氟哌利多对大鼠脑缺血海马CA1区锥体细胞持续钠通道电流的影响

目的 :研究氟哌利多对大鼠脑缺血海马CA1区锥体细胞持续钠通道电流的影响。方法 :酶消化法急性分离SD大鼠 (10～ 14d)海马CA1区锥体细胞 ,通过低氧和无糖法制备神经元缺血模型 ,全细胞膜片钳技术记录氟哌利多对脑缺血时锥体细胞持续性钠通道电流的影响。结果 :在钳制电压 (Vh) 10 5mV ,刺激电压 (Vt) 30mV条件下 ,神经元缺血 3min和 5min后持续钠电流显著增强。 3、10和 30μmol·L-1氟哌利多能明显抑制缺血引起的持续钠电流增强 (P <0 .0 1,n =7) ,不同浓度氟哌利多的作用间无显著差别。结论 :临床麻醉浓度的氟哌利多能够抑制体外脑缺血时海马神经元持续钠电流增强 ,对缺血神经元有保护作用。     

卡马西平增强γ-氨基丁酸对大鼠脑片的作用(英文)

目的:研究卡马西平(Car)对γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)在海马区域作用的影响.方法:在海马脑片(350μm)上刺激(0.5 Hz,50μs)Schaffer氏纤维,记录CA1区锥体细胞的诱发场电位.结果:Car 0.2mmol·L~(-1)对CA1区锥体细胞的诱发场电位没有明显影响,但Car 0.2 mmol·L~(-1)和GABA(0.1-1 mmol·L~(-1))同用抑制场电位作用比单用GABA时显著增强.Bicuculline不能翻转被Car加强的GABA的抑制作用.继而,左旋巴氯芬抑制场电位作用强于GABA.Car 0.2 mmol·L~(-1)和左旋巴氯芬(1-5μmol·L~(-1))同用抑制场电位作用比单用左旋巴氯芬时显著增强.结论:Car增强GABA对海马CA1区锥体细胞的抑制作用,其作用机制可能与GABA_B受体有关.     

葛根素抑制大鼠背根神经节细胞河豚毒素不敏感性钠电流(英文)

目的:测定葛根素(Pue)对大鼠背根神经节(DRG)细胞河豚毒素不敏感性(TTXr)钠电流的作用。方法:采用全细胞钳制技术,记录成年Wistar大鼠DRG神经元中TTXr钠电流。结果:Pue在0.01-2mmol·L~(-1)浓度范围内,对TTXr钠电流的抑制率为9.5％-83.2％。该抑制作用为浓度依赖性,可部分洗脱,但非频率依赖性或电压依赖性。Pue不影响失活曲线,但使1/2最大激活电压由-26mV升至-16mV,说明抑制了激活过程。结论:Pue抑制大鼠DRG细胞中TTXr钠电流。     

山奈酚对急性短暂缺氧时大鼠海马CA1神经元电压依赖性钾通道的作用

目的研究山奈酚对正常和急性短暂缺氧时大鼠海马CA1锥体神经元电压依赖性钾通道的作用.方法急性分离大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元,采用全细胞记录,用含有氰化钾(KCN)60μmol·L-1的标准外液灌流模拟细胞缺氧,观察山奈酚对正常和缺氧时海马CA1区神经元电压依赖性钾通道的作用.结果山奈酚对正常和缺氧时海马CA1神经元电压依赖性K 电流有明显的抑制作用,可同时抑制瞬时外向型钾电流(IA)和延迟整流性钾电流(Ik),具有浓度依赖和电压依赖性;山奈酚对IA的半数抑制浓度(IC50)约为50μmol·L-1,对IK的IC50约为80μmol·L-1.结论山奈酚对正常和缺氧时大鼠海马CA1神经元电压依赖性钾通道有抑制作用,其对钾通道的抑制作用可能参与脑缺血保护.     

大豆苷元对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na)的影响

目的观察大豆苷元对大鼠心室肌细胞钠通道电流(I_(Na))的影响,探讨其抗心律失常的机制。方法 MTT比色法检测大豆苷元对心室肌细胞活力的影响;单酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞;全细胞膜片钳技术观察、记录、分析大豆苷元给药前后大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na)及其动力学特征的变化。结果 MTT实验表明,大豆苷元的IC_(50) 30～100μmol·L~(-1),由此选定用于后续实验的药物浓度为0.3～10μmol·L~(-1)。膜片钳实验结果表明,当给予终浓度为0.3、1、3、10μmol·L~(-1)大豆苷元后,药物对I_(Na)呈浓度依赖性抑制现象;大豆苷元0.3μmol·L~(-1)时对I_(Na)作用的时间过程也具有一定影响,随时间推移缓慢减小;1、3、10μmol·L~(-1)大豆苷元使I-U曲线上移;在此同等条件下,激活曲线向去极化方向移动、稳态失活曲线向超极化方向移动和失活后恢复曲线的τ值延长。结论大豆苷元对大鼠心室肌Na~+通道有明显的抑制作用,这可能是其抗心律失常的机制之一。     

三氯化铝对大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞钠电流的影响

目的　为了进一步明确铝及含铝化合物对神经系统的损伤及其作用机制。方法　采用全细胞膜片钳技术研究三氯化铝 (AlCl3)对急性分离的大鼠海马CA1区神经元钠通道的影响。结果　AlCl3对钠电流有明显的抑制作用 ,且呈浓度依赖性 ,10 0 0μmol·L- 1AlCl3给药前后钠电流激活曲线Vh 分别为- (5 1.3± 6 .0 )mV和 - (4 7.5± 5 .4 )mV (P <0 .0 5 ) ,k值分别为 - (8.1± 2 .3)mV和 - (8.6± 3.2 )mV(P >0 .0 5 ) ,给药前后钠电流失活曲线Vh 分别为- (6 7.4± 5 .5 )mV和 - (71.4± 4 .4 )mV(P <0 .0 5 ) ,k值分别为 (6 .1± 1.1)mV和 (6 .8± 1.2 )mV (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　AlCl3对大鼠海马CA1区神经元钠通道有抑制作用 ,这可能是铝引起中枢神经系统损伤的机制之一     

急性分离大鼠脑内神经元上由多巴胺引起的离子电流(英文)

目的:研究多巴胺(DA)诱发神经元的电流反应。 方法:制霉菌素打孔的膜片箝全细胞记录。 结果:在-20mV箝制电压下,DA(0.1—1mmol·L~(-1))对26％黑质神经元(5/19个)引起外向电流;对36％海马CA_1锥体细胞(25/69个)出现3种反应:外向电流伴有膜电导增加、缓慢内向电流伴随膜电导减小、外向—内向电流。DA引起的CA_1锥体细胞电流反应的阈剂量为3mmol·L~(-1),无电压依赖关系。翻转电位(E_(DA))接近K~ 平衡电位,为TEA抑制。结论:DA诱发海马CA_1锥体细胞的外向电流可能是K~ 电流。     

戈那瑞林对大鼠脊神经节细胞GABA引起的去极化及GABA激活电流的调制作用(英文)

目的:探索戈那瑞林对大鼠初级感觉神经元膜GABA引起的去极化和GABA激活电流的调制作用。方法:应用细胞内记录和全细胞膜片钳技术分别在大鼠脊神经节(SG)标本和新鲜分离神经元进行实验。结果:GABA(10 μmol·L~(-1)—1mmol·L~(-1))在大多数神经元引起可为荷包牡丹碱(100μmol·L~(-1))所阻断的膜去极化。预加戈那瑞林(50μmol·L~(-1))可减少GABA引起的去极化,抑制率为79±22％(n=29),而戈那瑞林本身不产生膜反应或只引起轻微去极化。在11个细胞中有6个细胞GABA激活电流也为戈那瑞林的预处理所抑制,另5个细胞无改变或反应稍有增加。结论:戈那瑞林对初级感觉神经元GABA介导的去极化和GABA激活电流具有抑制作用。     

钙蛋白酶抑制剂calpeptin对大鼠海马脑片缺氧无糖损伤的保护作用

目的通过观察电生理学和神经元凋亡的变化,研究钙蛋白酶抑制剂calpeptin对大鼠离体海马脑片缺氧无糖损伤的保护作用。方法40片SD大鼠海马脑片随机分为两组:对照组和calpeptin组。根据人工脑脊液中calpeptin的浓度,再细分为1μmol.L-1组、10μmol.L-1组、100μmol.L-1组和200μmol.L-1组,每组8片脑片。采用细胞外记录技术观察calpeptin对大鼠离体海马脑片在缺氧无糖条件下顺向群峰电位(orthodromicpopulationspikes,OPS)及缺氧损伤电位(hypoxicinjurypotential,HIP)变化的影响,采用TUNEL法观察缺氧无糖损伤后海马脑片CA1区锥体细胞凋亡情况及calpeptin对它的影响。结果10μmol.L-1组、100μmol.L-1组和200μmol.L-1组HIP出现率及海马CA1区锥体细胞层凋亡细胞数减少,OPS恢复率和OPS恢复程度与对照组比较提高。而10μmol.L-1组、100μmol.L-1组和200μmol.L-1组之间各项指标差异无显著性。结论(10～200)μmol.L-1calpeptin可以减轻大鼠海马脑片的缺氧无糖损伤,其机制可能与calpeptin减少海马CA1区神经元凋亡有关。     

甲苯喹哌对培养爪蟾胚胎肌细胞和神经细胞离子通道的作用(英文)

目的:研究新型抗心律失常药甲苯喹哌对离子通道的作用.方法:通过膜片钳技术记录培养爪蟾胚胎肌细胞和神经细胞全细胞离子通道电流.结果:甲苯喹哌(0.1,1,10,100μmolL~(-1))可浓度依赖性地抑制肌细胞的钠通道,其IC_(50)为7.2μmol L~(-1)(5.3—9.8μmol L~(-1)).甲苯喹哌(10μmol L~(-1))可抑制神经细胞的高电压激活的钙通道.然而,肌细胞上的稳态外向钾电流却受到甲苯喹哌(10μmol L~(-1))的激活.结论:甲苯喹哌抑制钠、钙通道,但激活稳态外向钾通道.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.