环氧化酶-2在新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤的表达

目的 探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)中的作用.方法 新生7日龄大鼠制成HIBD模型,缺氧时间为2h,RT-PCR半定量分析COX-2mRNA,免疫组化方法测定COX-2蛋白表达,光镜下观察神经元坏死情况.结果 HIBD后6、24、48h,5d COX-2mRNA表达出现不同程度的表达增强,分别为(0.461±0.052),(0.887±0.0816),(0.660±0.119),(0.474±0.104),与对照组(0.321±0.175)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中HIBD 24 hCOX-2mRNA表达为最高峰,同其余各组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),免疫组化结果与之一致.结论 COX-2在新生儿HIBD形成中发挥一定的作用.     

环氧化酶-2在新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤的表达及NS398抗凋亡作用

目的探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)中的作用及其抑制剂NS398抗凋亡作用。方法新生大鼠HIBD模型为研究对象,半定量RT-PCR检测脑组织COX-2mRNA,免疫组化方法测定COX-2蛋白表达,光镜下观察神经元坏死情况,TUNEL法测定NS398抗凋亡作用。结果HIBD后COX-2表达出现不同程度的增强,在HIBD24h达高峰,同其余各组表达量相比均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。缺氧前、后加入NS398,脑组织神经元凋亡程度有不同程度的降低,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),缺氧前给药组神经元凋亡程度低于缺氧后给药组(P<0.01)。结论COX-2在新生儿HIBD形成中发挥重要的作用。NS398具有一定的抗凋亡作用,且早期给予COX-2特异性抑制剂NS398可能更好地发挥其抗凋亡作用。     

新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤COX-2 mRNA表达变化

研究新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)时环氧合酶-2(COX-2)mRNA的表达变化,应用、制备新生大鼠左脑HIBD的模型.用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PRC)检测HIBD后6 h、24h、48 h、5 d不同时点脑皮层COX-2 mRNA的表达情况.经凝胶成像及分析系统扫描RT-PCR产物,用内参半定量分析COX-2 mRNA的动态变化.结果显示七日龄Wistar大鼠对照组即有COX-2 mRNA的低表达,HIBD 6 h表达开始升高,HIBD 24～48 h为表达高峰(与对照组相比有显著性差异,P＜0.01),HIBD 5 d表达下降.结论新生大鼠HIBD可诱导COX-2基因表达,其可能参与HIBD后的神经毒性损伤.     

新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤COX-2mRNA表达变化

研究新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)时环氧合酶-2(COX-2)mRNA的表达变化,应用、制备新生大鼠左脑HIBD的模型。用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PRC)检测HIBD后6 h、24h、48h、5d不同时点脑皮层COX-2 mRNA的表达情况。经凝胶成像及分析系统扫描RT-PCR产物,用内参半定量分析COX-2 mRNA的动态变化。结果显示:七日龄Wistar大鼠对照组即有COX-2 mRNA的低表达,HIBD 6h表达开始升高,HIBD 24～48h为表达高峰(与对照组相比有显著性差异,P<0.01),HIBD 5d表达下降。结论:新生大鼠HIBD可诱导COX-2基因表达,其可能参与HIBD后的神经毒性损伤。     

缺氧缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠脑神经细胞凋亡及脑组织中Rho GDP解离抑制因子和Bcl-2表达的变化

目的 研究Rho GDP解离抑制因子(Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2,RhoGDI2)mRNA 及Bcl-2 mRNA的表达在缺氧缺血性脑损伤(hypoxic-ischemic brain damage,HIBD)中的作用和机制.方法 30只新生7日龄SD大鼠按照完全随机化方法分为假手术组及HIBD 6 h和48 h组,每组10只.采用流式细胞仪检测脑细胞凋亡情况,并用Real-time RT-PCR方法测定脑组织中RhoGDI2和Bcl-2mRNA表达水平.结果 (1)新生大鼠HIBD后48h结扎侧大脑半球脑水肿明显.(2) HIBD6 h出现典型的凋亡细胞峰,细胞凋亡率为(1.40±0.12)％.HIBD 48 h凋亡峰更为明显,细胞凋亡率达到( 15.86±0.98)％.缺氧缺血后与假手术组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)假手术组大鼠RhoGDI2和Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平较高(4.12±0.74、2.55±0.65),在HIBD 6 h后二者表达开始下降(3.19±0.77、1.96±0.36),48 h降低更加明显(1.04±0.18、1.06±0.17),与假手术组比较,HIBD各时间点RhoGDI2和Bcl-2 mRNA的表达均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(4)缺氧缺m后各时间点RhoGDI2 mRNA的表达和Bcl-2 mRNA的表达呈正相关(r=0.831,P＜0.05).结论 脑缺氧缺血后,随着凋亡的出现,RhoGDI2和Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平降低,提示Rh0GDI2表达失衡可能通过Bcl-2参与新生大鼠HIBD中凋亡的发生.     

促红细胞生成素对缺氧缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠海马MMP-2表达的影响

目的探讨促红细胞生成素(EPO)对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)后海马MMP-2表达的影响及其神经保护作用机制。方法将7日龄新生SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺氧缺血组(HIBD组)、EPO治疗组(EPO组),每组48只;各组大鼠分别在6 h、24 h、3 d、7 d时各处死12只。采用免疫组化及实时荧光定量PCR检测大鼠海马MMP-2蛋白及MMP-2 mRNA的表达。结果免疫组化结果显示,假手术组海马区MMP-2蛋白低水平表达,各时间点差异无统计学意义(P0.05);HIBD组及EPO组的MMP-2蛋白表达均呈增高趋势,且均在7 d时达高峰,每组各时间点的差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);除6 h外,三组间相同时间点MMP-2蛋白表达水平的差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),且7 d时EPO组与HIBD组的差异也有统计学意义(P0.05)。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,假手术组MMP-2 mRNA呈增高趋势,但各时间点的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);HIBD组在24 h及7 d呈现双峰,且7 d峰值较24 h峰值高,但各时间点的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);EPO组则逐渐升高,各时间点的差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);在不同时间点,HIBD组及EPO组MMP-2mRNA均明显高于假手术组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);24 h时EPO组低于HIBD组,而7 d时则高于HIBD组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 EPO在HIBD恢复期上调MMP-2的表达,这可能是其对HIBD的神经保护作用机制之一。     

缺氧缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠基质金属蛋白酶-9和紧密连接蛋白occludin的表达变化

目的 研究基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)mRNA及紧密连接(tightjunction,TJ)蛋白occludin mRNA的表达在缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)中的作用和意义.方法 36只新生7日龄SD大鼠按照完全随机化方法分为对照组及HIBD 3h、6h、24h、48h、72h组,每组6只.观察HIBD后结扎侧大脑半球的大体形态变化,同时采用Real-time Q-PCR方法测定脑皮层组织MMP-9 mRNA和occludin mRNA的表达水平.结果 (1)新生大鼠HIBD后24～48 h结扎侧大脑半球脑水肿明显.(2)对照组大鼠MMP-9 mRNA表达水平极低(0.793 3±0.0859),在HIBD 3h组其表达开始增高(1.153 3±0.1291),24h达高峰(3.488 3±0.1759),72h仍维持较高的水平(1.6250±0.1157),与对照组比较,HIBD各时间点MMP-9 mRNA的表达均明显升高,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).(3)对照组大鼠occludin mRNA表达水平较高(21780±0.0773),在HIBD 3h组其表达开始降低(1.718 6±0.1168),24h降至最低(0.9066±0.0602),72h仍维持较低水平(1.5966±0.0799),与对照组比较,HIBD各时间点occludin mRNA的表达均明显降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);(4)缺氧缺血后各时间点MMP-9mRNA的表达与occludin mRNA的表达呈负相关(γ=-0.815,P＜0.05).结论 脑缺氧缺血后MMP-9表达升高,TJ蛋白occludin表达减少,提示它们可能参与了HIBD的发病过程.     

胱硫醚β合成酶/硫化氢体系在缺氧缺血性脑损伤中表达及锌原卟啉对其的影响

目的研究胱硫醚-β-合成酶(CBS)/硫化氢(H2S)体系与新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)的关系,以及血红素氧合酶(HO-1)抑制剂锌原卟啉-Ⅸ(Znpp-Ⅸ)对H2S含量及CBS mRNA表达的影响及其机制;探索外源性Znpp-Ⅸ干预新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)的理论依据与临床前景。方法将7日龄的实验大鼠随机分为假手术对照组(35只)、HIBD组(38只)和HIBD+Znpp组(37只)。HIBD+Znpp组于缺氧缺血造模前30 min腹腔注射Znpp-Ⅸ45μmol/kg。各组动物于缺氧缺血造模后3、6、12、18、24 h处死,用分光光度计法测定大鼠血浆中H2S含量,用原位杂交和免疫组化方法分别观察脑组织CBS mRNA和bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果 HIBD组和HIBD+Znpp组大鼠缺氧缺血造模后3 h血浆H2S浓度及CBS mRNA表达增高,12 h达高峰之后下降,与假手术对照组各时间点比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。HIBD+Znpp组大鼠各时间点的血浆H2S浓度及CBS mRNA表达均较HIBD组显著升高(P<0.01)。HIBD组大鼠造模后3 h,bcl-2蛋白表达增高,12 ...     

缺氧缺血I生脑损伤新生大鼠脑神经细胞凋亡及脑组织中Rho GDP解离抑制因子和Bcl-2表达的变化

目的研究RhoGDP解离抑制因子（Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2,RhoGDI2）mRNA及Bcl-2mRNA的表达在缺氧缺血性脑损伤（hypoxic-ischemic brain damage,HIBD）中的作用和机制。方法30只新生7日龄SD大鼠按照完全随机化方法分为假手术组及HIBD6h和48h组,每组10只。采用流式细胞仪检测脑细胞凋亡情况,并用Real—timeRT—PCR方法测定脑组织中RhoGDI2和Bcl-2mRNA表达水平。结果（1）新生大鼠HIBD后48h结扎侧大脑半球脑水肿明显。（2）HIBD6h出现典型的凋亡细胞峰,细胞凋亡率为（1．40±0．12）％。HIBD48h凋亡峰更为明显,细胞凋亡率达到（15．86±0．98）％。缺氧缺血后与假手术组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）假手术组大鼠RhoGDI2和Bcl-2mRNA表达水平较高（4．12±0．74、2．55±0．65）,在HIBD6h后二者表达开始下降（3．19±0．77、1．96±0．36）,48h降低更加明显（1．04±0．18、1．06±0．17）,与假手术组比较,HIBD各时间点RhoGDI2和Bcl-2mRNA的表达均明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（4）缺氧缺血后各时间点RhoGDI2mRNA的表达和Bcl-2mRNA的表达呈正相关（r=0．831,P〈0．05）。结论脑缺氧缺血后,随着凋亡的出现,RhoGDI2和Bcl-2mRNA表达水平降低,提示RhoGDI2表达失衡可能通过Bcl-2参与新生大鼠HIBD中凋亡的发生。     

AQP-4 mRNA在新生鼠缺氧缺血损伤脑组织的表达及与脑水肿的关系探讨

目的观察水通道蛋白4 mRNA(aquaporin-4,AQP-4 mRNA)在新生鼠缺氧缺血损伤脑组织的表达,探讨其变化及与脑水肿发生的可能关系。方法健康7日龄SD大鼠共240只,随机分为对照组120只和缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型组(HIBD组)120只。HIBD组经右侧颈总动脉结扎后,吸入8%O21h,建立HIBD模型。对照组仅行假手术,不予颈总动脉结扎和缺氧。两组均于HIBD模型制成后0、6、24、48h和72h分别处死动物(各时间点动物24只),进行脑含水量观察,RealtimePCR检测脑组织AQP-4 mRNA表达。结果HIBD组6、24、48h和72h脑组织含水量均较对照组增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组比较,HIBD组脑组织AQP-4 mRNA表达在48h内呈下降趋势,72h出现恢复,但仍低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论AQP-4 mRNA在脑组织表达下降可能与脑水肿的发生有关,我们推测AQP-4可能参与了HIBD时脑水肿的调节机制。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

---

---

Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.