胫骨干骨折的手术治疗对策

目的：明确不同固定器械在胫骨干不同骨折类型固定中的特点，以指导临床应用。方法：68例胫骨干骨折，行加压钢板螺钉、交锁髓内钉、单侧外固定架固定后，作临床疗效分析。结果：加压钢板固定组42例，感染5例，骨不连1例，平均愈合时间3．8个月；交锁髓内钉固定组13例，无感染及骨不连，平均愈合时间5．4个月；单侧外固定架组13例，骨不连1例，踝关节背伸受限3例，平均愈合时间4．5个月。结论：胫骨骨折交锁髓内钉固定并发症少，功能恢复好，适用范围广，但要注意及时进行动力加压。加压钢板及外固定架固定应选择各自的最佳适应证，以达到理想的疗效。     

同侧股骨和胫骨骨折73例分析

目的 探讨同侧股骨和胫骨骨折患者最佳治疗方法。方法 对73例患者(77侧)伤时全身情况、不同治疗方法、合并症、骨折愈合及下肢功能恢复进行分析和评定。24侧股骨和21侧胫骨骨折采用带锁髓内钉固定，13侧股骨应用“V”型钉或梅花针固定，17侧股骨和21侧胫骨应用钢板内固定，4侧股骨和6侧胫骨行单臂支架外固定，其他石膏或牵引治疗。结果 总优良率64．71％。股骨和胫骨均坚强内固定(1组)优良率72．40％；一处骨折坚强内固定，另一处非手术治疗(Ⅱ组)优良率63．33％；股骨和胫骨均非手术治疗(Ⅲ组)优良率44．44％。结论 同侧股骨和胫骨骨折是一种重度小稳定损伤，二处骨折均坚强内固定为理想治疗方法；危重患者应给予一处骨折内固定或支架外固定，使其成为单一骨折；现代带锁髓内钉对骨折内固定疗效明显优于其他治疗方法。     

旋入钉与外固定架治疗胫骨干多段骨折的疗效比较

目的比较旋入式自锁髓内钉和外固定架治疗胫骨干多段骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2000～2004年应用旋入式自锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干多段骨折30例,与30例应用外固定架治疗胫骨干多段骨折疗效进行对比、分析。结果旋入式自锁髓内钉治疗组功能恢复优良率93．3％,而外固定架治疗组组为73．3％。结论旋入式自锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干多段骨折生物力学好,操作简单,固定牢固,损伤小,并发症少。     

胫腓骨开放粉碎性骨折三种固定方法的疗效比较

目的比较3种固定方法治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效,探讨腓骨固定对胫骨愈合和维持踝关节稳定性的作用。方法收治182例胫腓骨骨折,采用加压钢板固定76例,外固定架74例,交锁髓内钉32例;腓骨固定68例。结果本组随访12～24个月,优良率:外固定架94.6%,交锁髓内钉93.7%,加压钢板82.9%,并发症:外固定架4例,交锁髓内钉2例,加压钢板15例。结论对于胫腓骨严重粉碎性骨折或多段骨折,外固定架更具有生物学固定的优点,加压钢板只适用于胫骨上段或下段近关节面的骨折;其次,腓骨骨折内固定对促进胫骨愈合及维持踝关节稳定性具有重要作用。     

手术治疗漂浮膝损伤33例

目的探讨手术治疗漂浮膝损伤的方法和疗效。方法对33例漂浮膝损伤的患者,根据骨折部位、骨折类型及软组织损伤情况,使用股骨加压钢板-胫骨外固定架固定6例,股骨交锁髓内钉-胫骨外固定架固定10例,股骨交锁髓内钉-胫骨交锁髓内钉固定15例,股骨交锁髓内钉-胫骨髁钢板内固定2例。结果3例失访,30例经1～5年随访,平均2年9个月,优良率86.7%。结论早期手术治疗有利于严重多发伤的治疗和关节功能的恢复,手术方法应根据骨折部位、类型及软组织损伤情况,采用合适的方法。     

下肢

股骨干骨折合并同侧隐性股骨颈骨折的诊治分析；手术治疗股骨距碎裂的股骨颈骨折；股骨转子间骨折外同定穿针设计及临床应用；老年骨质疏松患者股骨粗隆间骨折的内固定治疗；正常成人股骨远端后髁角的测量及其临床意义；股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉内固定术后膝关节功能障碍原因分析及预防；外固定架治疗儿童股骨干骨折30例；带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折失败原因分析及其对策；切开复位内固定治疗股骨髁部粉碎骨折     

单臂外固定架辅助闭合复位治疗股骨干多节段骨折

目的探讨单臂外固定架辅助闭合复位,交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干多节段骨折手术方法及疗效。方法采用单臂外固定架辅助闭合复位,交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干多节段骨折14例。结果本组均获7~24个月随访,平均15.3个月,骨折愈合时间14~25周,平均愈合时间16.8周。所有骨折均愈合,无断钉或邻近关节功能障碍。肢体功能恢复按Karlstron标准评价:优12例,良2例。结论单臂外固定架辅助闭合复位,交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干多节段骨折创伤小,操作简单,复位有效,骨折愈合率高,并发症发生率低。     

胫腓骨多段骨折不同手术方法疗效分析

目的探讨胫腓骨多段骨折不同手术方法的临床疗效。方法对68例胫腓骨多段骨折者分别采用闭合复位三维外固定架（32例）、带锁髓内钉（17例）、加压钢板（19例）治疗,比较3种方法的疗效。结果 68例均获得随访,时间6-24（14±3）个月。加压钢板组2例出现感染及骨不连。三维外固定架组治疗胫腓骨多段骨折在手术时间、住院时间、手术切口、出血量、输液天数、住院费用、骨折愈合时间等方面均优于带锁髓内钉组和加压钢板组（P〈0.05）。参照Johner-Wruh评定标准,优良率：三维外固定架组93.75%,带锁髓内钉组88.24%,加压钢板组89.48%。结论闭合复位三维外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段骨折疗效优于带锁髓内钉和加压钢板。     

UTN与外固定架治疗胫骨开放骨折的疗效评估

目的 比较非扩髓胫骨带锁髓内钉(UTN)和外固定架治疗胫骨开放骨折的疗效。方法 对72例胫骨带锁髓内钉或外固定架治疗的胫骨开放骨折进行回顾性研究，比较其愈合时间、感染率和畸形愈合率，其对伤口及软组织处理原则相同，病人特征和损伤分类没有统计学意义。结果 平均愈合时间，髓内钉组5．2个月，外固定架组7．6个月；畸形愈合率外固定架组高于髓内钉组2．5倍：感染率没有差别。结论 对于大多数胫骨开放性骨折非扩髓胫骨带锁髓内钉的疗效优于外固定架。     

加压钢板与带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折疗效比较

目的比较加压钢板与带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法61例肱骨干骨折患者，骨折复位后38例采用加压钢板、23例采用带锁髓内钉内固定。结果术后平均随访17个月，带锁髓内钉组6个月内骨折愈合率为87．0％（20／23），并发症发生率为0，优于加压钢板组的63．2％（24／38）和23.7（9／38），P〈0．05。结论加压钢板与带锁髓内钉均能可靠固定，但带锁髓内钉能缩短骨折愈合时间，减少并发症，是治疗肱骨干骨折的较好方法。     

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折

目的探讨使用交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的手术方式选择、疗效。方法对1998年1月～2002年10月使用交锁髓内钉治疗67例(76肢)股骨干粉碎性骨折的疗效进行回顾性分析。手术采用闭合、小切口或有限切开复位，用三维瞄准器锁定骨折远近端。结果平均随访14．1个月，肢体、关节功能恢复优良率92．5％(62／67)，一期骨折愈合率90．8％(69／76)。平均骨临床愈合时问6．7个月。2例软组织感染，感染率2．6％，2例髓内钉断裂。结论交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折应常规静力固定，不剥离或少剥离骨膜．不强求解剖复位，尽量闭合复位、有限扩髓，是目前治疗股骨干粉碎性或多节段骨折的有效方法。     

钢板结合髓内钉治疗胫骨单髁伴同侧胫骨干中、远段骨折

 目的 探讨钢板结合髓内钉治疗同侧胫骨平台单髁伴胫骨干中、远段骨折的可行性和临床疗效。方法 2003年 5月至 2008年11月,钢板结合髓内钉固定治疗胫骨平台单髁伴同侧胫骨干骨折21例,男15 例,女6 例;年龄20～55岁,平均34岁。按Schatzer分类,Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型11例、Ⅲ型6例。胫骨干骨折按部位分型,胫骨干中段骨折13例、中下1∕3骨折8例。复位后,先钢板固定胫骨平台再髓内钉固定胫骨干19例,先髓内钉固定胫骨干再钢板固定胫骨平台2例。结果 所有病均例获得随访,随访时间0.9～4年,平均2.2年。所有患者均获骨性愈合,胫骨平台平均愈合时间为12周;胫骨干骨折平均愈合时间为29周,3例患者胫骨干骨折延迟愈合,拆除交锁钉使之动力化后愈合。1例胫骨平台未能解剖复位导致骨折畸形愈合。根据HSS膝关节评分标准[2],优17例(80.95%)、良3例(14.29%)、中1例(4.76%)。结论 注意一些技术要点,应用两种熟悉的手术技巧,钢板结合髓内钉能够成功治疗胫骨平台单髁伴同侧胫骨干骨折。     

Biomechanical comparison of flexible stainless steel and titanium nails with external fixation using a femur fracture model

There are several options available for surgical stabilization of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare the stability afforded by Ender stainless steel nails, titanium elastic nails, and one-plane unilateral external fixators for the fixation using a synthetic adolescent midshaft femur fracture model. The anterior-posterior (sagittal plane) bending, lateral (coronal plane) bending, torsional, and axial stiffness values were calculated using 6 different fixation configurations. These included pairs of 3.5-mm-diameter Ender nails with and without distal locking, 3.5- and 4.0-mm-diameter titanium elastic nails as well as single- and double-stacked monolateral external fixators. Eight synthetic femur models, 4 each with simulated transverse and comminuted fracture patterns, were sequentially tested for stability afforded by the various fracture fixation configurations. External fixation exhibited significantly greater control of anterior-posterior angulation compared with all flexible-nailing systems. Although Ender nails were slightly superior to titanium nails in control of sagittal plane angulation, this was not statistically significant. Compared with the external fixation constructs, all 4 flexible nail constructs demonstrated higher torsional stability. For prevention of axial shortening, all fixation methods were similar for the transverse fracture pattern, whereas external fixation was superior to flexible nails in the comminuted fracture model. No significant benefit was demonstrated with double stacking of external fixators. These findings may help guide clinicians choose the optimal fixation method for treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fractures.     

Operative treatment of ipsilateral noncontiguous unicondylar tibial plateau and shaft fractures: combining plates and nails

Unicondylar plateau fractures with ipsilateral noncontiguous tibial shaft fractures are rare injuries; over a 10-year period, we identified only 50 of these combined injuries in our series of 1586 tibial fractures. Modern locking plates and percutaneous techniques have been increasingly indicated for this injury pattern though this technique can compromise optimal fixation of the plateau and/or shaft fractures. For a number of years, we have combined intramedullary nails and plates for the treatment of these fractures with excellent results. With careful attention to some technical points, ipsilateral tibial plateau and shaft fractures can be managed successfully by combining 2 familiar techniques commonly employed for each injury in isolation.     

空心钉结合髓内钉固定治疗同侧胫骨平台伴胫骨干骨折

目的探讨空心钉结合髓内钉固定治疗同侧胫骨平台伴胫骨干骨折的方法和疗效。方法采用空心钉结合髓内钉固定治疗同侧胫骨平台伴胫骨干骨折12例,先以空心钉固定胫骨平台骨折,部分关节面粉碎塌陷较严重、怀疑合并半月板及韧带损伤者使用关节镜辅助探查及复位胫骨平台关节面,再以髓内钉固定胫骨干骨折。结果本组获平均17（8～33）个月随访,均获得骨性愈合,胫骨平台骨折平均愈合时间为12周,胫骨干骨折平均愈合时间为23周。疗效根据Lowa膝关节功能评价标准评定：优8例,良3例,可l例。结论空心钉结合髓内钉既有效固定了两处骨折。又充分保护了软组织,是治疗同侧胫骨平台伴胫骨干骨折的有效方法。     

微创交锁钉治疗胫骨干长节段粉碎性骨折46例分析

[目的]阐明闭合或有限切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定微创治疗胫骨干多节段粉碎性骨折的优越性和手术要点。[方法]选取46例胫骨干长节段粉碎性骨折使用微创交锁髓内钉固定为治疗组,随机选取同时期普通钛板治疗多节段骨折46例为对照组,对两组术中情况及术后疗效进行比较,其中治疗组采用闭合复位穿钉,有限切开复位螺钉固定,瞄准器锁定骨折远、近端。[结果]两组术后均随访12个月以上,两组在手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量及骨折愈合时间、远期功能疗效满意度方面均有显著性统计学差异。[结论]闭合或有限切开复位交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干长节段粉碎性骨折较钛板有着微创、手术时间短、伤口愈合快、住院时间短,更符合胫骨生物力学、更高骨折愈合率、更少并发症等优越性。微创交锁钉为该类骨折提供了最佳骨折愈合时机、良好功能恢复,可避免关节僵硬,大部分患者可重返工作岗位。     

Percutaneous methods of tibial plateau fixation

Various methods of percutaneous fixation of tibial plateau fractures are available. The optimal method of fixation is dictated by soft tissue injury, fracture characteristics, and functional demands of the patient. Unicondylar fractures are amenable to percutaneous stabilization with screws or plates although some fractures are best approached with open techniques. Hybrid and ring external fixators are most appropriate for patients with bicondylar injuries who have severe soft tissue trauma. Use of intramedullary nails to align ipsilateral shaft fractures adjacent to percutaneously fixed plateau injuries remains controversial but may be indicated for some patients with bicondylar lesions and combined plateau and shaft fractures.     

The functional results of tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nail compressed by proximal tube

Nailing of tibial shaft fractures is considered the gold standard surgical method by many surgeons. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate and compare the clinical outcome of tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nails compressed by proximal tube and conventional intramedullary interlocking nails. Fifty-seven patients with tibial shaft fractures, treated with intramedullary nails compressed by proximal tube (n = 32) and the conventional interlocking nails (n = 25), were reviewed. All fractures except for one were united without any additional surgical intervention in the proximal compression tube nail group, whereas in the conventional interlocking nail group, six patients needed dynamization surgery (p = 0.005) and three cases of nonunion were recorded. In the proximal compression tube nail group, faster union occurred in 20 ± 2 (16–24) weeks (mean ± SD; range) without failure of locking screws and proximal nail migration, whereas in the conventional interlocking nail group, union occurred in 22 ± 2.5 (17–27) weeks (p = 0.001) with two failures of locking screws and two proximal nail migration. The proximal compression tube nail system is safer than the conventional nailing methods for the treatment for transverse and oblique tibial shaft fractures with a less rate of nonunion, proximal locking screw failure and proximal nail migration.     

Flexible medullary nailing of acute tibial shaft fractures

In a nonrandomized prospective study, 111 tibial shaft fractures (55 closed, 56 open) were treated with flexible intramedullary nails. Open injuries were nailed immediately following irrigation and debridement in the vast majority of cases. Ninety-four percent of the fractures united in an average time of 18.8 weeks. There were seven nonunions (6.3%), all of which healed following a secondary procedure. Six patients demonstrated delay in union but healed their fractures within 26 weeks (5.4%). Five patients developed angulatory malunions between 6 degrees and 10 degrees after nailing (4.5%). Three patients had rotational malalignment requiring treatment (2.7%). There were four deep wound infections, which required irrigation and debridement (3.6%). In two cases the nails were retained and in two they were replaced with an external fixator. In one patient, chronic osteomyelitis developed. Flexible medullary nailing extends the indications for intramedullary fixation of tibial shaft fractures because maintenance of length, alignment, and rotation are usually possible.     

211例下肢长骨骨折带锁髓内钉固定的临床评价

目的 对211例下肢长骨骨折带锁髓内钉内固定治疗的临床结果进行评价。方法 用不扩髓带锁髓内钉为主要固定方法，对211例股骨、胫骨骨折进行手术复位内固定治疗，术后进行包括CPM在内的有序功能锻炼。结果 获得随访189例，时间4～26个月，平均9个月。全组病例获得骨性愈合，无骨不连发生，骨折延迟愈合7例，膝关节功能受限4例。按Johner-wruch标准：优158例，良22例，中9例，优良率95．2％。结论 带锁髓内钉是治疗下肢长骨骨折较好的方法，其适应证较以往有进一步的拓展，术中骨折复位与保存骨折块血供并重的理念是正确的。