呼和浩特市室内杀灭蜚蠊的探讨

德国小蠊是呼和浩特市室内的优势种,我们应用3‰的溴氰菊酯乳剂、粉剂(凯素灵)在住宅平房和楼房中滞留喷洒灭蟑螂,均在24h或7d杀灭率可达100％。凯素灵的杀灭效果优于乳剂。 “灭虫灵”粉剂是几种菊酯类杀虫剂混配而成,无刺激性气味,持效久,小白鼠的LD50为2000mg/kg,属低毒。新城区医院施药半h,可见大量蟑螂死亡,     

几种长尾黄鼠蚤在饥饿状态下的保菌实验

许多学者都曾述及,废弃的鼠、獭洞穴内的“疫蚤”可以起到保存鼠疫菌的作用,在疫源地的维持上占有一定的地位。我们所做蚤保菌越冬试验表明,鼠疫菌可以寄生于方形黄鼠蚤阿尔泰亚种等蚤种越过长尾黄鼠的冬眠期,从而证实跳蚤可以起到一定的贮存宿主作用。那么,在漫长的非冬眠期中,在废弃鼠洞存活的感染蚤亦即在长期不给感染的跳蚤供血的情况下,他们的命运如何呢?为此,我们按传统的方法将吸血感染的     

滕州市城区使用凯素灵杀灭成蝇的效果观察

1986—1988年在我市城区,使用法国罗素—优克福公司生产的凯素灵喷杀室内成蝇。以4‰的浓度(5mg/m~2)和8‰的浓度(10mg/m~2,食品、饮食业用)对室内顶棚、墙壁、电线和家俱表面等处进行喷洒。每年从4月下旬开始,每二个月喷洒一次。选有代表性的10个单位为观察点,另选10个对照点,自4月下旬至11月中旬,用笼诱法每旬观察一次。室内成蝇年平均密度(只/笼/旬):实验区11只,     

深圳1984～1987年疟疾防治概况及效果评价

80年代初期由于生产建设的迅速发展,大量外来流动人员输入,导致发生疟疾连年暴发流行,1984年达最高峰,发病率为109.8‰,全部为间日疟,患者大多数为外来民工,经过三年的积极防治取得显著效果,迅速控制了暴发流行,至1987年发病率降至10.2‰,减少了90.7％。 在防治工作中结合当地实际,采取加强对传染源和流动人口的管理,应用凯素灵大面积、高复盖率浸泡蚊帐进行蚊媒防制,重点人群浸帐复盖率达88.7～     

喜马拉雅旱獭的人工饲养

我们于1983年开始人工饲养旱獭,1985年繁殖仔獭,1989年配对组合家族繁殖成功。一、人工饲养1.捕捉与检疫:1983年在青海省海晏县海拔3200m的高山草甸草原捕获10余只旱獭。1984～1989年在同德、天俊、海晏等地又捕获200余只,现场铁笼圈养,隔离检疫观察。用5%可湿性六六六水剂(20～25℃)将旱獭浸泡3～5分钟,再用5%来苏喷雾消毒后放阳光下晒干。用0.5%凯素灵灭     

拟除虫菊酯浸泡蚊帐对按蚊残效的实验观察

目的 观察不同剂型的拟虫菊酯浸泡棉蚊帐和尼龙蚊帐对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的效果。方法 采用WHO推荐的接触筒强迫接触法。结果 棉蚊帐和尼龙蚊帐浸药后180d，拜虫杀（SC12．5％高效氟氯氰菊酯）12.5mga.i/m^2；杀飞克（EW5％氟氯氰菊酯）15mga.i/m^2；克敌（SC2．5％高效氟氯氰菊酯）12．5mga.i/m^2；,凯素灵（EC2．5％溴氰菊酯）15mga.i/m^2和奋斗呐（WP2．5%试氯氰菊酯）25mga.i/m^2对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的毒效仍达100％。结论 在疟疾流行季节前，用杀虫剂浸泡蚊帐1次，能够对媒介按蚊起到有效防制。     

某常规兵器试验场区应用C型肉毒素杀灭达乌尔黄鼠试验研究

目的 为了寻求常规兵器试验场区新的杀灭达乌尔黄鼠的途径，以替代化学杀鼠剂杀灭达乌尔黄鼠。方法 在试验场区达乌尔黄鼠密度较高的地区，作为试验区和对照区。考核方法为查盔开洞数法。结果 含0．2％C型肉毒梭菌毒素玉米毒饵灭洞率为81．89％。结论 C型肉毒梭菌毒素对达乌尔黄鼠有较强的毒力。     

甘肃省喜马拉雅旱獭体外寄生蚤生态研究

本文报道了甘肃省１９５９￣１９９４年喜马拉雅旱獭体外寄生蚤、洞干蚤、巢蚤的组成及分布特点，旱獭死后体蚤离宿，地面游离蚤，洞干蚤人工杀灭后回升，蚤在动物间的交换，扩散等生态资料，为旱獭鼠疫疫区的处理提供参考。     

30例口服敌杀死农药中毒的救治体会

敌杀死(Decis),通用名为溴氰菊酯,又名凯素灵.属拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂.纯品为白色无味固体,难溶于水,溶于多种有机溶剂.农业生产中使用的剂型多为乳剂或可湿性粉剂.敌杀死为目前国内常用的高效新型农药.现对该类农药中毒尚缺乏特殊治疗.1986年12月～1988年12月我院救治经口服敌杀死急性中毒30例,全部治愈.现报告如下。临床资料30例中男6例,女24例.年龄14～67岁,均为口服中毒。29例服敌杀死乳剂,20～50m122例,60～150ml5例,不详2例.口服粉剂50克1例.服毒至抢救时间20分钟～1小时22例,1     

斑疹伤寒与卫生和灾害有关

山跳蚤传播的斑疹伤寒是普氏立克次体在人群引起的传染病。目前仍在非洲、亚洲和中南美的高原和寒冷地区流行。在战争和自然灾害情况下,不良的卫生条件促进跳蚤繁殖.难民营和拥挤环境使跳蚤增殖更快,在雨季受过潮湿的衣物和盖毛毯情况下.人被跳蚤叮咬的危险性更高。第二次世界大战以来.斑疹伤寒主要在非洲暴发。埃塞俄比亚每年病例数为7000～17O00;70年代在布隆迪和卢旺达流行.1975年     

2007年云南省梁河县鼠疫疫源地室内鼠密度和蚤指数调查

目的 调查与分析云南省梁河县鼠疫疫源地室内鼠密度和蚤指数,评估鼠疫发生的潜在危险.方法 根据历史鼠疫监测资料,2007年8-9月在云南省梁河县选择30个鼠疫疫源村,对每个村的全部住户进行编号后,随机抽取20户,放置鼠笼和粘蚤纸用于捕获鼠和蚤,计算鼠密度、染蚤率、蚤指数、中位数.结果 黄胸鼠和臭鼷鼱分别捕获133和33只,平均每村捕鼠5只,平均鼠密度为2.8%(166/6000).染蚤鼠101只,染蚤率为60.8%(101/166).收集鼠体蚤344匹,其中印鼠客蚤296匹.缓慢细蚤48匹.鼠体蚤指数为2.1(344/166).捕获地面游离蚤315匹,地面游离蚤指数为0.026(315/11 888).平均每村5.5匹.其中,猫栉首蚤指明亚种和印鼠客蚤占了地面游离蚤总数的97.8%(308/315).地面游离蚤和鼠体蚤的蚤种构成不一致(精确概率法,P<0.01),鼠体蚤和鼠密度呈现正相关(r=0.68,P<0.01),地面游离蚤与鼠密度和鼠体蚤间均无相关关系(r=-0.17、0.32,P均>0.05).使用诱饵油炸猪皮3600个笼·夜,共捕获105只鼠,使用诱饵油条2400个笼·夜,捕获46只鼠,油炸猪皮的捕鼠效果明显优于油条(χ2=5.59,P<0.05).结论 梁河县鼠疫疫源村室内鼠以黄胸鼠为主,印鼠客蚤和猫栉首蚤指明亚种分别是鼠体蚤和地面游离蚤的优势种.勐宋、邦读村和汤加屯仍有发生鼠疫的可能性.     

溴氰菊酯和三氯杀虫酯现场灭蛉效果观察

用2.5％可湿性溴氰菊酯和国产三氯杀虫酯(7504)进行现场喷洒灭蛉结果表明,每平方米墙面使用溴氰菊酯37.5mg、25mg和12.5mg剂量,可使白蛉数量比对照区降低13—19倍,削平季节高峰。当年的灭蛉效果超过50％的可湿性DDT。在模拟土墙和泸纸药膜上,残效至少可达50天以上。建议以每平方米12.5mg作为灭蛉喷洒剂量推广使用;7504每平方米1g的剂量可使白蛉数量降低8.9倍,值得进一步试用,但其剂型应研究改进。连续观察证明,在当地条件下,于喷洒后第三年白蛉密度可恢复到具有流行病学意义的程度。     

Molecular detection of Bartonella quintana, B. Elizabethae, B. Koehlerae, B. Doshiae, B. Taylorii, and Rickettsia felis in rodent fleas collected in Kabul, Afghanistan

The prevalences of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp. were investigated using molecular methods in 77 rodent fleas collected in November 2002 by the French forces detachment in Kabul, Afghanistan. Overall, Bartonella DNA was detected in 15.5% of gerbil fleas and 40.5% of rat fleas, whereas Rickettsia felis was found in 9% of gerbil fleas. We described for the first time in this country Bartonella quintana, B. koehlerae, B. taylorii, and Rickettsia felis in fleas from the gerbil species Meriones lybicus, and B. elizabethae and B. doshiae in rat fleas. Of these, B. quintana, B. elizabethae, B. koehlerae, and R. felis are recognized human pathogens. These results emphasize the potential risk of flea-borne infections transmitted by rodents in this area, and suggest that preventive measures should be taken in the general framework of zoonoses management.     

云南省耿马县鼠疫疫源地及人间鼠疫调查报告

1990年12月11日～31日,对云南省耿马县首次鼠疫流行进行了现场调查。用血清学及细菌学方法在33个疫点(180km~2)检出了63例腺鼠疫患者和13例隐性感染者,并从人,鼠、蚤分离到49株鼠疫菌。造成鼠间鼠疫流行,主要是黄胸鼠数量及印鼠客蚤指数的急骤增高;人间鼠疫是由于鼠间鼠疫长期流行,地面游离蚤增加,人与蚤类接触频繁所致。结果表明:耿马县以勐撒镇为中心的鼠间及人间鼠疫大面积流行是一次典型的家鼠型鼠疫,其疫源地具有西南山地黄胸鼠鼠疫疫源地的特征。鼠疫在该县(至少在动物间)有可能长期存在。     

Suppression of Rickettsia typhi transmission in fleas maintained on murine typhus-immune rats

The presence of host antibodies against Rickettsia typhi in the hemolymph of Xenopsylla cheopis fed on immune rats was studied using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The time course experiment revealed that antibody to R. typhi appears in the flea hemolymph after 18 hr exposure to host and persists for 24 hr. IFA tests utilizing specific antisera to rat IgG (Fc) and rat IgG (Fab) fragments, indicate that some unaltered rat IgG to R. typhi were present in the hemolymph of immune fed fleas. Host antibody to R. typhi was detected on the surface of the rickettsiae in the flea hemolymph and gut contents by IFA. Maintenance of infected fleas on immune host had no significant effect on the establishment and subsequent growth of rickettsiae within the fleas. However, 19-22 day infected fleas maintained on immune hosts failed to transmit R. typhi to baby rats.     

Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi and two genotypes closely related to Bartonella elizabethae

A total of 56 fleas were collected from mice, rats, and one hedgehog in national parks of mainland Portugal and the Madeira Island. All fleas were tested for the presence of bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Bartonella using PCR assays. In fleas from mainland Portugal, we detected Rickettsia felis in one Archaeopsylla erinacei maura flea and in one Ctenophtalmus sp. In five Leptopsylla segnis fleas taken from rats in the Madeira Island, we identified Rickettsia typhi. In addition, in four fleas from the genera Ornithophaga and Stenoponia collect from mice and a rat in mainland Portugal, we detected the presence of two new Bartonella genotypes closely related to Bartonella elizabethae. Our findings emphasize the potential risk of flea-transmitted infections in mainland Portugal and the Madeira archipelago, and extend our knowledge of the potential flea vectors of human pathogens.     

Insecticide susceptibility of some vector fleas and mosquitoes in Burma.

Rat fleas and mosquitoes are insect vectors of public health importance in Burma. Plague is endemic in Central Burma and DDT has been the principal insecticide used for its control to date. Dengue haemorrhagic fever, recently introduced and transmitted by Aedes aegypti, has been spreading to major towns since 1971. The rodents, Rattus rattus, R. exulans, Bandicota bengalensis, Mus musculus, as well as shrews were commonly caught during routine trapping in the country. Rattus norvegicus, prevalent in Rangoon City, is not found in Central Burma. The rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and X. astia, were found to be infesting these rodents, the former being the principal vector of plague. Insecticide susceptibility tests have been carried out periodically in plague endemic areas and Rangoon since 1966 and it is now observed that rat fleas in most of these endemic towns and Rangoon Port are no longer susceptible to DDT. Subsequent rechecks in towns where fleas became resistance to DDT show that fleas are persistently resistant to the insecticide. Aedes aegypti is found to be highly prevalent both in rural and urban areas of almost every major town and townships below 900 meters. Insecticide susceptible tests on this mosquito in limited areas show that the mosquito is generally resistant to DDT but susceptible to other insecticides. With the development of DDT resistance in fleas, it is now necessary to change to an effective insecticide in the control of plague in Burma.     

2009年宁夏北部沙鼠鼠疫监测结果及疫情分析

目的 分析宁夏北部沙鼠鼠疫监测结果,掌握鼠疫疫情动态,为制订防治对策提供依据.方法 收集2009年宁夏北部沙鼠鼠疫疫源地监测结果资料,统计主要宿主密度、染蚤率、蚤体指数及细菌学、血清学检查,分析该疫源地鼠疫疫情流行态势.结果 主要宿主平均密度为1.74只/hm2,平均染蚤率为28.60％,平均鼠体蚤指数为0.76.监测发现4起鼠间鼠疫疫情,共检出鼠疫菌16株,其中长爪沙鼠检菌10株、子午沙鼠2株、同型客蚤2株、秃病蚤2株.间接血凝检测(1HA)529份,发现阳性材料2份,血凝阳性率为0.38％;反向间接血凝检测(RIHA)8份,发现阳性材料7份,血凝阳性率为87.50％.结论 近年宁夏沙鼠鼠疫疫源地动物间疫情活跃,鼠密度较高,局部发生了鼠间鼠疫疫情,应加强监测力度,扩大监测范围,密切注视疫情动态,严控动物疫情的流行和蔓延,防止发生人间鼠疫.     

长春市2008年鼠体蚤、螨调查报告

目的探索蚤和螨的监测方法,了解长春市各种鼠鼠体蚤的种属组成和季节消长情况,为拓展主要病媒生物的监测项目,下一步开展蚤、螨的监测工作奠定良好的基础。方法采用鼠笼法捕鼠,在活鼠体上梳检蚤和螨。结果捕到鼠2科4种,即鼠科的褐家鼠、小家鼠和黑线姬鼠,仓鼠科田鼠亚科的棕背鼠平,褐家鼠仍然为优势种;梳检到蚤2科3属3种,即栉眼蚤科新蚤属的二齿新蚤和栉眼蚤属的同源栉眼蚤指名亚种、角叶蚤科单蚤属的不等单蚤[1];梳检到螨4种,以格氏血厉螨为优势种。此外,还梳检到未能做最后种属鉴定的恙螨12只、鼠体虱14只。结论长春市优势鼠种为褐家鼠,褐家鼠的主要寄生蚤为不等单蚤和二齿新蚤,主要寄生螨为格氏血厉螨和耶厉螨。     

弱毒鼠疫菌在鼠蚤体内的繁殖和传播

本文观察印鼠客蚤叮咬带菌鼠,吸入弱毒鼠疫菌后,在体内可存活30天。再叮咬时可把鼠疫菌传给健康动物。而缓慢细蚤吸入弱毒鼠疫菌后,可在蚤体内大量繁殖,并存活20天。但叮咬健康动物,不能传播鼠疫,这与印鼠客蚤不同。