therapy. The study described here, which was undertaken to evaluate the role of sentinel lymph node mapping in refining the staging of colorectal cancer, was performed prospectively in 19 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery from January to July 2005. Sentinel lymph node sampling was performed during each operation with isosulfan blue dye. Additional immunohistochemical staining was performed only if the sentinel nodes were negative for metastasis. In 18 of 19 patients, at least 1 sentinel node was identified. In 5 of 18 patients, sentinel nodes were positive for metastasis, and in 3 of 5, the sentinel node was the only node containing metastasis that was detected by immunohistochemical staining. In 3 patients, metastases in nonsentinel lymph nodes were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining; these were determined to be false-negative results. Upstaging associated with sentinel lymph node mapping may reveal disease that might otherwise remain undetected by conventional methods. Patients who are upstaged may benefit from adjuvant therapies that have been shown to improve survival.     

超声内镜对结直肠黏膜下病变的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜(EUS)在结直肠黏膜下病变诊断和治疗中的作用。方法对结直肠黏膜下病变进行EUS检查。根据黏膜下病灶的起源层次,部分患者接受深挖活检、超声内镜引导下细针穿刺吸取活检术(EUS-FNA)、内镜下治疗或外科手术。回顾性分析EUS诊断结果与临床病理的相关性。结果 EUS检查的74例患者中,诊断神经内分泌肿瘤28例(均位于直肠);脂肪瘤15例(其中位于回盲部4例、横结肠1例、升结肠8例、乙状结肠2例);直肠间质瘤2例(固有肌层和黏膜肌层各1例);外压性改变14例(卵巢肿瘤9例,淋巴结2例,盆腔肿瘤3例);囊肿5例(横结肠4例、升结肠1例);气囊肿1例;乙状结肠子宫内膜异位3例;直肠周边恶性肿瘤侵犯4例;肠道淋巴瘤2例。所有病灶均接受深挖活检、EUS-FNA、内镜下治疗或外科手术。最终病理和EUS诊断符合率为68/74(91.9%),其中2例EUS考虑直肠类癌最后病理确诊为黏膜肌层来源的平滑肌瘤。1例考虑脂肪瘤最终确诊为肠道淋巴瘤。2例考虑直肠周边恶性肿瘤最终为炎性包块,1例考虑子宫内膜异位症最终诊断为直肠癌。结论 EUS能清晰地显示消化道各层结构,能清楚显示结直肠黏膜下病变的大小、起源及其与相邻结构的关系,并且能较精确地判断各种病变的性质,进而指导结直肠黏膜下病变的治疗。     

喉癌淋巴结转移相关因子的Logistic多元分析

背景喉癌可导致患者声音嘶哑,呼吸困难,吞咽困难,喉癌患者出现淋巴结转移后,用一般的手术治疗及生物学治疗往往难以有效,研究喉癌转移的相关因素,寻找能够准确判断喉癌转移的分子标志物以及能够抑制喉癌浸润转移的生物制剂,成为喉癌研究的关键.目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-2,基质金属蛋白酶-9,CD44v6,PCNA,nm23,血管内皮生长因子,p53,Cath-D和E-cadherin与喉癌淋巴结转移的相关性,为喉癌的临床治疗提供有益的指导.设计以病理标本为研究对象的试验研究.对象原发喉癌的标本为哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院耳鼻喉科2002-02/2003-11住院手术的患者,免疫组化试验由中山大学附属第三医院完成.干预用免疫组化方法检测70例喉癌标本中基质金属蛋白酶-2,基质金属蛋白酶-9,CD44v6,PCNA,血管内皮生长因子,Cath-D,E-cadherin,p53和nm23等的表达.采用Logistic逐步回归的方法对9项与喉癌淋巴结转移有关的指标进行筛选.主要观察指标基质金属蛋白酶-2,基质金属蛋白酶-9,CD44v6,PCNA,血管内皮生长因子,Cath-D,E-cadherin,p53和nm23在喉癌中的表达.结果喉癌中MMP-9表达阳性者,发生淋巴结转移的机率最高(Wald=10.3501,P＜0.05);nm23和E-cadherin表达阴性或低表达者发生淋巴结转移的机率高(Wald=6.1896和6.8632,P均＜0.05).结论喉癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9,E-cadherin和nm23的表达情况,可作为术前预测患者淋巴结转移的有效指标,也为预后科学干预提供参考价值.     

Laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery for early gastric cancer

The sentinel node (SN) concept has revolutionized how the surgical staging of both melanoma and breast cancer are approached. Applying this concept can yield benefits for the patient by avoiding various complications relating to unnecessary prophylactic regional lymph node dissection in cases with negative SN for cancer metastasis. Clinical application of SN mapping for early gastric cancer had been controversial for years. However, single institutional results of laparoscopic SN mapping for early gastric cancer are considered acceptable in terms of detection rate and accuracy in determining lymph node status. For early stage gastric cancer such as cT1N0M0 – in which a better prognosis was generally achieved through conventional surgical approaches – an individualized, minimally invasive surgery that might retain the patient's quality of life should be established as the next surgical challenge. Although there are many issues still to resolve, laparoscopic minimized gastrectomy with SN navigation surgery or combined endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection has the potential to achieve this goal.     

直肠癌组织中膜联蛋白A1和A2表达水平及临床病理意义

[目的]研究直肠癌及其癌旁组织中膜联蛋白A1（ANXA1）和A2（ANXA2）表达水平及其临床病理意义.[方法]50例直肠癌和20例癌旁组织手术切除标本常规制作石蜡包埋切片,ANXA1和ANXA2染色方法为EnVisionTM二步免疫组化法.[结果]直肠腺癌ANXA1和ANXA2表达阳性率明显地高于癌旁组织（P＜0.01和P＜0.05）,ANXA1和（或）ANXA2表达阳性的癌旁组织均呈中至重度不典型增生;高分化腺癌、癌细胞未侵犯浆膜层、淋巴结未转移及Dukes分期A＋B期病例ANXA1和ANXA2表达阳性率明显低于中＋低分化腺癌,癌细胞侵犯浆膜层,淋巴结转移及Dukes分期C＋D期病例（P＜0.05）;直肠癌中ANXA1和ANXA2表达呈高度一致性（χ^2=9.43,P＜0.01）.[结论]ANXA1和（或）ANXA2表达水平可能是反映直肠癌发生、进展、生物学行为及预后的重要生物学标记物.