萧山区部分人群血清军团菌LP1～LP6型及Lm型抗体水平调查

为了解萧山区人群军团菌感染情况，作者采集了部分健康人群及肺科门诊病人的血清标本进行嗜肺军团菌（Lp1～Lp6型）及米克戴德军团菌（Lm型）抗体水平检测，现将结果报道如下：1对象与方法1．1检测对象：（1）2007年3月至7月在门诊体检的健康人316名（男性98名，女性218名，年龄从16岁至63岁），其中包括在使用中央空调环境中工作的重点行业从业人员125名。②在肺科门诊就诊尚未确诊的病人73名。     

绍兴市部分人群嗜肺军团菌感染情况调查

[目的]了解绍兴市不同人群军团菌感染情况.[方法]对绍兴市部分健康人群.重点行业的从业人员共计1 031份血清标本,采用ELISA试验检测军团菌抗体.[结果]绍兴市健康人群军团菌抗体阳性率为4.81%(25/520),重点行业的从业人员为14.87%(76/511).[结论]绍兴市已存在军团菌感染,并已对重点行业从业人员健康构成潜在危险.     

公共场所人群嗜肺军团菌感染状况分析

目的分析和研究公共场人群的血清中嗜肺军团菌的抗体阳性率与具体的分布特点。方法选取本地区超市、宾馆和医院以及酒店等公共场所的健康人群并采集血清共892份,抽取受检者的静脉血3~5mL后进行血清的分离然后放置零下20℃保存,采用抗微量凝集试验法（MAT）进行操作并进行结果的判定。结果全部受检者中,血清抗嗜肺军团菌抗体呈阳性的共76例,总阳性率为8．5％,其中暴露人群的血清嗜肺军团菌感染共51例,总阳性率为10．4％,在暴露人群行业中,超市嗜肺军团菌感染阳性检出率为最高,为21．6％,对照人群血清中的嗜肺军团菌感染共25例,总阳性率5．1％（25／491）,该两组受检者阳性率存在着明显的差异,并且暴露人群的阳性率要明显高于对照组人群（（x毡9．057,P〈0．05）。具有统计学意义。在全部的阳性结果中,同时有两种以及以上血清型呈阳性的共15份,占21．1％（16／76）。结论健康人群中仍然普遍都存着不同程度与不同血清型的嗜肺军团菌的隐性感染,特别是使用中央空调的公共场所属于传播嗜肺军团菌感染的重要高危场所,应当加强进行监测和观察。     

肺部感染患者中感染军团菌的检测情况分析

目的 探讨肺部感染患者中感染军团菌Lp和Lm的状况。方法 收集部分医疗单位收治的肺部感染患者的血清标本，用微量凝集试验方法检测军团菌抗体。结果 检测肺部感染患者血清标本110份，共检出Lp抗体阳性标本5份，阳性率为4．55％，其中男性阳性率为4．92％(3／61)，女性阳性率4．08％(2／49)，血清型分布以Lpll和Lpl4为主，各占40％。结论 在肺科疾病的诊治中，应该把军团菌的检测列人常规检测项目。     

公共场所集中空调通风系统嗜肺军团菌污染对其从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染水平的Meta分析

目的系统评价我国公共场所集中空调通风系统嗜肺军团菌污染对其从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染水平的影响。方法检索Pub Med、中国期刊全文数据库、维普资讯网和万方数据库,收集2006—2014年发表的我国公共场所集中空调嗜肺军团菌污染对其从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染状况的研究文献,采用R 3.0.1软件进行综合分析,评价集中空调嗜肺军团菌污染对人群健康的影响。结果 16篇文献符合条件纳入研究,暴露组人群嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率为16.01%(95%CI 9.18%~26.47%),对照组人群嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率为9.60%(95%CI 5.10%~17.34%),暴露组抗体阳性率是对照组的1.68倍,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。分层分析结果发现不同性别和不同年龄的从业人员嗜肺军团菌抗体水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同类别场所间从业人员嗜肺军团菌抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中超市工作人员的嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率最高。结论对我国公共场所集中空调嗜肺军团菌的控制和监督监测管理仍需加强。     

太原地区军团菌感染流行特征的研究

目的探讨太原地区军团菌感染频度及流行特征。方法用酶联免疫吸附测定法对门诊、住院病人及不同健康人群进行９种１５型军团菌ＩｇＭ及ＩｇＧ抗体的检测。结果成人患者军团菌ＩｇＭ抗体阳性率１７．４％，儿科病人１３．２％，成人及儿童患者均以上呼吸道急性感染比率最高，夏季多发。成人患者３０～５０岁年龄高发，儿科患者随年龄增加军团菌急性感染率增大，６例住院患者住院两周后发生急性感染，军团菌ＩｇＭ抗体阳性。健康人群以煤矿职工军团菌ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率最高（３６７％），城区儿童最低（９．５％）。门诊及住院患者以米克戴德军团菌感染为主，嗜肺军团菌次之；健康人群以嗜肺军团菌感染为主。结论军团菌是感染性疾病的常见病原，且有院内感染的可能性，健康人群感染也相当普遍，在经常与水、土接触职业人群更为明显     

卢湾区公共场所从业人群嗜肺军团菌感染水平及认知行为调查

目的了解公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团茵感染情况并调查其认知水平及行为特征,结合公共场所污染水平及特征,探讨公共场所集中空调通风系统军团菌病预防干预方法。方法搜集2009—2010年公共场所空气污染监测数据,分析场所空气污染情况。采取随机抽样方式,抽取冷却水嗜肺军团菌阳性场所从业人群293人进行问卷调查和血清嗜肺军团茵抗体的测定。结果2009—2010年卢湾区公共场所室内空气主要不合格指标为空气细菌总数、CO2和NH3。从业人员自觉症状发生率为30．4％;场所空气质量满意率54．6％;认知水平匮乏,73．4％从业人员认知正确率小于50％;采取不同的通风频率,自觉症状发生总频率评分差异均具有统计学意义（夏天P=0．049,冬天P=0．006）;血清学检测军团茵阳性率23．38％,主要为米克型军团菌。结论军团菌感染现象已经较为普遍,应该从场所管理层面重视,加强场所卫生学管理,及时发现空调使用误区,加强场所新风供给,同时开展人群健康教育,改善人群健康、行为和认知水平。     

大连市集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染调查

目的 了解集中空调公共场所从业人员血清嗜肺军团菌抗体水平,研究人群中嗜肺军团菌隐性感染及其影响因素.方法 于2005年8-10月随机抽取210名大连市集中空调公共场所从业人员,并检测其血清中嗜肺军团菌(Lp)8～10型抗体水平.结果 集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌Lp10型感染率较高(30.48%),且不存在年龄、性别、工作年限的差异.结论 大连市集中空调公共场所从业人员存在嗜肺军团菌隐性感染,应加强大连市公共场所集中空调系统的卫生管理及军团菌监测工作.     

某市空调清洗从业人员嗜肺军团菌抗体水平调查

目的了解集中空调清洗从业人员嗜肺军团菌的抗体水平。方法随机抽取本市2家集中空调清洗公司空调清洗从业人员44人血清,采用胶体金法对血清样本进行嗜肺军团菌抗体检测;采用微量凝集试验对嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性血清样本进行感染菌型检测。结果 44份血清样本中嗜肺军团菌阳性4份,抗体阳性率为9.1%(4/44)。4份阳性样本中,检出LP6型抗体阳性率为75.0%(3/4),LP3型抗体阳性率为25.0%(1/4)。嗜肺军团菌LP6型抗体的阳性率在年龄组、工作岗位组、工作年限组间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论本市空调清洗公司空调清洗从业人员中曾有人受嗜肺军团菌感染,空调清洗工作仍存在感染风险,应加强集中空调卫生管理和空调清洗从业人员的职业防护。     

泉州市健康人群和肺炎患者军团菌抗体水平调查

目的了解泉州市健康人群、高暴露人群、肺炎患者三类人群军团菌感染状况。方法对泉州地区三类人群共746份血清标本,采用ELISA法检测嗜肺军团菌1-7型IgM、IgG、IgA抗体,并对受检者进行流行病学调查。结果泉州地区健康人群感染率为6.97%,高暴露人群感染率为15.81%,肺炎患者感染率为16.02%。结论泉州市存在军团菌感染,并对重点行业从业人员构成潜在性危险。     

公共场所人群嗜肺军团菌血清抗体水平的调查研究

目的:了解温州市部分人群血清嗜肺军团菌的抗体阳性率以及嗜肺军团菌抗体(LP1～10)的分布特点。方法:采用微量凝集试验(MAT)测定就业人员血清中嗜肺军团菌1至10型抗体滴度。结果:1000例人群血清抗嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性89例,总阳性率为8.9%,其中暴露人群血清中嗜肺军团菌感染的阳性率11.6%(58/500),对照人群血清中嗜肺军团菌感染的阳性率6.2%(31/500),阳性率有显著性差异,暴露人群高于对照人群(χ2=8.991,P<0.05)。在阳性结果中,2种及以上血清型同时阳性为17份,占19.10%(17/89)。结论:我市健康人群普遍存在不同程度和不同血清型的嗜肺军团菌隐性感染,使用中央空调的场所是嗜肺军团菌感染的高危场所,应加强监测。     

浙江省部分地区人群流感病毒抗体检测分析

目的 了解浙江省人群流感病毒血凝抑制抗体水平。方法 对1999年春采自浙江省三个地区的646份正常人血清进行血凝抑制抗体的测定。结果总阳性率A／京防／262／95(HINI)为65．5％、A／沪防／1／98(H3N2)为78．1％、B／深防／12／97为63．0％。三个地区对A／沪防／1／98(H3N：2)的抗体阳性率及抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)均较高。不同地区间抗体阳性率和GMT均有很大不同。温州、湖州市人群抗体阳性率及GMT明显高于杭州市。结论 A／沪防／1／98(H3N2)的同一类病毒在浙江省既往有过流行，近期再度流行的可能性不大。不同地区人群的免疫状态是不均衡的。     

Estimation of minimum infection rates with Legionella pneumophila in an exposed population

The distribution of antibody levels to Legionella (L.) pneumophila (serotypes 1-7) was compared between subjects who worked near the source of a large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (n=668) and a population sample of comparable age (n=480). In a previous analysis of these data, it was estimated that 80% of those working near the source were infected with L. pneumophila. However, the estimation procedure implicitly assumes that the probability of infection does not depend on the antibody level of a person before exposure. This is questionable, as antibodies could protect against infection. We have now estimated the minimum value consistent with the data on the number of infected persons. We observed that a minimum of 40% [95% confidence interval (CI) 32-48] of those working near the source and 13% (95% CI 8-18) of those working further away were infected with L. pneumophila. Implications of these findings for design options in future research are discussed.     

1985年北京市健康人群嗜肺军团菌I型抗体水平调查

作者对北京市12个区、县837名健康人血清用ELISA法检查嗜肺军团菌I型抗体,其几何平均滴度为16.6,抗体水平 ≥ 1:160者有43名,占5.14%,表明我市城乡人群中有军团菌感染之可能。各年龄组的抗体几何平均滴度以30岁组最高,为19.42。饮食服务行业中以炊事员抗体滴度最高,占阳性人群的11/43。     

杭州市区公共场所空调冷却水中嗜肺军团菌的调查和分析

目的：了解杭州市公共场所大型中央空调冷却水中嗜肺军团菌的污染情况及主要血清型。方法：于2005年9月～10月，采集杭州市13家商场和宾馆、2家医院和1家福利中心等中央空调冷却塔冷却水29件，应用GVPC、BCYE、BCY培养基进行嗜肺军团菌分离培养、进行血清分型及种特异性PCR鉴定。结果：冷却塔冷却水中嗜肺军团菌的污染率达到44．83％（13／29），共分离到嗜肺军团菌16株（有2份水样中同时检出二个血清型以上菌株，其中一份有Lp1、Lp2、Lp3三个血清型，另一份有Lp3及未定型二个血清型）。血清型以LP1为主达37．50％（6／16）。结论：杭州市公共场所大型中央率调冷却水中嗜肺军团菌检出率较高，对市民健康构成了威胁。     

Legionellosis from Legionella pneumophila serogroup 13

We describe 4 cases of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 13-associated pneumonia. These cases originate from a broad geographic range that includes Scotland, Australia, and New Zealand. L. pneumophila serogroup 13 pneumonia has a clinically diverse spectrum that ranges from relatively mild, community-acquired pneumonia to potentially fatal severe pneumonia with multisystem organ failure. All cases were confirmed by culture and direct fluorescent antibody staining or indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests. Proven or putative sources of L. pneumophila serogroup 13 infections in 2 patients included a contaminated whirlpool spa filter and river water. An environmental source was not found in the remaining 2 cases; environmental cultures yielded only other L. pneumophila serogroups or nonpneumophila Legionella species. We describe the clinical and laboratory features of L. pneumophila serogroup 13 infections. L. pneumophila serogroup 13 pneumonia is rarely reported, but it may be an underrecognized pathogenic serogroup of L. pneumophila.     

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in environmental water samples using a fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibody

Sixty-three environmental water samples from various sources were examined for the presence of Legionella pneumophila with a commercially available direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody (GS), an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and culture. GS detected L. pneumophila in 94% and 100% of environmental water samples which were culture and IFAT positive for L. pneumophila, respectively. IFAT detected 69% of L. pneumophila culture positive samples. Cultures of L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 12, 14 and non-L. pneumophila bacteria which may be found in water, and bacteria containing non-specific binding proteins, were stained by GS and IFAT. GS identified all serogroups of L. pneumophila and did not cross react with any non-L. pneumophila bacteria. L. pneumophila in environmental samples was easy to detect against a clear dark background when stained with GS.     

Legionnaire's disease: a nosocomial outbreak in Turkey

Six nosocomial cases of Legionella pneumophila occurred over a two-week period, with one further case being diagnosed retrospectively after 30 days. Strains isolated from the hospital water system were clonally related to a single sputum isolate. A sero-epidemiological investigation into legionella exposure amongst staff and inpatients was undertaken at the eight-year-old Inonu University Medical Centre in Turkey, which has 600 beds and central air conditioning. There is no disinfection programme for the hospital water system. A total of 500 serum samples (400 hospital staff and 100 inpatients) were screened for antibody to L. pneumophila by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroreactive cases were confirmed by a four-fold antibody rise in ELISA, a high indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) antibody titre or a positive urinary antigen test. ELISA showed that 24 (6%) of the 400 hospital staff and seven (7%) of the 100 inpatients had antibody titres higher than the cut-off value. ELISA-seroreactive cases were followed for two to four weeks. Of these subjects, seven (three patients and four staff) showed a four-fold rise in antibody titre by ELISA, six (three patients and three staff) had a high IFA titre, three patients with pneumonia had a positive urinary antigen test, and one of these patients also had a positive sputum culture. In addition, 22 water distribution systems were screened for the presence of L. pneumophila by culture. L. pneumophila was isolated from 15 sites. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing indicated that all strains isolated from water systems were identical and clonally related to the strain isolated from sputum. Superheating and flushing of water systems were undertaken with legionella being re-isolated from four sites. Repeated superheating and flushing eliminated legionella completely. This study demonstrated that rapid detection of L. pneumophila and adequate superheating and flushing of water systems are effective for elimination and reduction of spread of this organism.