全地形履带式卫生急救车车厢升降温特性研究

目的:研究全地形履带式卫生急救车车厢结构的传热特性,分析车厢内空调降温与暖风机升温特性。方法:通过试验方法,分析该车厢的围护结构的传热规律,研究在空调和暖风机作用下,履带急救车车厢内的温度变化规律。结果:在外界环境温度为-41℃时,经加热装置加热60 min,车厢内平均温度升至10.1℃;在外界环境温度为46℃时,经空调制冷60 min,车厢内平均温度降至30.3℃。结论:车厢升降温性能满足"研制总要求"规定的指标要求。     

机动手术舱室内气流组织与温度分布仿真研究

目的：具有超压防护功能的机动手术舱室通过过滤污染空气、建立稳定超压和合理组织气流等方式减少生化污染物的危害，为患者和医生提供安全的舱室环境。方法：利用计算流体动力学方法，对具有超压防护功能的机动手术舱室内的气流运动形式和温度分布进行了仿真研究，分析了在超压防护系统作用下机动手术舱室内的气流组织形式和温度分布规律。结果：在超压防护系统作用下。在人员活动的绝大部分区域内气流速度较低，气流速度分布在0．5m／s以下。气流速度分布较均匀；整个舱室内在垂直方向上不存在明显的温度梯度。在人员活动的绝大区域内温度分布均匀性较好，温度分布在27℃左右，温差在2℃左右。结论：舱室内人员的舒适性较好，舱室内环境能够满足手术作业要求。     

Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship: lessons for international surveillance and control

A sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease was linked to travel on a cruise ship. Investigation identified two further cases of Legionnaires' Disease and one case of non-pneumonic Legionella infection. An Incident Team confirmed the source to be the ship's water system and control measures were instituted that included pasteurisation, super chlorination and chlorine dioxide dosing. The Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC), through the European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease, identified three previous cases associated with the same ship's water system including one fatality. Lessons for the international surveillance and control of Legionnaires' disease on cruise ships are discussed.     

Innate host selection in Anopheles vestitipennis from southern Mexico

We assessed the degree of host specificity of the purported anthropophilic and zoophilic populations of Anopheles vestitipennis. A series of experiments were conducted in an experimental hut with 3 compartments lined with nylon netting. A central release compartment and 2 side compartments were each baited with equivalent surface area of human and animal baits. Wild An. vestitipennis collected on each host, as well as corresponding F1 mosquitoes, were released in the central compartment. Overall, 22% (166/748) of all mosquitoes collected on humans were recaptured in the human compartment, whereas 23% of mosquitoes originally collected on animals were recaptured in this compartment. Experiments with F1 females resulted in 59% human selection rates, a 2.6 times increase compared with wild anthropophilic females, while a 1.2 times decrease in human selection rates (from 24% to 20%) was observed in F1 of wild zoophilic females. Host selection experiments in the Lacandón Forest revealed the same trend. These findings suggested that the complex mode of inheritance that resulted in female mosquitoes showing a stronger tendency to return to their preferred host was obscured by the nature of the method of collection, i.e., wild parental females selecting a host either innately or opportunistically, the majority of which were likely innately attracted. This was revealed by F1 females, of which, when given the choice to select a host, a higher proportion opted for the preferred one. The results presented here are in accordance with other studies that identified a subpopulation of An. vestitipennis in southern Mexico with higher anthropophily.     

机动卫生装备舱室空气质量与人体热舒适性关系的评价与分析

目的：控制和改善机动卫生装备的舱室空气质量,保障舱室内人员的热舒适性。方法：运用灰色关联度方法研究某急救车舱室在高温高湿条件下开启制冷空调30 min和60 min时舱室内伤病员和医护人员的热舒适性。结果：初始条件下舱室内人体热舒适性为＂不舒适＂等级;30 min时伤病员和医护人员的热舒适性等级达到＂最舒适＂和＂舒适＂等级;60 min时热舒适性进一步提高;卧姿伤病员的热舒适性优于坐姿伤病员和站姿医护人员的热舒适性。结论：灰色关联度法能较好地应用于机动卫生装备舱室空气质量与人体热舒适性的评价与分析。     

远程医学在远海非战争军事行动卫勤保障中的应用探讨

介绍了远海非战争军事行动卫勤保障演练的过程,探讨了医院船远程医学支援保障的新模式及其特点,分析了远航过程中存在的问题和对策,为促进医院船海上卫勤保障水平上一个新台阶提供一定的参考。     

Bacterial contamination of the blood compartment originating from the dialysate in haemodialysers

Micro-organisms originating from the dialysate compartment invaded the blood compartment of ‘Rhodial RP₆’ haemodialysers in 16 out of 639 dialyses investigated (2·5 per cent). Analysis of the data suggested that the probable access of bacteria to the blood compartment was by way of minor defects in the dialysis membrane. The patients experienced no obvious symptoms or signs of sepsis which could be ascribed to the presence of micro-organisms in the blood compartment.     

Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to spa-bath filter stones contaminated with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 5

In January 2003, two cases of Legionnaires' disease associated with a ship's cruise were registered in the database of National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases. A 70-year-old male heavy smoker with mild emphysema contracted the disease during a cruise. Legionella pneumophila serogroup (sg) 5 was isolated from the patient's sputum and the ship's indoor spa. The isolate from the spa matched the patient's isolate by genotyping performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The second case was in a 73-year-old female. During epidemiological investigation, a third case of Legionnaire's disease in a 71-year-old male was subsequently diagnosed among passengers on the same ship on the following cruise. Environmental investigation revealed that porous natural stones (Maifanshi) in the filters of the spas had harboured L. pneumophila, a phenomenon which has not been reported except in Japan. This is the first documented evidence of L. pneumophila sg 5 infection on a ship and of porous stones as a source of Legionella infection.     

空调列车不同载员情况下车厢内空气质量的调查

[目的]调查空调旅客列车不同载员情况下的空气质量及其影响因素,为空调旅客列车的技术改造和卫生管理提供依据。[方法]参照相关的标准和规定,对空调旅客列车运行时车厢内微小气候和空气质量等进行全程连续监测,结果采用空气质量指数法进行评价。[结果]空调列车欠员时空气质量指数为Ⅱ级,属尚清洁;超员时空气质量指数为Ⅲ级,属轻度污染。从最大质量分指数看CiO2为首要污染物。欠员和超员时CO2超标率均达100％,超员时温度和相对湿度的超标率高于欠员（P〈0．01）,分别为40％和27．8％。CO2浓度随着客流量增长而增加,CO浓度降低,温度也随着降低,Spearman秩相关系数分别为0．549,-0．449,-0．349,（P〈0．01）。[结论]空调旅客列车硬座车厢超员时空气质量下降。     

Opioid antagonists block the acquisition of ethanol-mediated conditioned tactile preference in infant rats

It has been difficult to find conditioned preference for tactile cues paired with ethanol intoxication in rats. Toward understanding the ontogeny of ethanol reinforcement, we aimed at establishing a simple and reliable procedure for (1) assessing primary appetitive conditioning to ethanol in infant rats and (2) discerning the role the opioid system plays in ethanol-mediated conditioning at this age. Experiment 1 determined the parameters (i.e., dose, interval of conditioning) for assessing ethanol-mediated conditioning. Pups were then trained with differential Pavlovian conditioning (Experiments 2 and 3) in which ethanol intoxication (1.0–2.0 g/kg, intragastrically or intraperitoneally delivered) was paired with a tactile stimulus (sandpaper) while an alternative texture signaled the absence of ethanol's effects. Unpaired control conditions were also used. Tactile preferences were assessed after two conditioning sessions. Paired rats spent significantly more time on sandpaper than unpaired controls, an effect that was greater after intragastric administration of 1.0 than 2.0 g/kg ethanol. This effect was replicated in Experiments 4a and 4c and found to be inhibited by pretreatment with general (naloxone [NAL]) or specific (d-Pen-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 [CTOP] and naltrindole) opioid antagonists. Blood ethanol levels at conditioning were not altered by NAL (Experiment 4b). The study outlines a procedure that reveals appetitive conditioning to ethanol by infant rats. The results are discussed in terms of a potential ethanol-induced activation of the endogenous opioid system during the onset of the intoxication process.     

Compensation for occupational injury and disease in Norway: ranking of job groups

The health risk of various job groups in Norway was estimated by ranking them according to the annual occupational insurance costs per capita. This was done by dividing the costs of work-related injury and disease from 1991 to 1996 in various job groups by the number of workers in these groups. Occupational groups were also ranked according to total annual costs. The five occupational groups with the highest total costs were metalworkers, woodworkers, nursing-related workers, fisheries workers, and teachers. The groups with the highest annual cost per worker were shoe and leather workers, oil and gas extractors, fisheries workers, miners and quarry workers, and ship's officers. Fisheries workers and ship's officers were ranked among the top 10 positions on both lists and deserve priority in preventive measures.     

Cost analysis of parenteral nutrition regimens in the intensive care unit: three-compartment bag system vs multibottle system

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) can be administered with separate bottles or as commercially prepared all‐in‐one systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall cost of PN using the 3‐compartment bag vs standard multibottle system. Methods: Overall costs of hospital PN were calculated from expenditures (solutions, consumable items, and staff costs). Time that staff spent preparing the PN was measured to determine personnel costs; bottom‐up costing was used to assign a monetary value. Standard treatment algorithms of a 10‐day course of PN for a standard 70‐kg patient were specified for both systems. One‐way sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model's conclusions. Results: The daily total cost of the 3‐compartment bag system was €42.26 per patient whereas the total cost of the separate bottle system was €51.62, resulting in a cost saving of €9.36 per patient with the 3‐compartment bag system. For 10 days of treatment, PN costs €422.51 per patient for the 3‐compartment system vs €516.16 for the multibottle system. Sensitivity analyses showed that the difference in costs between the 2 systems was maintained in the face of changes in patients' nutrition requirements and personnel costs. Conclusions: The costs associated with PN using a 3‐compartment bag system were lower than those associated with a multibottle system. Given the established therapeutic equivalence of the 2 systems, this study shows the 3‐compartment bag system to be the system of choice to reduce costs.     

Surgeons among the pirates in the 17th century

The memoirs of ship's surgeons that sailed with the Caribbean buccaneers and pirates of the 17th century are an important source of information on how they lived and worked. The surgeons enjoyed a full-fledged position among the egalitarian buccaneers. Known buccaneer surgeons whose memoirs have been preserved were apparently not entirely qualified according to the traditional guild system. Besides the usual work of ship's surgeons in general, the buccaneer surgeons had to be able to cope with the specific demands of the tropical climate. Botanical knowledge obtained from the Indian tribes played an important role in surviving the jungles of Central America. In addition, they were required to assist with duels, which played an important role among pirates and buccaneers in the settling of conflicts aboard ship, this in contrast to the situation on merchant and navy ships.     

防生物污染伤病员急救车的车厢环境质量研究

目的：研究防生物污染伤病员急救车的车厢环境质量,实现安全、舒适运送、急救伤病员。方法：通过试验和仿真,主要研究并掌握车厢超压／负压环境、温度环境、生物污染环境、振动冲击环境、噪声照度环境等的质量状况。结果：车厢超压／负压环境、温度环境、生物污染环境、振动冲击环境以及噪声照度环境等均优于技术指标要求。结论：该车车厢环境质量良好。     

空调旅客列车空气质量影响因素调查研究

[目的]通过空调列车车厢内空气质量调查，了解影响因素，为技术改造提供卫生学依据。[方法]采用列车运行全程监测方式，分别在夏冬季对车厢的微小气候和空气质量进行连续监测，项目包括温度、相对湿度、风速、二氧化碳（CO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、空气细菌和真菌总数，空调管道中积尘样品在列车终到时采样。[结果]车厢内温度、相对湿度、风速和CO指标均符合标准，CO2超标率73．0％。餐车真菌指标较其他车厢高。空气质量指标夏季优于冬季，微生物指标冬季优于夏季。随着客流量增加，相对湿度、CO、CO2和细菌总数也相应升高。[结论]空调列车空气质量影响因素复杂，不同季节、车型及客流量等因素都会对列车空气质量产生影响。     

Desorption of pyrethroids from suspended solids

Pyrethroid insecticides have been widely detected in sediments at concentrations that can cause toxicity to aquatic organisms. Desorption rates play an important role in determining the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds, such as pyrethroids, because these compounds are more likely to be sorbed to solids in the environment, and times to reach sorptive equilibrium can be long. In the present study, sequential Tenax desorption experiments were performed with three sorbents, three aging times, and four pyrethroids. A biphasic rate model was fit to the desorption data with r(2) >?0.99, and the rapid and slow compartment desorption rate constants and compartment fractions are reported. Suspended solids from irrigation runoff water collected from a field that had been sprayed with permethrin 1 d before were used in the experiments to compare desorption rates for field-applied pyrethroids with those for laboratory-spiked materials. Suspended solids were used in desorption experiments because suspended solids can be a key source of hydrophobic compounds in surface waters. The rapid desorption rate parameters of field-applied permethrin were not statistically different from those of laboratory spiked permethrin, indicating that desorption of the spiked pyrethroids is comparable to desorption of the pyrethroids added and aged in the field. Sorbent characteristics had the greatest effect on desorption rate parameters; as organic carbon content of the solids increased, the rapid desorption fractions and rapid desorption rate constants both decreased. The desorption rate constant of the slow compartment for sediment containing permethrin aged for 28 d was significantly different compared to aging for 1 d and 7 d, whereas desorption in the rapid and slow compartments did not differ between these treatments.     

Uptake of heavy metals to the extracellular and intracellular compartments in three species of aquatic bryophyte.

Shoot tips of Fontinalis antipyretica, Scapania undulata, and Fissidens polyphyllus were maintained for 60 min with solutions containing 0, 1, 10, 50, 100, or 200 ppm of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, or Zn. A sequential extraction procedure was then used to estimate the amounts of the corresponding metal, and of K and Mg, in the extracellular compartment (extraction with NiCl(2) or EDTA), the intracellular compartment (subsequent extraction with cold dilute HNO(3)), and the particulate fraction (subsequent extraction with hot concentrated HNO(3)). In most cases more metal was taken up to the extracellular compartment than to the intracellular compartment, while particulate-fraction content was negligible. The relationship between metal concentration in the water and metal content in the extracellular compartment was well modeled with a Michaelis-Menten-type equation. Results suggest that in S. undulata extracellular cation-binding sites have a high metal affinity, while in F. polyphyllus it is relatively low. However, postincubation intracellular contents were highest in the latter species. The ranking of the six metals by amounts taken up into the intracellular compartment was the same for all three bryophyte species. Uptake of heavy metals led to considerable losses of intracellular K (probably due to effects on plasma membrane properties), and of extracellular Mg (probably due to displacement from cation-binding sites). Losses of intracellular K were most marked in S. undulata, followed by F. antipyretica. By contrast, S. undulata was the species from which losses of extracellular Mg were lowest.     

Campylobacter spp. distribution in biofilms on different surfaces in an agricultural watershed (Elk Creek, British Columbia): using biofilms to monitor for Campylobacter

Despite its relevance to public health, presence and concentrations of Campylobacter spp. in biofilms in natural aquatic environments has not been investigated. This study examined the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in biofilms on a variety of surfaces (river rock, slate rock, wood, Lexan™, sandpaper, and sediment) and in water from December 2005 to December 2006 to find a substratum that facilitated campylobacters detection in natural aquatic environments. Samples were collected at four sites in an agricultural watershed (Elk Creek, British Columbia). Campylobacter spp. presence was determined using culturing methods. Correlations between chemical, physical and microbiological water quality parameters and Campylobacter spp. distribution on different surface types were also investigated. Campylobacter spp. had a prevalence of 13% in the wet season, but was not recovered in the dry season. Its prevalence was highest in sediment (27%), followed by slate rock (22%), Lexan and wood (13%), river rock (9%) and water (8%), respectively. No Campylobacter spp. was found in sandpaper biofilms. Several other criteria were used to assess substrata effectiveness, such as correlation amongst Campylobacter spp., indicator bacteria and water quality parameters, cost and availability of substratum, potential for standardizing substratum, ease of biofilm removal and probability of substratum loss in situ. Results show that sediment, slate rock or wood could be used as substrata for Campylobacter spp. monitoring. The study also highlights the potential use of nitrates and enterococci as faecal contamination indicators to protect public health.     

Characteristics of morbidity among sailors

A set of factors of ship's environment greatly affected the onset of diseases in sailors. By means of individual selective case sample it was found out that temporary disability rates in sailors were lower compared to the analogous maritime workers. There were derived prognostic regression equations of the number of work-loss days according to sailors' occupation, age and labour intensity. Economic effect of the realized measures and reduction of temporary disability rates annually constituted 34 rb per person.     

Profiles of 67Cu in blood, bile, urine and faeces from 67Cu-primed lambs: effect of 99Mo-labelled tetrathiomolybdate on the metabolism of 67Cu after long-term storage

1. The effectiveness of tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) in the removal of 67Cu from the long-term storage compartment in liver was studied. Lambs receiving 5 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM) or 35 mg Cu/kg DM were primed intravenously (iv) with 67Cu and challenged 10 d later with 99Mo-labelled TTM given either iv or intraduodenally (id). The profiles of 67Cu and 99Mo and of Cu and of Mo with time were measured in blood, bile, urine and faeces. 2. The level of dietary Cu affected the amplitude of profiles of 67Cu and Cu in blood, bile and urine after administration of 99Mo-labelled TTM. TTM administration increased liver Cu removal and this was most marked in sheep given TTM iv. The liver Cu removal from the long-term storage Cu compartment was low and was not affected by the route of administration of TTM. Endogenous Cu excretion was higher in lambs given TTM id. 3. Excretion of 67Cu in bile through the transhepatocellular pathway after TTM administration appeared absent, while the transbiliary and hepatolysosomal pathways were operative. The potential reasons for this change are discussed. 4. TTM predominantly enhances the removal of Cu from the short-term storage compartment, but effects on the long-term storage compartment may still be of significance.