Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a female patient with a karyotype of 46,X,i(X)(q10)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene and it affects males predominantly. Here we report a 4-year-old girl with DMD from a healthy family, in which her parents and sister have no DMD genotype. A PCR-based method of multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis showed the deletion of exons 46 and 47 in the dystrophin gene, which led to loss of dystrophin function. No obvious phenotype of Turner syndrome was observed in this patient and cytogenetic analysis revealed that her karyotype is 46,X,i(X)(q10). In conclusion, we describe the first female patient with DMD who carries a de novo mutation of the dystrophin gene in one chromosome and isochromosome Xq, i(Xq), in another chromosome.     

Detection of Y chromosomal material in patients with a 45,X karyotype by PCR method

A 45,X karyotype is one of the common chromosomal abnormalities characterized by short stature, lack of development of secondary sexual characteristics, webbed neck and cubitus valgus. This phenotype was described by Turner in 1938 and was called Turner syndrome (TS). About 40-60% of the patients with TS phenotype have a 45,X karyotype, the rest either have a structurally abnormal X or Y chromosome or mosaicism with a second cell line. Determination of Y chromosome derivatives in patients with a 45,X karyotype is important for the management of these patients due to increased risk of gonadoblastoma. Low level mosaicism of Y chromosome may be missed by cytogenetic methods. The aim of our study is to analyze cryptic Y chromosome derivatives using Y specific sequences in 40 Turkish patients with a pure 45,X karyotype. Fourteen different Y specific sequences along the Y chromosome were selected for the detection of cryptic Y chromosome material by PCR analysis. The present study demonstrated that 2 patients with a 45,X karyotype (5%) have Y specific sequences except sex related region Y (SRY). One of them had displayed enhanced virilisation whereas other showed no virilisation. In conclusion, it has been found by PCR analysis that 5% of patients with a 45,X karyotype have Y chromosome sequences in the absence of any marker chromosome by cytogenetic analysis. The data also suggest that the patients with a 45,X karyotype should be analyzed for the presence of Y chromosome derivatives by sensitive methods, such as PCR, in order to calculate the future risk of developing gonadoblastoma.     

Endocrine, cytogenetic and psychometric features of patients with X-isochromosome 46, X, i(Xq) Turner's syndrome: a preliminary study in nine patients

The 46, X, i(Xq) karyotype of isochromosome for the long arm of the X chromosome has been found to be a frequent structural abnormality in Turner's syndrome. To characterize the endocrine, metabolic, and psychometric features of such patients, nine subjects, aged 12 to 49 years, with this specific cytogenetic abnormality were studied. Although eight of the nine patients had a mosaic chromosome pattern, five had a greater proportion of i(Xq) cells than XO cells, and in four of these the proportion of i(Xq) cells was over 80%. Eight of the nine isochromosomes were metacentric and most had a single C-band. Two subjects were hypothyroid, six had thyroid antibodies present and five had parietal cell antibodies. Oral glucose tolerance testing was abnormal in three and elevated insulin levels were present in an additional two subjects. Psychometric testing showed some discrepancy between verbal and performance I.Q. scores, the performance scores generally being lower. Thus, thyroiditis, insulin insensitivity and diabetes mellitus, parietal cell antibodies, and a relatively low performance I.Q. are found in some of the 46, X, i(Xq) Turner's syndrome patients. The highest thyroid antibodies were present in the four subjects in whom more than 80% of cells were 46, X, i(Xq). Two of these subjects also had diabetes mellitus and three had antiparietal cell antibodies. These findings suggest an association of autoimmune disease with this particular cytogenetic abnormality.     

产前超声及无创基因筛查诊断胎儿性染色体异常

目的 探讨超声及无创产前基因筛查（NIPT）诊断胎儿性染色体异常的价值。方法 回顾性分析8 792名高危孕妇,分析产前超声及NIPT对胎儿性染色体异常的检出率,观察性染色体异常胎儿妊娠结局。结果 共检出144胎（144/8 792,1.64%）性染色体异常胎儿。其中性染色体数目异常139胎（139/8 792,1.58%）,包括45,X（Turner综合征）32胎、45,X嵌合体22胎、47,XXY（Klinefelter综合征）44胎、47,XXY嵌合体3胎、47,XXX 23胎、47,XYY 11胎、其他数目异常3胎及45,X[15]/46,XX[40]男性性反转1胎;性染色体结构异常5胎（5/8 792,0.06%）。超声检出73胎（73/144,50.69%）异常。77胎接受NIPT筛查,其中75胎（75/77,97.40%）性染色体异常。32胎45,X胎儿中,31胎超声可见异常,其中28胎表现为颈部水囊瘤,后均引产;112胎其他类型性染色体异常胎儿中,42胎（42/112,37.50%）继续妊娠。结论 NIPT对检出性染色体异常具有重要价值;产前超声筛查发现颈部水囊瘤时,应高度警惕45,X。     

A case of near-triploidy in myelodysplastic syndrome with del(5q) combined with del(1p) and del(13q)

Numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities are common in hematological malignancies. Near-triploidy (58-80 chromosomes) is a numerical abnormality observed in 3% of adult cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Near-triploidy is rare in myeloid lineage hematologic malignancies and compared to near-triploidy in lymphoid malignancies, near-triploidy in myeloid malignancies is associated with poor outcomes. Few studies on near-triploidy in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) have been reported, and the clinicopathologic significance of this condition is still unclear. Here, we report a novel case of MDS with near-triploidy and multiple structural chromosomal abnormalities: del(5q) combined with del(1p) and del(13q). These abnormalities were detected by cytogenetic analysis with array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Our results suggest that array CGH can be a useful tool for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in patients with MDS.     

联合间期和中期荧光原位杂交确定成人急性白血病患者11q23/MLL异常

目的 探讨快速、敏感、有效揭示11q23／MLL基因重排的方法，确定11q23／MLL异常存成人急性白血病（AL）中的发生情况及其临床特征，指导AL风险治疗。方法112例成人AL患者骨髓细胞经24h短期培养按常规方法制备染色体标本，R显带行核型分析；LSIMLL双色分离信号DNA探针行间期荧光原位杂交（FISH）筛选异常信号，有异常信号者行中期FISH确定11q23／MLL基因重排。结果 112例AL患者FISH揭示9例11q23／MLL易位（检出率8．0％），其中常规细胞遗传学分析（CCA）只检出4例（检出率3．6％）。3例CCA示del（11）（q23）者FISH揭示2例为11q23／MLL易位，1例为11号染色体长臂末端缺失。在1例正常核型、1例11q＋和1例无11q23明显异常者，FISH揭示为11q23／MLL易位。除9例易何外，FISH揭示8例存在MLL基因扩增，包括多倍体、均匀染色区（hsr）和双微染色体（dmin）。AL伴11q23／MLL异常者多诊断为B系祖细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（pro-B ALL）、急性单核细胞白血病（AMoL）或急性双表型白血病（BAL）。结论 使用MLL双色分离信号DNA探针行FISH确定11q23／MLL异常是快速敏感的方法，其检出率高于CCA，有效揭示11q23／MLL易位和扩增。临床诊断pro-B ALL、AMoL或BAL，尤其正常核型者应行FISH以确定11q23／MLL异常。     

Biochemical activities of lysosomal acid hydrolases in leukemic cells

The biochemical activities of 8 lysosomal acid hydrolases in leukemic cells from 48 patients were examined. Characteristic alterations were found in α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities of leukemic cells. The level of α-mannosidase activity was much higher in myelo(mono)genous leukemias (AML, AMoL, AMMoL, CML and CMMoL) than in lymphogenous ones (ALL, T-cell leukemia, hairy cell leukemia and CLL) without exception. The β-galactosidase activity also differed as a result of α-mannosidase, except in T-cell leukemia. In T-cell leukemia it was within the range of normal lymphocytes, but in the other lymphogenous leukemias it was significantly below normal. N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity in myelo(mono)genous leukemic cells was above the range of normal granulocytes. The changes in these enzyme levels were consistent. The lymphocytic or myelocytic nature of three cases of acute undifferentiated leukemia could be determined by enzyme studies. In two cases it was lymphocytic and in one it was myelocytic. The enzymatic abnormalities were also found in morphologically mature neutrophils from patients with not only chronic types (CML, CMMoL) but also acute types (AMoL, AMMoL) of leukemias, and were similar to those of their respective leukemic cells. Analysis of lysosomal enzymes (at least three of those mentioned above), can elucidate one of the biochemical properties of leukemic cells and may be valuable in the differentiation of leukemias.     

核素心肌灌注显像在心脏X综合征的临床意义

目的　通过核素心肌灌注显像 ,评价心脏X综合征患者心肌血流灌注的特点。方法　选取心脏X综合征患者 (A组 ) 2 0例 ,健康体检者 (B组 ) 15例作为观察对象。通过核素心肌灌注显像 ,用定性和半定量分析方法评价其心肌灌注情况。结果　A组心肌灌注显像异常占 90 % (18/2 0 ) ,B组 2 0 % (3/15 )出现血流灌注异常 ,两组之间差异有统计学意义 (χ2 =17.5 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。A组缺损分布的特点是呈不规则的、散在的放射性稀疏。其存在血流灌注异常的心肌节段共计 5 7个 ,其中 6 3.16 %为可逆性缺损 ,17.5 4 %为部分可逆性缺损 ,10 .5 3%为固定性缺损 ,8.77%为反向分布。在 5 7个灌注异常节段中 ,缺血评分为 1分、2分、3分者分别占 80 .70 %、19.2 9%和 10 .5 3%。 18例心肌灌注异常的患者中 ,83.33%为多壁心肌灌注异常 ,分布于 2～ 7个室壁。结论　X综合征患者心肌灌注异常多见 ,其异常的范围较广泛 ,呈不规则、散在的放射性稀疏和可逆性缺损 ,但心肌缺血的程度轻 ,左心功能几乎不受累     

Turner syndrome: diagnosis and management

Turner syndrome occurs in one out of every 2,500 to 3,000 live female births. The syndrome is characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome (45,X karyotype). Patients with Turner syndrome are at risk of congenital heart defects (e.g., coarctation of aorta, bicuspid aortic valve) and may have progressive aortic root dilatation or dissection. These patients also are at risk of congenital lymphedema, renal malformation, sensorineural hearing loss, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes, and atherogenic lipid profile. Patients usually have normal intelligence but may have problems with nonverbal, social, and psychomotor skills. Physical manifestations may be subtle but can include misshapen ears, a webbed neck, a broad chest with widely spaced nipples, and cubitus valgus. A Turner syndrome diagnosis should be considered in girls with short stature or primary amenorrhea. Patients are treated for short stature in early childhood with growth hormone therapy, and supplemental estrogen is initiated by adolescence for pubertal development and prevention of osteoporosis. Almost all women with Turner syndrome are infertile, although some conceive with assisted reproduction.     

超声软指标前额空间比联合NIPT检测在早孕期胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用价值

目的：观察超声软指标前额空间比(PFSR)联合无创产前基因(NIPT)检测在早孕期胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用价值。方法：选取2020年1月~2023年2月于我院接受早孕期羊水染色体核型检测的高危孕妇80例,均行产科超声及NIPT检测,以羊水穿刺染色体检测为金标准,比较超声软指标PFSR、NIPT及两者联合检测筛查早孕期胎儿染色体异常的应用价值。结果：80例孕妇中,经羊水染色体核型检测筛查出11例(13.75%)存在染色体异常,其中21-三体6例,18-三体2例,13-三体2例,Turner综合征1例。采用超声软指标PFSR检测筛查早孕期胎儿染色体异常的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为63.64%、86.96%、83.75%;NIPT检测为72.73%、88.41%、86.25%;PFSR联合NIPT检测为90.91%、98.55%、97.50%。PFSR联合NIPT检测筛查的特异性及准确性均高于单一检测(P<0.05),三种检测方法的敏感性比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论：超声软指标PFSR联合NIPT检测能提高筛查早孕期胎儿染色体异常的应用价值,其特异性及准确性较高,值得推广。     

Simultaneous translocation of both TCR Loci (14q11) with rare partner loci (Xq22 and 12p13) in a case of T-lymphoblastic leukemia

The most common recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia [T-ALL]) involve T-cell receptor (TCR) loci and a variety of partner genes, including HOX11, HOX11L2, MYC, and TAL1. In this report, we present a rare case involving simultaneous translocation of the TCR α/δ loci with different partner loci (Xq22 and 12p13); this resulted in a poor prognosis. Chromosomal analysis showed 46,Y,t(X;14)(q22;q11.2),t(12;14)(p13;q11.2) and FISH analysis by using a T-cell receptor alpha delta DNA probe, Split Signal (DakoCytomation, Denmark), showed translocations at the same TCR α/δ locus on both chromosomes. FISH with 2 bacterial artificial chromosome clones showed break apart signal, which suggests involvement of the IRS4 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T-ALL in which both TCR α/δ loci were translocated with different partner loci, and 1 of the partner loci, Xq22, was a rare translocation partner locus that included IRS4 gene.     

MLPA技术联合染色体核型分析检测儿童发育异常的临床研究

目的探讨多重链接依赖性探针扩增(MLPA)技术联合染色体核型分析在检测儿童发育异常中的临床应用价值。方法收集87例生长发育异常的儿童,抽取外周血进行传统G显带核型分析,并运用MLPA技术进行染色体微缺失等检测,分析发育异常儿童的染色体情况。结果 87例患儿中检出异常核型22例,异常率为25.3%,包括46,XY,小Y染色体核型10例、45,X核型2例、45,X/46,XY核型1例、46,XY/45,XX核型1例、47,XXY核型1例等。在65例正常核型中MLPA仍检测出8例存在微缺失或微重复。结论 MLPA技术联合染色体核型分析为临床诊断儿童发育异常提供了一条有效、准确的检测流程,有利于提高染色体异常的检出率和准确率。     

Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome: primary care throughout the life span

Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome constitute the most common chromosomal abnormalities encountered by primary care physicians. Down syndrome typically is recognized at birth, Turner syndrome often is not recognized until adolescence,and many men with Klinefelter syndrome are never diagnosed.Although each syndrome is caused by an abnormal number of chromosomes, or aneuploidy, they are distinct syndromes with learning disabilities and a predisposition toward autoimmune diseases,endocrinologic disorders, and cancers. Optimal health care requires a thorough knowledge of the unique health risks, psychoeducational needs, functional capabilities, and phenotypic variation associated with each condition. Syndrome-specific health care should complement standard preventive health care recommendations.Checklists and syndrome-specific growth grids should be used. Ongoing communication between specialists and primary care physicians and between pediatric and adult clinicians is essential.Support groups and Internet resources can benefit affected individuals and their families immensely.     

Decreased activity of the red blood cell ATPase-dependent Na+ pump in patients with cardiac syndrome X.

Marked Na(+)/Li(+) countertransport hyperactivity and post-load hyperinsulinaemia have been described in 93% of patients with cardiac syndrome X. We hypothesized that more complex abnormalities in Na(+) traffic across the cell membrane are present in these patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activities of the two main transporters responsible for transmembrane Na(+) transport, i.e. the ATPase-dependent Na(+) pump and the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transporter, in a selected group of patients with cardiac syndrome X. We evaluated 19 patients with cardiac syndrome X and 14 control subjects. The ATPase-dependent Na(+) pump and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transport activities were assessed from Na(+)-loaded red blood cells by using nystatine, in the presence of furosemide and ouabain, as appropriate. Erythrocyte Na(+)/Li(+) countertransport activity, serum lipid and post-load (75 g of oral glucose) insulin levels were also evaluated. The V(max) of Na(+)/Li(+) countertransport (P=0.0001) and post-load insulin levels (120 min; P=0.001) were confirmed to be higher in patients with syndrome X than in controls. The V(max) of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transport was similar in patients and controls. By contrast, the V(max) of the ATPase-dependent Na(+) pump was significantly lower (P=0.002) in syndrome X patients (3.13+/-0.87 mmol.h(-1).l(-1)) than in controls (4.28+/-1.10 mmol.h(-1).l(-1)). Serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were also higher in patients with syndrome X than in control subjects (P<0.0001). Thus decreased activity of the ATPase-dependent Na(+) pump was present in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Such an abnormality has the biological potential to augment microvascular tone and the response to constrictor stimuli via increased intracellular free Ca(2+). Of note, syndrome X patients also manifested Na(+)/Li(+) countertransport hyperactivity which, in turn, is known to induce peripheral insulin resistance and consequent abnormalities in insulin secretion and lipid turnover. Thus cardiac syndrome X appears as a multifaceted syndrome presenting with either metabolic or cardiovascular symptoms, or both, based on the expression of complex abnormalities in Na(+) traffic across the cell membrane.     

Usefulness of abdominal ultrasonography with studies of the intestinal loops in Turner syndrome patients

Turner syndrome, a chromosomal disorder caused by partial or complete absence of one of the two X chromosomes, is characterized by an increased incidence (compared with that in the normal population) of either autoimmune disorders, including chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, or angiodysplasia of the small intestine. Because ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasound are widely used to investigate gastrointestinal disorders, we decided to carry out an ultrasound-based screening study in patients with Turner syndrome to determine whether this method might be useful in the follow-up of this population.     

Uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation in chromosomally abnormal fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the major chromosomal abnormalities are associated with impaired placentation in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 692 singleton pregnancies undergoing fetal karyotyping at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Uterine artery Doppler was carried out and the mean pulsatility index was calculated just before chorionic villus sampling. RESULTS: The fetal karyotype was normal in 613 pregnancies and abnormal in 79, including 39 cases of trisomy 21, 11 of trisomy 18, 11 of trisomy 13, eight of Turner syndrome and 10 with other defects. There were no significant differences in the median value of uterine artery mean PI between any of the individual groups. Although in the combined group of trisomy 18, trisomy 13 and Turner syndrome fetuses, the median pulsatility index (1.60) was significantly higher than in the chromosomally normal group (median pulsatility index, 1.51; P = 0.021), in the majority of abnormal fetuses (24 of 30) mean pulsatility index was below the 95th centile of the normal group (mean pulsatility index, 2.34). There was no significant association between uterine artery mean pulsatility index and fetal nuchal translucency thickness or fetal growth deficit. CONCLUSIONS: The high intrauterine lethality and fetal growth restriction associated with the major chromosomal abnormalities are unlikely to be the consequence of impaired placentation in the first trimester of pregnancy.     

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome, following thrombocytopenia with antiplatelet antibody

We report a case of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) with antiplatelet antibody in a boy with Down syndrome. When the patient was admitted, his platelet count was 1.3 X 10(4)/mm3 and antiplatelet antibody in the plasma was detected. Two months after admission, blasts, which showed positive reaction to both antiplatelet monoclonal antibody and platelet peroxidase, increased.     

儿童急性白血病遗传学研究进展

白血病特异染色体异常的确定及其与预后关系的研究对儿童急性白血病（acute leukemia,AL）具有极其重要的意义。近年来,虽然儿童AL的治疗效果有了很大改善,但其复发仍然是影响预后的主要因素。根据遗传学异常进行危险度分层,并指导治疗,可以改善儿童AL预后,提高患儿生存率。在过去的30年中,遗传学检测技术有了突飞猛进的发展,发现了许多新的遗传学异常。本文就三种儿童常见AL,包括前B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia,BCP-ALL）、T细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（T-cell acute lymphoblasticleukemia,T-ALL）和急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）的最新遗传学研究进展进行综述。     

Fetal head-to-trunk volume ratio in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of early growth disturbance in chromosomally abnormal fetuses by comparing the volume of the fetal head to that of the trunk. METHODS: The fetal trunk and head volume was measured using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in 145 chromosomally abnormal fetuses at a median gestational age of 12 (range, 11 + 0 to 13 + 6) weeks. The head volume was measured separately and then subtracted from the total head and trunk volume to obtain the volume of the fetal trunk. The head-to-trunk ratios were then calculated and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine the significance of differences from 500 chromosomally normal fetuses. RESULTS: The fetal head volume for crown-rump length (CRL) was significantly smaller than normal in trisomy 21, trisomy 13 and Turner syndrome (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), whereas no significant differences were found in trisomy 18 and triploidy (P = 0.139 and P = 0.070, respectively). The fetal trunk volume for CRL was significantly smaller in all chromosomal abnormalities (P < 0.001) except Turner syndrome (P = 0.134). The head-to-trunk ratio for CRL was significantly larger in trisomy 18, trisomy 13 and triploidy (P < 0.001), but normal in trisomy 21 (P = 0.221) and Turner syndrome (P = 0.768). CONCLUSIONS: In trisomy 21 and Turner syndrome, the growth deficit was symmetrical with the head and trunk being equally affected, whereas in triploidy and trisomies 18 and 13 there was asymmetrical growth restriction with the trunk being more severely compromised than the head.     

Pelvic ultrasound evaluation in patients with Turner syndrome during treatment with growth hormone.

OBJECTIVES: Treatment with growth hormone (GH), alone or in combination with oxandrolone, is used in patients affected by Turner syndrome to improve growth velocity and adult height. Since GH interacts with gonadotropins in the stimulation of the human ovary, the aim of our study was to evaluate the possible effects of GH administration on uterine and ovarian characteristics. METHODS: We performed pelvic ultrasound assessment in 29 patients with Turner syndrome aged 7.5-16.6 years (19 with 45,X karyotype; 10 with variant karyotypes) before and during treatment with GH alone. Uterine volume and ovarian size and morphology were compared to those of 23 age-matched girls with Turner syndrome not treated with GH. Both patients and controls were divided into prepubertal and pubertal groups. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (before and every 6 months during GH treatment for 2 years) were performed. RESULTS: We observed a significantly higher uterine anteroposterior diameter and volume in younger (< or = 11 years) GH-treated Turner syndrome girls than in those who were untreated. Also visualization and heterogeneous echopattern of the ovaries were significantly more frequent in treated than in untreated Turner syndrome patients, particularly before the age of 11 years. The longitudinal study showed a significant increase in uterine volume, more related to treatment than to age. Spontaneous breast development and menarche were found more frequently in GH-treated Turner syndrome girls. CONCLUSION: Growth hormone therapy can have a co-gonadotropin role in patients with Turner syndrome.