冠状动脉瘘28例诊断及外科治疗

目的 总结冠状动脉瘘的诊断和手术治疗效果。方法 28例不同部位的冠状动脉瘘患者采用超声心动图和选择性冠状动脉造影,明确冠状动脉瘘发生位置,全部采用外科治疗,统计其疗效。结果 单纯冠状动脉瘘20例,合并其他心内畸形8例;右冠状动脉瘘18例,左冠状动脉瘘8例,双冠状动脉瘘2例。瘘入右心室13例,瘘入右心房12例,瘘入左心室1例,瘘入肺动脉2例。心腔内双瘘口及三个瘘口各有1例,余26例为单一瘘口。所有病例行手术治疗,8例合并其他心内畸形同期矫治。全组无死亡及残余瘘,效果满意。结论 心脏直视手术治疗冠状动脉瘘效果肯定,合并其他心内畸形应同期矫治。选择性冠状动脉造影对明确冠状动脉瘘发生位置和（或）瘘人心腔的位置非常必要。     

冠状动脉瘘的诊断及治疗方法探讨

目的探讨冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的诊断及治疗方法。方法16例冠状动脉瘘患者，经彩色多普勒超声检查14例，确诊12例，升主动脉及冠状动脉造影检查4例均确诊。16例患者均行手术治疗．其中非体外循环下行缝扎瘘口1例，体外循环下经心腔内闭合瘘口12例，切开冠状动脉闭合瘘口1例，分别闭合冠状动脉内瘘和心腔内瘘口2例；同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术1例，室间隔缺损修补1例。结果手术发现单一瘘口11例，两个瘘口5例。全组无死亡病例及并发症发生。术后随诊无残余瘘发生。结论选择性冠状动脉造影检查是诊断CAF的金标准；CAF自行闭合性小，一旦确诊，即使无症状也应及早手术治疗。手术宜在体外循环下进行，准确判断漏口位置和精确缝合是手术成功的关键。     

先天性冠状动脉瘘的诊断与治疗(附34例报告)

目的:总结分析34例先天性冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的临床诊断治疗与外科手术方法。方法:回顾性分析应用超声心动图、64层螺旋CT、选择性冠状动脉造影等检查确诊的34例CAF患者的临床资料,其中24例为单纯性CAF,10例合并其他心脏外科疾病。结果:34例中5例直接行动脉瘘切线缝合术,其余29例均在体外循环直视下行瘘口修补并同时矫治合并心脏疾病。心腔内发现2瘘口1例,4瘘口1例,其他均为单一瘘口。所有患者术毕效果明显,无一例死亡,超声心动图复查均无残余瘘存在。22例随访0.5~3年无死亡及并发症发生。结论:64层螺旋CT检查可准确显示各种CAF的起源、行程、引流部位及并发异常,显示冠状动脉近段管腔的形态及一些较大冠状动脉瘘,是一种较为理想的无创性诊断CAF的影像方法。CAF明确诊断后,及时行外科手术治疗安全可靠,少数患者可行介入治疗。     

先天性冠状动脉瘘的外科治疗

目的总结外科手术治疗冠状动脉瘘的临床经验及治疗方法，以提高对该类疾病的治疗效果。方法对2001年2月至2011年11月收治的104例先天性冠状动脉瘘患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，其中男性48例，女性56例，年龄5个月至71岁，平均年龄34岁。104例中有56例患者在非体外循环下行直接结扎及缝扎，其中微创小切口14例；48例合并其他先天畸形及心脏疾病者在体外循环下施行手术，直接结扎及缝扎瘘口，对合并的心脏畸形或疾病同期做相应的矫治。结果瘘口发生于右冠状动脉63例，发生于左冠状动脉41例，瘘人右心房21例，瘘人右心室40例，瘘人肺动脉30例，瘘人冠状静脉1例，瘘入上腔静脉1例。除1例因其他疾病死亡外，全组无手术死亡。随访2-10年，复查超声均无异常。结论先天性冠状动脉瘘可采用直接结扎及缝扎方法，部分病例可采用小切口治疗，手术效果安全有效。     

常温非体外循环下手术治疗先天性冠状动脉瘘

目的:探讨常温非体外循环下,手术治疗先天性冠状动脉瘘(congenital coronary arterial fistula,CAF)的手术方法和远期效果。方法:2001年8月至2009年8月在阜外心血管病医院行常温非体外循环下手术治疗CAF21例。全组年龄12d～60岁,平均(20.6±20.0)岁;20例为单纯的CAF,1例合并冠心病3支病变。21例中瘘口起源于右冠状动脉5例(23.8%),左冠状动脉12例(57.1%),双冠状动脉4例(19.1%);瘘口入右心房,右心室,肺动脉及左心室分别为5例(23.8%),8例(38.1%),7例(33.3%)和1例(4.8%);结果:21例均在常温非体外循环下行冠状动脉瘘结扎或褥式带垫片缝扎,其中1例同时行常温不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术,无手术死亡。术后残余瘘1例,其余术后无心肌缺血及残余瘘等并发症。19例随访0.5～5.5年,平均(2.1±1.7)年,无远期死亡。1例残余瘘,其余无心肌缺血及残余瘘等并发症。结论:常温非体外循环下手术治疗CAF安全、有效,远期效果良好。     

冠状动脉瘘手术前后的二维脉冲多普勒超声心动图观察(附8例报告)

报告8例冠状动脉瘘,其中6例术前作了2D-PDE 检查。2D 特征是冠状动脉扩张,直径≥1.0cm,右室瘘的 PDE 特征是右室腔瘘口处连续性湍流,左室瘘的 PDE 特征是左室腔瘘口处舒张期湍流。随访了7例冠状动脉瘘术后病例,发现残余漏3例,术后病例心脏腔径均有不同程度缩小,但扩张的冠状动脉基本无变化。     

经导管弹簧圈栓堵法治疗先天性冠状动脉瘘

目的　探讨经导管弹簧圈栓堵冠状动脉瘘的安全性和有效性。方法　总结我院 1999年 5月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 6例 38～ 70岁 (平均年龄 5 0 7岁 )的先天性冠状动脉瘘进行栓堵治疗的患者 ,其中冠状动脉瘘由左冠状动脉至肺动脉 2例、右冠状动脉至肺动脉 2例、右冠状动脉至右下肺静脉及双侧冠状动脉至肺动脉各 1例。结果　 5例 (83 3% )栓堵后完全闭合 ;1例因瘘管迂曲 ,导管到位困难而放弃介入治疗。无手术死亡及并发症。 5例患者经体检和超声心动图随访 3～ 4 6个月 ,无残余瘘 ,无复发。结论　经导管弹簧圈栓堵先天性冠状动脉瘘不用开胸 ,病人易接受 ,安全、有效、方便 ,可作为治疗冠状动脉瘘的一种方法。     

先天性冠状动脉瘘临床特点及冠脉造影分析

目的:探讨先天性冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的临床特点及瘘口起源特点。方法:回顾分析我院自2011年4月至2016年8月收治的冠状动脉造影明确诊断的37例先天性CAF患者的临床及冠脉造影资料。分析患者的主诉症状,并根据瘘口起源的位置分为左前降支(LAD)组(23例)、右冠脉(RCA)组(6例)、LADRCA组(2例)、左回旋支(LCX)组(5例)以及左主干(LM)组(1例),分析瘘口起源与引流位置分布的特点。结果:37例先天性CAF患者中,24例(64.9%)主诉胸闷、气促,6例(16.2%)主诉胸痛症状,5例(13.5%)主诉心悸,2例(5.4%)体检发现心脏杂音。与RCA组、LADRCA组、LCX组和LM组比较,LAD组的瘘口起源比例显著升高(16.2%,5.4%,13.5%,2.7%比62.2%),P均0.01,而其他各组间比较无显著差异(P均0.05)。LAD瘘口起源23例,包括22例肺动脉瘘和1例支气管动脉瘘;RCA瘘口起源6例,包括肺动脉瘘3例,右房瘘2例和左室瘘1例;LCX瘘口起源5例,右房瘘2例、肺动脉瘘、左室瘘、右室瘘各1例。结论:冠状动脉造影是诊断先天性冠状动脉瘘的金标准,先天性冠状动脉瘘起源于左冠脉的比例显著高于右冠脉。     

先天性冠状动脉瘘早中期手术疗效分析

目的:探讨先天性冠状动脉瘘手术治疗的最佳时机、方法及疗效,努力提高手术成功率。方法:我院2013年10月-2019年10月共收治19例冠状动脉瘘患者,其中男11例,女8例,年龄4.5(1～61)岁,体重16.25(7～69) kg。右冠状动脉右房瘘3例,右冠状动脉右室瘘7例,右冠状动脉左室瘘1例,左冠状动脉右房瘘2例,左冠状动脉左房瘘2例,左冠状动脉右室瘘2例,左冠状动脉肺动脉瘘2例;合并先天性二尖瓣发育不良2例,房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、卵圆孔未闭、三尖瓣关闭不全各1例。所有患者均胸正中切口体外循环下行动脉瘘矫治术,同期矫治其他心脏畸形,围术期常规监护治疗,术后1、6个月及每年随访复查。对所有患者临床资料进行统计、分析及总结。结果:升主动脉阻断时间(61.330±11.479) min,体外循环时间(99.940±15.206) min,手术时间(140.610±19.150) min,呼吸机使用时间(33.000±19.275) h,ICU时间(2.220±1.215) d,住院时间(20.940±8.795) d。患者术前左室射血分数(63.167±8.031)%,术后当日左室射血分数(69.390±8.389)%,术后左室功能明显改善(P0.05)。患者术前心胸比0.506±0.0769,术后当日心胸比0.479±0.060 3,手术前后心胸比差异显著(P0.05)。19例患者围手术期无严重并发症及死亡,均痊愈出院。术后随访6个月～5年,未见残余瘘及严重心血管症状。结论:冠状动脉瘘发病率低,出现心悸、呼吸困难等症状应尽早手术治疗,外科手术治疗疗效较好,并发症少。     

右后外侧小切口剖胸治疗冠状动脉右心室和/或右心房瘘

目的:总结经右外侧腋下小切口入胸体外循环辅助直视下治疗冠状动脉右心室右心房瘘的手术经验及效果。方法:选取本院2002年1月至2018年12月,行冠状动脉右心室和/或右心房瘘矫治术患儿31例,其中经胸骨正中开胸完成手术矫治的患儿16例(正中组),男性9例,女性7例,中位年龄11.8个月(6～32)个月,中位体质量12.7 kg(7.5～29 kg)。其中右冠状动脉右心室瘘9例,左冠状动脉右心室瘘5例,右冠状动脉右心房瘘2例;经右外侧小切口剖胸(右侧组)行手术矫治的患儿15例,男性9例,女性6例。中位年龄10.8个月(5～28个月),中位体质量11.6 kg(5.6～18)kg。右冠状动脉右心室瘘9例,左冠状动脉右心室瘘4例,右冠状动脉右心房瘘2例。均在全身麻醉体外循环辅助下完成冠状动脉右心室和/或右心房瘘矫治术。结果:右侧组术后无死亡。术后残余瘘2例。正中死亡1例,死于低心排出量综合征(低心排);术后残余瘘2例。右侧组手术时间、切口长度、ICU停留时间、术后引流量、术后输血量、术后呼吸机辅助时间以及住院时间都显著低于正中组;主动脉阻断时间差异无统计学意义。随访3～38个月,心脏功能恢复良好。结论:经右侧腋下小切口直视下行冠状动脉右心室右心房瘘矫治手术,手术安全可靠,术野清晰,创伤小,术后恢复良好。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.