活体肾移植供肾肾小球滤过率对术后移植肾功能恢复的影响

目的  探讨活体肾移植供肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)对术后移植肾功能恢复的影响。方法  回顾性分析2009年至2013年在昆明医科大学第一附属医院器官移植中心接受活体供肾移植的108对供受者的临床资料。按供肾GFR数值大小将研究对象分为G1组(GFR < 40 ml/min)、G2组(GFR 40~45 ml/min)、G3组(GFR 46~50 ml/min)及G4组(GFR > 50 ml/min)。比较各组受者术后1周、2周、3周、1个月、3个月、6个月及1年的血清肌酐(Scr)的变化情况, 以及术后1年的人及肾存活情况。结果  与G1组比较, G2、G3、G4组术后2周、3周、1个月的Scr值较低, 差异有统计学意义(均为P < 0.05), 术后1年内人、肾存活情况, G1组超急性排斥反应致移植肾失功1例、重症肺部感染死亡1例; G2组因急性排斥反应导致移植肾失功1例; G3组死于重症肺部感染者1例; G4组1例死于重症肺部感染; 其余患者在随访期间人、肾均存活。结论  活体肾移植供肾GFR值低对术后移植肾早期(1个月内)肾功能恢复有一定影响。     

肾移植后1年内受者肾功能变化斜率结合1年时估算肾小球滤过率共同预测移植肾长期存活率

肾移植是提高终末期肾病患者存活率的最有效的治疗方法,但是其长期存活率仍然不能让人满意,因此找到移植后早期能够预测移植肾长期存活率的指标并对其进行相关临床干预显得尤为重要.目前临床上仍然缺乏简便而有效的预测方法.移植后1年时的估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)与移植肾长期存活密切相关,但是移植后1年内肾功能的变化趋势在预测肾移植的长期效果方面同样重要.浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心将两者结合作为预测指标观察其与移植肾长期存活率的关系,以评估该指标的临床预测价值.     

活体肾移植供肾肾小球滤过率对受体早期肾功能的影响

目的 探讨活体肾移植供肾肾小球滤过率( GFR)对受体早期肾功能的影响.方法 2006年至2011年在本中心接受活体肾移植172例为研究对象,其中亲属供肾166例(96.5％),夫妻供肾5例(2.9％),帮扶供肾1例(0.6％).术前应用放射性核素99mTC-DTPA肾动态显像测定供体左右肾GFR.供体的双肾GFR为62～148 ml/min,将对象分为供肾GFR≤45ml/min受体76例和供肾GFR＞45 ml/min 96例.两组受体的透析情况、冷、热缺血时间、抗体诱导及免疫抑制方案、HLA错配率等基本资料相似.评价患者术后早期肾功能变化情况.结果 两组患者术后急性排斥反应以及肾功能延迟恢复( DGF)发生率差异无统计学意义.与供肾GFR≤45 ml/min组比较,供肾GFR＞45 ml/min组的Scr在术后1周、1个月、3个月、1年均较低,其中术后1周的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后1个月、3个月、1年的差异均无统计学意义.重复测量的方差分析显示术后1年内两组受体Scr变化差异无统计学意义.结论 活体肾移植供肾GFR高低对受体术后1周Scr下降水平有影响,供肾GFR高者受体术后1周Scr水平低,但是对受体术后早期(1年内)的Scr整体水平及变化趋势无显著影响.     

移植肾肾小球滤过率的检测和评估（附视频）

探讨评估移植肾肾小球滤过率（GFR）的最佳方法,从而早期发现移植肾功能异常并适时干预,对提高肾移植受者的生活质量和长期存活具有重要意义。本文介绍了菊粉清除率、放射性核素法实测GFR,应用外周血清肌酐、血清尿素氮、肌酐清除率等间接评估GFR,以及通过公式估算GFR等各种目前常见的GFR评估方法的原理及其优劣;并根据肾移植受者的特殊情况分析了估算GFR公式的适用性。     

99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像在评价活体供肾者肾小球滤过率中的应用

目的 探讨99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像在评价活体肾移植供者肾小球滤过率(GFR)中的应用,并观察GFR水平与供者年龄和性别的相关性.方法 212名候选供者均接受肝肾超声波、肝炎病毒感染以及与受者的血型和组织配型等全面检查,如上述检查符合供肾的一般要求,则进一步行99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像检测候选供者的GFR,如GFR≥1.33 ml/s(1 ml/s=60 ml/min),则认为GFR正常;如1.17 ml/s≤GFR＜1.33 ml/s,则行内生肌酐清除率(CCr)检查,如CCr正常,则认为GFR正常,如CCr异常,则候选供者放弃供肾;如GFR＜1.17 ml/s,则候选供者放弃供肾.供者选取后,应用等级相关系数分析不同性别和不同年龄供者间的GFR水平的差异.结果 212名候选供者中,GFR≥1.33 ml/s者137名;1.17 ml/s≤GFR＜1.33 ml/s者55名,其中31名因CCr异常或其他安全性考虑而放弃供肾;GFR＜1.17 ml/s者20名.共有161名候选供者最终被选择为供者供肾,其中男性105名,女性56名,年龄(42.91±11.90)岁(20～62岁).供肾前,男性和女性供者双肾总的GFR分别为(1.51±0.22)ml/s和(1.45±0.18)ml/s,二者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);不同年龄各组间GFR水平的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),老年(＞55岁)和中青年(≤55岁)供者间GFR水平分别为(1.48±0.22)ml/s和(1.49±0.17)ml/s,二者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).相关性分析显示,供者GFR与其年龄无明显相关性(r=-0.033,P=0.69),男性和女性供者的GFR水平与其年龄也无明显相关性(r=-0.053,P=0.571;r=-0.019,P=0.754).供肾后,所有供者短期内肾功能均恢复至正常水平,未发生肾功能异常和严重并发症.结论 99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像在评价活体肾移植供者GFR中具有较好准确性和可重复性;1.33 ml/s＞GFR≥1.17 ml/s者经严格筛选后可作为供者供肾,且预后良好;供者GFR水平与其年龄和性别间无明显相关性.     

肾小球滤过功能的评估

肾小球的主要功能是滤过,评估滤过功能的主要客观指标是肾小球滤过率(glomerularfiltration rate,GFR)。GFR即单位时间(min)从双肾滤过的血浆的毫升数。GFR是肾功能分期的主要依据,在早期发现肾功能不全、肾脏病的治疗、合理用药、解释可能存在的尿毒症症状,决定何时进行肾替代治疗以及评估移植肾的肾功能等方面具有重要意义。美国肾脏病基金会(NKF)2002年发表新的肾脏病指南(K/DOQI),根据GFR的水平,提出了新的慢性肾脏病(CKD)的分期标准,取代了传统的慢性肾衰竭(CRF)疾病分期标准。新标准如下:Ⅰ期为有肾损害,GFR正常或增高,G…     

肾小球滤过率下降与肾血管病变的相关性分析

长期高血压对肾血管具有重要的影响,但在不少肾脏疾病中,组织学检查显示有明显肾血管病变的患者而临床上并无高血压。为了明确肾血管病变除受血压等因素影响外,是否与肾脏功能的丢失有关,我们将两者进行了相关性分析。材料与方法1.病例:回顾性选择140例患者,除外原发性高血压、年龄超过50岁、糖尿病及吸烟患者。考虑到不同的原发病对肾血管病变的影响,故本组选择的病例均为肾活检示原发性IgA肾病患者。收集所有患者的临床资料,以MDRD简化公式评估肾小球滤过率(GFR),并按K/DOQI慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)的分期标准将IgA肾病分期。2.临床分组…     

多种肾小球滤过率的估算方程在活体供肾者肾功能评估中的适用性研究

目的 比较多种肾小球滤过率(GFR)估算方程在亲属活体供肾功能评估中的准确性,找出适合我国人群的GFR估算方程.方法 以44名亲属活体供肾者为对象,以99mTc-二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)肾动态显像测定的GFR为参考标准,并以体表面积(BSA)将其标准化(sGFR).将以Cockcroft-GauIt(C-G)方程估算的肌酐清除率(Ccr),C-G方程、改良C-G方程、肾脏疾病饮食调整研究组(MDRD)方程和改良MDRD方程估算的GFR(eGFR),分别与sGFR进行比较,分析其偏差、相关性、准确性和精确性.结果 sGFR为(123±24)ml/min,C-G方程估算的Ccr,以及C-G方程、改良C-G方程、MDRD方程和改良MDRD方程估算的GFR分别为(123±27)ml/min、(104±22)ml/min、(156±28)ml/min、(122±19)ml/min和(138±25)ml/min,其偏差值,MDRD方程最小,两种改良方程的偏差较大;配对t检验及相关性分析,C-G方程的Ccr估算值、MDRD方程的估算值与sGFR的差异无统计学意义,改良C-G方程和改良MDRD方程的GFR估算值与sGFR之间的相关性较好;MDRD方程的准确性最高,两种改良方程的准确性较差;改良MDRD方程、改良C-G方程的精确性稍高.结论 5个估算方程估算的GFR均有不用程度的误差,相对来说MDRD方程的偏差较小,准确性较高,相关性和精确性尚可,但若应用于临床,有必要对其进行适当修正.     

放射性核素显像法测定肾小球滤过率在活体移植肾供体中的作用

肾小球滤过率(GFR)是评价肾功能的重要指标,有多种测定方法。菊粉清除率及放射性核素双血浆法是测定GFR的金标准。肾动态显像法测定GFR与菊粉清除率、放射性核素血浆标本法测定GFR等具有良好的相关性,被作为临床上测定GFR的金标准。99mTc-DTPA放射性核素显像法可以测量分肾GFR,具有简便、无创及准确等优点,在移植肾活体供体中发挥着重要作用。     

肾小球滤过率的检测及研究进展

GFR是评价肾脏滤过功能的直接相关指标,目前可通过测定某种滤过标志物的肾脏清除率、血浆清除率获得,或者以肾动态显像法(仅适用于放射性核素)及评估方程推算得到.其中以血肌酐值及胱抑素值推算出的GFR临床上最为常用,因为结果相对准确,且经济实用、耗时耗材少.不同国家、不同地区通过大量的临床试验研究证实了不同血肌酐方程、胱抑素方程及两者的联合方程推算GFR的最佳适用条件及准确性.在各种滤过标志物中,目前菊粉清除率是评价GFR的金标准,碘海醇及99mTc-DTPA等其它放射性核素测得的GFR亦可作为参考标准,根据血肌酐及胱抑素的测得值,通过相应的方程可推算出相对准确的GFR,内生肌酐清除率可大致反映GFR.     

肾移植术后随访中检测受者血清胱抑素C的临床价值

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C(SCys C)浓度检测能否作为肾移植受者随访中移植肾功能测定的理想指标.方法 选择肾移植术后接受长期随访的受者70例,于随访当日检测受者SCys C和血清肌酐(SCr)水平,同时用99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像测定肾小球滤过率(GFR),比较SCys C和SCr与GFR的相关性,并应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价两者在诊断移植肾功能轻度损伤(GFR＜1 ml/s)中的效果.结果 随访的肾移植受者中,SCys C和SCr与GFR均呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.82和-0.66(P＜0.01).SCys C用于诊断移植肾功能轻度损伤的敏感度、特异度和阳性预测值(PPV)均高于SCr.SCys C的ROC曲线下面积高于SCr(分别为0.935和0.877),但两者比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在肾移植术后的随访中,受者SCys C与GFR的相关性比SCr更高,可作为评估移植肾功能的较理想指标.     

Serial estimation of glomerular filtration rate in children after renal transplant

Evaluation of serial monthly estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) may be useful for studying pediatric renal allograft outcome. To determine the validity of this approach, we reviewed our single-center experience in pediatric renal transplant recipients to determine the effect of risk factors for renal allograft failure on eGFR. Clinical parameters recorded monthly through 5 years post transplant allowed serial assessment of eGFR. Monthly clinical data included height, weight, serum creatinine, cumulative number of acute rejection episodes, cyclosporine dose, and cyclosporine trough levels. From these data, eGFR was calculated monthly for each patient using the Schwartz formula. Time post transplant was grouped in 6-month intervals and plotted against mean eGFR to compare eGFR in patients grouped by demographic and clinical factors; 1,786 monthly data sets from 6 months post transplant (n=76 patients) to 5 years post transplant (n=25 patients) were analyzed. Overall mean eGFR from 6 months to 1 year was 75 ml/min per 1.73 m² and from 4.5 to 5 years 46 ml/min per 1.73 m². eGFR was lower at all time intervals for recipients of cadaver versus living-related donor grafts, and patients with ≥1 versus 0 acute rejections (P<0.01). After 1 year, eGFR was lower in black patients compared with white or Hispanic patients (P<0.01). Cyclosporine dose greater than 5 mg/kg per day was associated with better early and worse late graft function. These results are similar to those reported in multi-center studies using the outcome variable of graft failure and suggest that serial eGFR may be valid as an outcome variable to study chronic renal allograft dysfunction in children. Received: 1 March 1999 / Revised: 7 June 1999 / Accepted: 10 June 1999     

肾功能不全患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术的长期随访结果

目的 分析估测肾小球滤过率(eGFR)<60 ml/(min·1.73 m~2)的患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后的长期随访结果.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2003年9月3371例冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的临床资料,用 Cockcroft-Gault公式计算eGFR,根据eGFR将患者分为肾功能不全组[eGFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m~2),n=649]肾功能正常组[eGFR>=60 ml/(min·1.73 m~2),n=2722],比较两组患者的近远期随访结果.结果 肾功能不全组的住院病死率和随访4年病死率分别为2.77%和6.81%,明显高于肾功能正常组.肾功能不全组的其他围手术期并发症及远期不良事件发生率也明 显高于肾功能正常组.多因素 COX 回归分析结果显示,eGFR<60 ml/(rain·1.73 m~2)是冠状动脉旁 路移植术后远期死亡的独立危险因素(HR=1.948,95% CI:1.357-2.797,P<0.01).结论 eGFR <60 ml/(min·1.73 m~2)是冠状动脉旁路移植术的独立危险因素.     

CKD—EPI方程在我国慢性肾脏病不同分期中的应用

目的探讨慢性肾脏病流行病学合作研究（CKD-EPI）方程在中国人CKD的不同分期评估肾小球滤过率（GFR）的适用性。方法选择我院肾内科CKD患者98例。将CKl2vEPI方程估算的GFR值用体表面积（BSA）标准化得出估算GFR（eGFR）,与BsA标准化的肾动态显像法（^99Tc-DTPA）检测的GFR（sGFR）用K／DOOI指南推荐的方法进行比较。结果相关性分析得出eGFR与sGFR呈正相关（r=0．847,P〈0．01）;eGFR的15％、30％及50％符合率分别是31．6N、59．2％和85．7％,eGFR估计值与sGFR平均偏差2．56ml／min。CKD各期偏差均无统计学意义,在CKD2～5期,偏差较小;CKD1期,偏差略大,偏差值为（13．22±22．41）,但偏差无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论CKD-EPI方程可广泛应用于我国CKD各期患者评估GFR,具有较小的偏差,较高的准确性。CKD-EPI方程在评估较高的GFR时,可能存在矫枉过正,高估GFR。     

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in anorectic adolescents

Severe malnutrition has been associated with a decrease in fat and lean body mass, as well as in renal function. This study was designed to evaluate the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2) in malnourished teenagers, by using the formula GFR = kL/Pcr (where L is body height, Pcr is plasma creatinine concentration and k is a proportionality constant relating muscle mass to body size that has been found to equal 0.7 in adolescent boys and 0.55 in girls). Body composition was estimated using anthropometric measurements and urinary creatinine excretion (UcrV). Malnourished female patients showed depletion of fat and muscle, whereas males had primarily decreased muscle mass. There was a good correlation (r = 0.74) between anthropometric [arm muscle volume (AMV)] and chemical UcrV estimates of muscle mass. However, our previously validated estimate of GFR did not give reliable results in this group of malnourished teenagers, probably because their muscle mass was so greatly altered by the severity of malnutrition. Therefore, we used anthropometric measurements and Pcr, to estimate GFR by multiple linear regression. The best prediction was obtained by using AMV/Pcr and the observed/expected (for age, height and sex) weight ratio (WR): GFR (ml/min) = 0.06 AMV/Pcr + 131 WR - 79, r = 0.82, n = 13. We confirm that malnutrition in adolescents is associated with decreased GFR and conclude that the resulting variability in body composition limits the possibility of estimating GFR from Pcr and height.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

High osmolality-low pH flush solutions improve renal transplant function in rats

Summary Although transplanting rat kidneys is an established microsurgical technique, inulin clearance is abnormally low, due to rejection and/or warm ischemia-induced damage. In the present studies, rejection was avoided by using inbred Brown Norway rats as donors and recipients. Donor kidneys were flushed with ice-cold solutions of various composition (saline, saline + 200 or 400 mM mannitol) and pHs (5.7, 6.4, and 7.4), and the kidneys were kept cold during transplantation into unilaterally nephrectomized recipients. Renal function was assessed by clearance techniques 1 week later. In control rats, with both native kidneys intact, the ratio of inulin clearance, left kidney to right kidney, was 0.99±0.02. In rats with a native right kidney and a transplanted left kidney that had been flushed with saline, the ratio was considerably lower (0.46±0.09). Adding 200 mM mannitol to the saline flush solution increased the ratio (0.89±0.09). In comparison, adding 200 mM mannitol and 5 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 resulted in a somewhat lower ratio (0.80±0.09), whereas adding 200 mM mannitol and 5 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.7 resulted in a higher ratio, one that was indistinguishable from control (0.97±0.09). Thus, in this latter group, the inulin clearances of the transplanted kidneys were identical to those of the contralateral native kidneys.     

Expressing glomerular filtration rate in children

We have reviewed the studies that provide the current standards of reference for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in normal children from 14 days to 12 years of postnatal age. These standards currently are presented as ml/min per 1.73 m², i.e., adjusted to average adult body surface area. Children from birth to 1 year of age have adjusted values below the adult range, making comparisons of observed to reference values difficult. Currently, there is no accepted way of obtaining reference values that vary smoothly with age. An analysis of the absolute GFR values in normal children taken from published studies led to an equation that estimates average GFR in relation to weight and term-adjusted age from-2 months (7 months gestational age) to 12 years in children at least 14 days post delivery. When these data are transformed to percentage of normal (% nl) for age and weight (i.e., percentage of the estimated average), it is possible to describe approximate apparent lower limits of normal GFR as is now done for adults and older children. For children with loss of renal mass, GFR expressed as % nl for age and weight provides a convenient standardization which has several useful applications. First, results expressed as % nl for children of different ages, particularly under 1 year of age, can be combined with those of older children for summary purposes. Second, the course of GFR measured serially in children is more appropriately described using this method for expressing GFR. Reporting GFR in absolute values is also useful, particularly in patients whose body mass is significantly distorted or whose absolute GFR is low.