腹腔镜胆囊切除术对细胞因子、内皮素和C反应蛋白水平的影响

目的:探讨开腹与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)2种方法对胆囊疾病患者血中细胞因子、内皮素和C反应蛋白的影响,比较两种方法对机体损伤的程度及安全性。方法:选择行剖腹胆囊切除术(OC)患者50例,LC患者50例,分别于术前和术后抽取静脉血检测IL-2、IL-6、NK细胞活性、CD4/CD8、内皮素、C反应蛋白含量并进行比较。结果:OC组IL-2和NK细胞活性术后较术前下降(P<0.05),IL-6术后较术前明显上升(P<0.01)。IL-6术后OC组较LC组上升(P<0.05)。OC组IL-2术后较LC组降低(P<0.05)。CD4/CD8未发现明显变化。OC组血中内皮素术后含量明显高于LC组患者(P<0.01),C反应蛋白于术后亦高于LC组。结论:研究表明LC损伤小,是一种安全可靠的手术方式。     

Postoperative Hepatic Catabolic Stress Response in Patients with Cirrhosis and Chronic Hepatitis

Open (OC) or laparoscopic (LC) cholecystectomy is considered a relative contraindication in patients with liver cirrhosis. The effect of LC and OC on the hepatic catabolic stress response was studied in patients with postnecrotic liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis to define the most suitable procedure from a metabolic point of view. Altogether 14 patients with cirrhosis and 14 with chronic hepatitis were randomized to LC or OC (n= 7 in each group). The increase in the functional hepatic nitrogen clearance (FHNC) was quantified. Changes in glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) were observed. There was no difference in FHNC between LC and OC in any of the patients. Among cirrhotic patients OC caused a 132% increase in FHNC (p < 0.05) and among the hepatitis patients a 69% increase (p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant increase following LC in any of the patients. OC increased fasting glucose and insulin in the hepatitis patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) and in the cirrhosis group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Alanine stimulation increased glucose in hepatitis patients after OC (p < 0.05) and after LC (p < 0.01). Stimulated glucagon increased after OC in the hepatitis group (p < 0.05). During stimulation cortisol was higher following LC in hepatitis patients (p < 0.01) and cirrhotic patients (p < 0.05). Fasting PGE₂ was down-regulated after LC in hepatitis patients (p < 0.05) and cirrhotic patients (p < 0.01) and after OC in the hepatitis group (p < 0.001). FHNC is similar after LC and OC. Thus from a metabolic point of view, LC has no advantage over OC.     

Systemic inflammation and immune response after laparotomy vs laparoscopy in patients with acute cholecystitis,complicated by peritonitis

AIM: To evaluate acute cholecystitis, complicated by peritonitis, acute phase response and immunological status in patients treated by laparoscopic or open approach. METHODS: From January 2002 to May 2012, we conducted a prospective randomized study on 45 consecutive patients (27 women, 18 men; mean age 58 years). These subjects were taken from a total of 681 patients who were hospitalised presenting similar preoperative findings: acute upper abdominal pain with tenderness, involuntary guarding under the right hypochondrium and/or in the flank; fever higher than 38 ℃, leukocytosis greater than 10 × 10 9 /L or both, and ultrasonographic evidence of calculous cholecystitis possibly complicated by peritonitis. These patients had undergone cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis,complicated by bile peritonitis. Randomly, 23 patients were assigned to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), and 22 patients to open cholecystectomy (OC). Blood samples were collected from all patients before operation and at days 1, 3 and 6 after surgery. Serum bacteraemia, endotoxaemia, white blood cells (WBCs), WBC subpopulations, human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), neutrophil elastase, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min, at 4, 6, 12, 24 h, and then daily (8 A.M.) until post-operative day 6.RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in the severity of peritoneal contamination as indicated by the viable bacterial count (open group = 90% of positive cultures vs laparoscopic group = 87%) and endotoxin level (open group = 33.21 ± 6.32 pg/mL vs laparoscopic group = 35.02 ± 7.23 pg/mL). Four subjects in the OC group (18.1%) and 1 subject (4.3%) in the LC group (P < 0.05) developed intra-abdominal abscess. Severe leukocytosis (range 15.8-19.6/mL) was observed only after OC but not after LC, mostly due to an increase in neutrophils (days 1 and 3, P < 0.05). This value returned to the normal range within 3-4 d after LC and 5-7 d after OC. Other WBC types and lymphocyte subpopulations showed no significant variation. On the first day after surgery, a statistically significant difference was observed in HLA-DR expression between LC (13.0 ± 5.2) and OC (6.0 ± 4.2) (P < 0.05). A statistically significant change in plasma elastase concentration was recorded post-operatively at days 1, 3, and 6 in patients from the OC group when compared to the LC group (P < 0.05). In the OC group, the serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6 began to increase considerably from the first to the sixth hour after surgery. In the LC group, the increase of serum IL-1 and IL-6 levels was delayed and the peak values were notably lower than those in the OC group. Significant differences between the groups, for these two cytokines, were observed from the second to the twenty-fourth hour (P < 0.05) after surgery. The mean values of serum CRP in the LC group on post-operative days (1 and 3) were also lower than those in the OC group (P < 0.05). Systemic concentration of endotoxin was higher in the OC group at all intra-operative sampling times, but reached significance only when the gallbladder was removed (OC group = 36.81 ± 6.4 ρg/mLvs LC group = 16.74 ± 4.1 ρg/mL, P < 0.05). One hour after surgery, microbiological analysis of blood cultures detected 7 different bacterial species after laparotomy, and 4 species after laparoscopy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OC increased the incidence of bacteraemia, endotoxaemia and systemic inflammation compared with LC and caused lower transient immunological defense, leading to enhanced sepsis in the patients examined.     

The effect of anaesthesia and surgery on plasma cytokine production

The aim of this study was to investigate cytokine production in response to anaesthesia [total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol, sufentanil and atracurium] and surgery (laparoscopic vs. open cholecystectomy). Forty adult patients, ASA I-II, undergoing elective laparoscopic (group 1) or open (group 2) cholecystectomy were studied. Venous blood samples for measurement of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were taken before the induction of anaesthesia, pre-incisionaly, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery and 24-h postoperatively. Pre-incisionaly, in both groups, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma did not show a significant change, whereas IL-2 showed a significant decrease (p < 0.005 in group 1 and p < 0.001 in group 2) compared with pre-induction levels. By the end of anaesthesia and surgery, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-alpha showed a significant increase in group 2 (p < 0.005 for IL-1beta, IL-2 and IL-4, and p < 0.05 for IL-6 and TNF-alpha); while in group 1, only IL-2 showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) and IFN-gamma showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) compared with pre-incisional levels. By 24-h postoperatively, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-alpha had decreased significantly in group 2 (p < 0.005 for IL-4 and p < 0.05 for the others); whereas in group 1, IL-2 and IFN-gamma showed a significant increase (p < 0.005) compared with the end of anaesthesia and surgery level. In conclusion, TIVA with propofol, sufentanil and atracurium does not seem to have a significant effect on IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma release. IL-2 was the only cytokine to show a significant decrease due to the effect of anaesthesia alone in both groups. The cytokine response to open cholecystectomy stimulated both the pro-inflammatory (IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and the anti-inflammatory (IL-4) components, while this response was absent in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜和开腹胆囊切除术对患者血清细胞因子IL-6、IL-10和IL-18的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)和开腹胆囊切除术(OC)对慢性结石性胆囊炎患者血清IL-6、IL-10和IL-18影响,比较两种方法对机体肝功能的损伤和机制。方法:选择LC患者和OC患者各30例,分别于术前、术后1d、5d抽取静脉血测定血清ALT、AST、IL-6、IL-10和IL-18含量,并进行对比研究。结果:LC组和OC组术后血清ALT、AST、IL-6和IL-18含量均较术前增加(P<0.01),血清IL-10含量较术前降低(P<0.01),上述指标术后1d变化最为明显,LC组上述血清指标变化小于同期OC组(P<0.05)。结论:LC对患者肝功能损伤较OC小,可能与LC刺激机体产生IL-6和IL-18较少,维持较高血清IL-10水平,维护适度机体细胞因子平衡有关。     

Th1-like and Th2-like cytokines in patients undergoing open versus laparascopic cholecystectomy

The advantages of laparoscopic (LC versus, open cholecystectomy (OC) seems to be related to minimal invasive procedure and to the moderate inflammatory response. The aim of this study is to define the involvement of Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13) cytokines production in vivo and in vitro in patients undergoing OC or LC. In 42 patients undergoing LC (n = 22) and OC (n = 20) Th1-like and Th2-like was evaluated before operation and at 6, 24 and 48 hours after operation for white blood cell counting and cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) in the sera and in the supernatants from circulating mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide. The acute phase response cytokine, IL-6, appeared significantly increased following OC than after LC. All other cytokines did not very significantly. In vitro data shows a reduction of IFN-gamma and increase in Th2-like cytokines in OC patients compared with the basal value. In LC subjects we observed an high production of IFN-gamma associated to an increase of Th2-like cytokines, like IL-10 and IL-13, even though IL-4 and IL-6 were unmodified. In contrast to OC, LC did not significantly affect immunocompetence, maintaining a moderate inflammatory response and an adequate balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokine. Furthermore, the strong activation of cells producing Th1-like cytokines in LC patients following mitogen activation indicated a consistent anti-microbial activity, that was not detectable in OC patients, that showed after activation only a Th2 response.     

Clinical evaluation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in prostatic secretions for chronic prostatitis]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical significance of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha( TNF-alpha) in expressed prostatic secretions(EPS) for chronic prostatitis. METHODS: Prostatic secretions IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were evaluated for 34 patients with chronic prostatitis, 10 with asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, 12 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 8 health controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels in EPS in the patients of chronic prostatitis with WBC > or = 10/HP and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis were obviously higher than those of chronic prostatitis with WBC < 10/HP, BPH and health controls, (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02). There was a correlation between IL-1beta and TNF-alpha (P < 0.003) but none between WBC and IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION: Cytokines are frequently elevated in EPS in men of chronic prostatitis with high WBC and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, which provides a novel means different from traditional methods based on WBC for the identification of men with chronic prostatitis.     

Intracellular monocyte cytokine production and CD 14 expression are up-regulated in severe vs mild chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The role of circulating monocytes in the process of low-grade inflammation, characteristic of chronic heart failure (CHF), has recently been questioned. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) desensitization has been proposed to mediate reduced monocyte cytokine elaboration in patients with severe CHF. METHODS: Intracellular monocyte production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and monocyte CD 14 expression were measured flow-cytometrically without and after 8-hour LPS stimulation in 46 patients with CHF and in a healthy control group. RESULTS: Basal cytokine concentrations were similar for the control and the mild CHF groups (New York Heart Association [NYHA] Class I or II). After LPS stimulation, IL-6 (p=0.002) and TNF-alpha levels (p=0.001) were lower in the latter group, whereas IL-1 beta production was comparable. For the moderate-severe CHF patients, unstimulated IL-1 beta (p=0.04) was higher, whereas IL-6 (p=0.2) and TNF-alpha (p=0.1) levels were not different from the controls. Measurement of LPS-stimulated cytokine production showed no differences between the control group and patients with moderate-severe CHF (all p= 0.5). Upon comparing mild vs moderate-severe CHF patients, higher levels of unstimulated cytokine production (IL-1 beta, p=0.002; IL-6, p=0.01; TNF-alpha, p=0.003), stimulated IL-1 beta (p=0.002) and IL-6 (p=0.008) were found in the latter patients. CD 14 expression in the moderate-severe CHF group was higher than in the mild-CHF group (p = 0.03) and was strongly related to stimulated IL-1 beta (r=0.62, p<0.0001), IL-6 (r=0.56, p=0.0002) and TNF-alpha (r=0.41, p=0.006) production. CONCLUSIONS: CD 14 expression and monocyte cytokine production, both unstimulated and after LPS stimulation, are increased in moderate-severe CHF when compared with mild CHF. These data suggest that circulating monocytes, possibly via increased CD 14 expression, may play a significant role in the immunologic dysbalance observed in advanced CHF.     

Pulmonary function after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparotomy causes a significant reduction of pulmonary function, and atelectasis and pneumonia occur after open cholecystectomy. In this prospective, randomized study, we evaluated the hypothesis that pulmonary function is less restricted after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) than after open cholecystectomy (OC). METHODS: Sixty patients underwent laparoscopic (n = 30) or open (n = 30) cholecystectomy. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, intraoperative findings, and preoperative pulmonary function. Pulmonary function tests, arterial blood-gas analysis, and chest radiographs were obtained in both groups before operation and on postoperative day 1. RESULTS: The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (mean +/- SD values; OC, 1.49 +/- 0.77 L/s; LC, 2.33 +/- 0.80 L/s; p > 0.0001) and the forced vital capacity (OC, 2.40 +/- 0.66 L; LC, 2.93 +/- 1.05 L; p > 0.01) were more suppressed in patients having OC than in those having LC. Similar results were found for the peak expiratory flow (OC, 3.51 +/- 1.35 L/s; LC, 4.27 +/- 1.66 L/s; p > 0.05), expiratory reserve volume (OC, 0.73 +/- 0.34 L; LC, 0.92 +/- 0.43 L; p > 0.05), and the midexpiratory phase of forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75) (OC, 1.45 +/- 0.54 L/s; LC, 1.60 +/- 0.73 L/s; NS). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was associated with a significantly lower incidence of (30 vs 70%) and less severe atelectasis and better oxygenation. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary function is better preserved after LC than after OC.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　了解腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)对人胰岛 β细胞功能的影响。 方法　 40例择期在硬膜外阻滞麻醉下胆囊切除术病人 ,随机分为腹腔镜胆囊切除术组 (LC组 ,n =2 0 )和开腹胆囊切除术组 (OC组 ,n =2 0 )。分别于术前、气 (开 )腹后 2 0分钟、术毕 2 0分钟取血样 ,用放免法测定血浆胰岛素和C肽 ,用葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD)法测定血糖。结果　气 (开 )腹后和术毕两组血糖均高于术前。以OC组增高明显 (P <0 0 1) ;LC组仅术毕 2 0分钟高于术前 (P <0 0 5 )。胰岛素、C肽和胰岛素 /血糖比 (I/G)∶LC组气腹后、术毕均略高于术前 (P >0 0 5 )。与术前比OC组胰岛素增加不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。C肽开腹后降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,术毕后升高 (P <0 0 5 )。I/G术毕略低于术前 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　LC应激反应轻于OC ,对胰岛 β细胞功能无明显影响。     

Effect of open and laparoscopic surgery on cellular immunity in a swine model

Immune suppression associated with trauma has been demonstrated to be proportional to the magnitude of injury. Laparoscopic surgery has been shown to produce a diminished stress response compared to open surgery. Postoperative immune function, specifically cellular immunity, may be better preserved after laparoscopic surgery compared to open surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of open versus laparoscopic surgery on cellular immunity in a swine model. Twenty domestic female pigs were randomly selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) or open cholecystectomy (OC). Cellular immune functions were evaluated with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test and serial phytohemoagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell proliferation of the peripheral blood. There was a significant reduction in PHA-induced T-cell proliferation in both LC and OC groups on days 1 and 3 compared to preoperative values (p < 0.05). The reduction of mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation after LC was significantly less than after OC on day 1 (p = 0.03). The mean DTH reaction was 29.7 +/- 3.7 mm2 in the LC group compared to 13.9 +/- 1.2 mm2 in the OC group (p < 0.001). There was no difference in postoperative white blood count values between the two groups. Suppression of cellular immunity occurred after both LC and OC. The magnitude and duration of impaired cellular immunity after laparoscopic surgery was less than after open surgery as measured by T-cell proliferation and DTH response.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体就激反应的影响

目的 研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体应激反应的影响。方法 将70例胆囊炎、胆囊结石患者随机分成腹腔镜胆囊切除组（LC）和开腹胆囊切除组（OC）。术前和术后第1,3,5,7d采集外周静脉血,测定白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）,肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）,白细胞介素6（IL－6）和C－反应蛋白（CRP）。结果 两组手术前后IL－1β和TNF-α均无明显差异（P＞0．05）,两组间手术前后比较也无明显差异（P＞0．05）;两组手术后IL－6第1d升至最高,与术前及术后第3,5,7d比较有高度显著差异（P＜0．01）而术前与术后第3,5,7d比较无显著差异（P＞0．05）,两组之间比较亦无显著差异（P＞0．05）;两组手术后CRP第1,3,5d均较术前有明显升高（P＜0．05）,以术后第1和第3d升高最明显,而两组之间比较无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论 LC对机体应激反应与OC相比没有明显差异。     

Interleukin-6 and granulocytic elastase levels following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have been shown to correlate well with the magnitude of surgical stress. Serum IL-6 and plasma granulocytic elastase levels, 24 h after surgery, were determined in 12 patients who underwent open major surgery [MS group; esophageal carcinoma (n=5), gastric carcinoma (n=3), colorectal carcinoma (n=4) 5 patients who had open cholecystectomy [OC group] and 17 patients who had laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC group]. IL-6 levels correlated significantly with the duration of surgery (r=0.685,P < 0.01) and with intraoperative blood loss (r=0.583,P < 0.02). However, there was no significant correlation between granulocytic elastase and the duration of surgery or blood loss. Plasma IL-6 levels in the LC group (21±3 pg/ml) were significantly lower than those in the OC group (47±5 pg/ml) and the MS group (186±36pg/ml) (P<0.05;P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in granulocytic elastase levels between the LC group (318±8g/l), the OC group (360±130 gmg/ml), and the MS group (701±344 g/l). Increased IL-6 levels correlated well with increased duration of surgery. The lower IL-6 levels following laparoscopic cholecystectomy may therefore be indicative of lower surgical stress associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术对机体影响的探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术的低侵袭性。方法将符合纳入研究对象标准的40例结直肠癌患者随机分成腹腔镜组(20例)和开腹组(20例),比较两组患者围手术期(术前、术后当天、术后第1、3、5d)的外周血白介素(IL)-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、C反应蛋白(CRP)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子(sICAM-1)、白细胞CD11b的变化。结果开腹组术后细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8)明显高于腹腔镜组(P<0.05)。开腹组术后6h、第1天时,sICAM-1的动态变化较腹腔镜组显著升高,开腹组外周血白细胞CD11b在术后6h降至最低(161.98±48.42),较腹腔镜组(189.51±46.45)明显低(P<0.05)。结论结直肠癌的腹腔镜手术比传统开腹手术对机体影响小,具有明显的低侵袭性。     

腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术对机体免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜和开腹结直肠癌根治术对机体免疫功能的影响。方法:2003年12月至2006年3月,同一手术组将60例结直肠癌患者随机分为腹腔镜组和开腹组,各30例。分别于术前1d和术后第3天、1、2周取外周静脉血,测定C反映蛋白(CRP)、IL-6、免疫球蛋白IgA、Ig M、IgG,CD3 、CD4 、CD8 及NK细胞活性进行比较。结果:术后第3天,两组患者外周血CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 及NK细胞活性比较无显著性差异(P>0·05),开腹组患者术后第1周、2周显著低于腹腔镜组(P<0·01)。IL-6术后第1、3天,开腹组明显高于腹腔镜组(P<0·01)。CRP术后第3、7天,开腹组明显高于腹腔镜组(P<0·01,P<0·05)。Ig M术后第3天腹腔镜组高于开腹组(P<0·05),IgA,IgG两组间无统计学差异(P>0·05)。结论:腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术比传统开腹手术对机体影响小,在免疫功能保护上更具有优势。     

The immunomodulatory effects of prolonged intravenous infusion of propofol versus midazolam in critically ill surgical patients

Both propofol and midazolam are known to inhibit immune function. The aim of this study was to investigate cytokine production in critically ill surgical patients as early markers of immune response to prolonged infusion of propofol and midazolam. The study enrolled 40 elective patients who were to receive long-term sedation for more than 2 days. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two equally sized groups. Central venous blood samples for measurement of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were drawn prior to the start and after 48 h of infusion. After 48 h, propofol caused significant increases in IL-1beta (24%), IL-6 (23%) and TNF-alpha (4.8 times) levels, while midazolam caused significant decreases in IL-1beta (21%), IL-6 (21%) and TNF-alpha (19%). Both agents caused significant decreases in IL-8 levels (propofol: 30%, midazolam: 48%, p < 0.05). Propofol caused significant decreases in IL-2 levels (68%, p < 0.001) but increases in IFN-gamma (30%, p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant change with midazolam compared with the pre-infusion level. In conclusion, during 48 h of continuous infusion, propofol stimulated, while midazolam suppressed, the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and both caused suppression of IL-8 production. Propofol inhibited IL-2 production and stimulated IFN-gamma production, whereas midazolam failed to do so. Therefore, sedative agents may have clinical implications in high-risk and immunocompromised patients.     

Age and type of procedure influence the choice of patients for laparoscopic colectomy

BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective, case-matched controlled study was to determine the benefit of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (LC) for the elderly (>75 years of age) and the young (<75 years of age) compared to an open colectomy (OC) control group. METHODS: A retrospective review of 39 patients older than 75 years of age and 38 patients younger than 75 years of age who underwent LC for colorectal cancer between 1991 and 1999 was performed. LC patients were matched with an open control group for procedure, age, gender, year of procedure, and surgeon. Procedures included right and left colectomy, anterior resection of the rectosigmoid, and abdominoperineal resection. Measured intraoperative variables included anesthesia time, operative time, and estimated blood loss. Postoperative parameters consisted of duration of intravenous or epidural narcotic usage, return of bowel function (RBF), length of stay, and independence at discharge. These variables were compared in the entire group of 154 patients. RESULTS: Mean ages were 81.4 and 81.8 years for LC and OC age >75 and 62.9 and 62.7 for LC and OC age <75. Mean anesthesia time and operative time were significantly longer (p < 0.05) for LC compared to OC (46.8 vs 39.3 and 159.3 vs 111.7 min, respectively) for age >75 and for age <75 (47.1 vs 40.3 and 182.8 vs 135.5 min, respectively). LC achieved faster recovery in both age groups: RBF (3.9 vs 4.9 days for age >75; 6.7 vs 7.7 days for age <75) (p < 0.05). Narcotic usage was shorter for the LC group age <75 (3.3 vs 4.4 days; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in independence at discharge between LC and OC in either age group. Faster recovery was seen with left LC in age >75 and right LC in age <75 compared to OC. CONCLUSION: The advantages of LC over OC are the same for the elderly and the young. There may be a selective benefit of laparoscopic left colectomy in the elderly and laparoscopic right colectomy in the young.     

Patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) offers advantages over open cholecystectomy (OC) of more rapid patient recovery. The comparative amount of pain that patients must endure after each of these procedures is not clear. We retrospectively analysed the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) of an unselected sample of patients having either LC or OC procedures to quantitate morphine use, as well as pain and sedation scores in the post-operative period. The hospital charts, anaesthetic records and the PCA records of 40 patients having either LC (n = 19) or OC (n = 21) were analysed retrospectively. The use of PCA morphine was standardized and consisted of a loading dose of 5 mg, bolus doses of 1.5 mg and a lockout period of five minutes. By the morning of postoperative day one, OC patients had used 38.0 ± 11.7 (mean ± SD) mg compared with 23.7 ± 15.3 mg in LC patients (P < 0.05). The rates of PCA morphine use in the first two postoperative hours were 4.66 ± 2.6 mg· hr^?1 and 7.04 ±2.7 mg · hr^?1 for LC and OC patients, respectively (P < 0.05). The rates of morphine use averaged over the day of surgery were 1.28 ± 0.8 mg · hr^?1 and 2.33 ± 0.8 mg · hr^?1 for LC and OC patients (P < 0.05). Despite higher PCA morphine use in OC patients, their pain scores were higher while their sedation scores were comparable. These data suggest that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with less pain than open cholecystectomy in the day after surgery.     

小剂量高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40对自然杀伤细胞和血小板CD41的影响

目的 观察术中高渗氯化钠羟乙摹淀粉40注射液(HSS40)对恶性肿瘤患者体内自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和血小板活化分子CD41影响.方法 将76例手术患者随机分两组:输血组(A组)38例、HSS40组(B组)38例.于麻醉前1 h、术后1、3、7 d抽取外周血,细胞检测仪检测CD56和CD41含量;以乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞活性.结果 组间比较:CD56术后第3、7天B组高于A组,差异显著(25.560±11.026比15.648±6.729;29.040±10.221比15.035±6.758,P<0.01),NK细胞活性术后第7天两组比较差异有统计学意义(19.939±6.994比15.307±5.107,P<0.05);CD4,术后l d B组明显低于A组(7.740 4-4.101比10.752 4-5.493,P<0.01).组内比较:A组术后第3天NK细胞活性下降(P<0.05),术后第7天下降明显,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),B组术后第7天NK细胞活性与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CD56术后第3天有所上升(P<0.05),术后第7天上升明显,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).两组CD41术后1～7 d均明显高于术前水平(P<0.01).结论 手术和输血可导致术后NK细胞活性降低,血小板CD41含量明显升高,术中输注HSS40,术后NK细胞活性及数目不同程度升高,且降低血小板CD41含量.     

小剂量高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40对自然杀伤细胞和血小板CD41的影响

目的 观察术中高渗氯化钠羟乙摹淀粉40注射液(HSS40)对恶性肿瘤患者体内自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和血小板活化分子CD41影响.方法 将76例手术患者随机分两组:输血组(A组)38例、HSS40组(B组)38例.于麻醉前1 h、术后1、3、7 d抽取外周血,细胞检测仪检测CD56和CD41含量;以乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞活性.结果 组间比较:CD56术后第3、7天B组高于A组,差异显著(25.560±11.026比15.648±6.729;29.040±10.221比15.035±6.758,P<0.01),NK细胞活性术后第7天两组比较差异有统计学意义(19.939±6.994比15.307±5.107,P<0.05);CD4,术后l d B组明显低于A组(7.740 4-4.101比10.752 4-5.493,P<0.01).组内比较:A组术后第3天NK细胞活性下降(P<0.05),术后第7天下降明显,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),B组术后第7天NK细胞活性与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CD56术后第3天有所上升(P<0.05),术后第7天上升明显,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).两组CD41术后1～7 d均明显高于术前水平(P<0.01).结论 手术和输血可导致术后NK细胞活性降低,血小板CD41含量明显升高,术中输注HSS40,术后NK细胞活性及数目不同程度升高,且降低血小板CD41含量.