母乳中多氯联苯的污染水平与特征研究

目的:研究母乳中多氯联苯的污染水平和特征。方法:母乳经冷冻干燥后,加入同位素内标,经索氏抽提萃取,再经凝胶色谱、酸碱硅胶柱和氧化铝柱净化,用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱联用仪测定,同位素内标法定量分析母乳中的多氯联苯残留。结果:母乳中18种PCB的总浓度均值为23881±9718 pg/g lipid(13643～45205 pg/g lipid),毒性当量为3.56±1.06 pg/g lipid(2.92～6.31 pg/g lipid)。PCB-138(37.58%),PCB-153(19.07%),PCB-118(11.79%),PCB-180(7.70%),PCB-105(7.00%)依次是检出浓度最高的前五种单体。结论:绍兴母乳中多氯联苯的含量与国内其它报道的数据比较接近,但显著低于发达国家,推测膳食摄入是人体暴露PCBs的一个主要途径。     

浙江省部分地区淡水鱼中多氯联苯污染研究

目的：研究浙江省部分地区淡水鱼中多氯联苯污染水平。方法：淡水鱼组织经冷冻干燥后，加入同位素内标，以加速溶剂萃取，再经凝胶色谱、多层硅胶柱和氧化铝柱净化，用高分辨气相色谱高分辨质谱联用同位素内标法测定淡水鱼中的指示PCB残留。结果：鲫鱼、鲢鱼组织中的指示性多氯联苯浓度范围分别为150～1757pg／g湿重和48～524pg／g湿重：结论：两种鱼中鲫鱼的PCB污染水平要比鲢鱼高。     

浙江省部分地区河塘底泥及鲫鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染特征研究

目的了解浙江省典型污染地区河塘底泥和鲫鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染状况。方法样品加入同位素标记内标物,经有机溶剂提取浓缩后,再经凝胶色谱、多层硅胶柱和氧化铝柱净化,以高分辨气相色谱高分辨质谱仪测定二噁英和多氯联苯残留。结果5个地区河塘底泥和鲫鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯的浓度范围分别为379.6～9811.6pg/g干重、10000～762433pg/g干重和0.084～12.168pg/g湿重、149.03～57304pg/g湿重;总毒性当量范围为11.2～2162pg/g干重和0.234～39.251pg/g湿重。结论二噁英和多氯联苯在5个地区的底泥和鲫鱼中均有不同程度的检出,但以路桥地区为最严重,废旧电器拆解产业是当地环境中多氯联苯的主要排放源,该地区二噁英类物质的污染状况已不容忽视。     

某固体废物拆解基地环境中类二(口恶)英多氯联苯污染水平分析

目的了解某废旧变压器、电容器拆解基地环境中类二噁英多氯联苯（dioxin-likePCBs,DL-PCBs）的污染水平及其分布情况。方法于2005年12月,采集该地区空气、大气颗粒相、河水、土壤、蔬菜等样品,并对样品进行提取、净化,采用同位素内标法、高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪（HRGC-HRMS）测定样品中DL-PCBs的含量。结果拆解场及周边空气中DL-PCBs浓度为4031.77－4942.34pg/m^3,TEQ为1.832－2.666pg/m^3;大气颗粒相中DL-PCBs浓度为325.45－3499.77pg/m^3,TEQ为0.3709－1.5363pg/m^3;土壤中DL-PCBs含量为2316.59－19100.30pg/g干重,TEQ为1.358－15.264pg/g干重;水中DL-PCBs浓度为5.731－237.640ng/L,TEQ为2.585－73.046pg/L;蔬菜中DL-PCBs含量为1078.45－1620.04pg/g湿重,TEQ为0.7783－1.1262pg/g湿重。在空气、大气颗粒相、土壤、水、蔬菜样品中,PCB-118的含量均为最高;PCB-126的TEQ最高。在无邻位PCBs中,PCB-77的含量最高;在单邻位PCBs中,PCB-118的含量最高,其次是PCB-105、PCB-156和PCB-167。除PCB-169在空气样品中未被检出外,12种同族异构体在空气、大气颗粒相、土壤、水、蔬菜样品中均被检出。结论该地区自然环境受到DL-PCBs的严重污染,并已转入至蔬菜中。建议今后开展DL-PCBs对该地区人群的健康影响及对食品的污染状况的研究。     

某固体废物拆解基地环境中类二(口恶)英多氯联苯污染水平分析

目的 了解某废旧变压器、电容器拆解基地环境中类二(口恶)英多氯联苯(dioxin-like PCBs,DL-PCBs)的污染水平 及其分布情况.方法 于2005年12月,采集该地区空气、大气颗粒相、河水、土壤、蔬菜等样品,并对样品进行提取、净化,采用同位素内标法、高分辨气相色谱.高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC-HRMS)测定样品中DL-PCBs的含量.结果 拆解场及周边空气中DL-PCBs浓度为4 031.77～4 942.34 pg/m3 TEQ为1.832～2.666 pg/m3;大气颗粒相中DL-PCBs浓度为325.45～3 499.77 pg/m3 TEQ为0.370 9～1.536 3 pg/m3;土壤中DL-PCBs含量为2 316.59～19 100.30 pg/g干重,TEQ为1.358～15.264 pg/g干重;水中DL-PCBs浓度为5.731～237.640 ng/L,TEQ为2.585～73.046 pg/L;蔬菜中DL-PCBs含量为1 078.45～1 620.04 pg/g湿重,TEQ为0.778 3～1.126 2 pg/g湿重.在空气、大气颗粒相、土壤、水、蔬菜样品中,PCB-118的含量均为最高;PCB-126的TEQ最高.在无邻位PCBs中,PCB-77的含量最高;在单邻位PCBs中,PCB-118的含量最高,其次是PCB-105、PCB-156和PCB-167.除PCB-169在空气样品中未被检出外,12种同族异构体在空气、大气颗粒相、土壤、水、蔬菜样品中均被检出.结论 该地区自然环境受到DL-PCBs的严重污染,并已转入至蔬菜中.建议今后开展DL-PCBs对该地区人群的健康影响及对食品的污染状况的研究.     

Pollution Level of Dioxin-like PCBs in Crops and Poultry around a Disassembly Area of Solid Industrial Wastes

目的 了解某固体废弃物拆解区类二(口恶)英多氯联苯( DL-PCBs)的生物污染水平及其分布状况.方法 于2008年12月至2009年1月采集浙江沿海某镇地产稻谷、鸡、鸭等样品,并对样品进行提取、净化,采用同位素内标法、高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪测定其中DL-PCBs含量.结果 稻壳中DL-PCBs含量为1 516.97-5 437.60 pg/g,TEQ为2.653 0～6.1394pg/g;稻米中DL-PCBs含量为195.37～712.09 pg/g,TEQ为0.220 6～0.502 9 pg/g;鸡组织中DL-PCBs含量为15 117.14～240 775.03 pg/g湿重,TEQ为9.1～558.0 pg/g湿重;鸭组织中DL-PGBs含量为2 554.00～89 515.56 pg/g湿重,TEQ为1.9～86.0 pg/g湿重.在稻壳、稻米、鸡、鸭组织样品中,PCB-118的含量均为最高,PCB-126的TEO最高.除PCB-169在拆解场区南面的稻米中未被检出外,12种同族异构体在稻壳、稻米、鸡、鸭组织样品中均被检出.结论 该地区DL-PCBs的环境污染已通过各种途径进入生物系统,并在高级食物链富集.     

浙江省部分地区河塘鲫鱼中二恶英、多氯联苯污染研究

目的:对浙江省5个地区河塘鲫鱼中的二恶英、多氯联苯污染特征进行研究.方法:鲫鱼肌肉经冷冻干燥后,加人同位素内标,以加速溶剂萃取,再经凝胶色谱、多层硅胶柱和氧化铝柱净化,用高分辨气相色谱高分辨质谱联用同位素内标法测定鲫鱼中的二恶英和多氯联苯残留.结果:5个地区鲫鱼中二恶英的浓度范围为0.580～19.619 pg/g w.w,平均浓度为5.246 pg/gw.w;多氯联苯的浓度范围为149.03～57304.7 pg/gw.W,除路桥外,其它4个地区的多氯联苯平均浓度为1521.6 pg/g w.w;二恶英的毒性当量为0.05～3.75 Pg/g w.w,多氯联苯的毒性当量为0.03～35.5 pg/g w.w,总的毒性当量为0.23～39.25 pg/g w.w.结论:根据世界卫生组织的规定,以总毒性当量为基础,对浙江省5个地区的人群由鱼类消费引起的二恶英、多氯联苯暴露量进行评估,除路桥地区高于世界卫生组织的规定外,其它4个地区均低于规定.     

固体废弃物拆解区农作物及家禽类二噁英多氯联苯污染水平研究

目的了解某固体废弃物拆解区类二噁英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的生物污染水平及其分布状况。方法于2008年12月至2009年1月采集浙江沿海某镇地产稻谷、鸡、鸭等样品,并对样品进行提取、净化,采用同位素内标法、高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪测定其中DL-PCBs含量。结果稻壳中DL-PCBs含量为1 516.97~5 437.60 pg/g,TEQ为2.653 0~6.139 4 pg/g;稻米中DL-PCBs含量为195.37~712.09 pg/g,TEQ为0.220 6~0.502 9 pg/g;鸡组织中DL-PCBs含量为15 117.14~240 775.03 pg/g湿重,TEQ为9.1~558.0 pg/g湿重;鸭组织中DL-PCBs含量为2 554.00~89 515.56 pg/g湿重,TEQ为1.9~86.0 pg/g湿重。在稻壳、稻米、鸡、鸭组织样品中,PCB-118的含量均为最高,PCB-126的TEQ最高。除PCB-169在拆解场区南面的稻米中未被检出外,12种同族异构体在稻壳、稻米、鸡、鸭组织样品中均被检出。结论该地区DL-PCBs的环境污染已通过各种途径进入生物系统,并在高级食物链富集。     

母乳中多溴联苯醚的污染水平与特征研究

目的:研究母乳中多溴联苯醚的污染水平和特征。方法:母乳经冻干后,加入同位素内标,经索氏抽提萃取,再经一系列色谱柱净化,用气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱测定,同位素内标法定量分析母乳中的PBDE残留。结果:母乳中23种PBDE的总浓度均值为1497±584 pg/g lipid(831-2814 pg/g lipid);PBDE-153(20.94%),PBDE-47(18.34%),PBDE-15(13.35%),PBDE-28(12.39%),PBDE-183(8.43%)依次是检出浓度最高的五种单体。结论:绍兴母乳中PBDEs的含量与国内其它报道的数据接近,但低于发达国家报道的水平;推测除膳食摄入外,呼吸也是人体暴露PBDEs的主要途径。     

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用定量检测市售牛奶中的二噁英和呋喃

采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪（HRGC/HRMS）定量检测了牛奶中17个4至8个氯原子取代的噁英和呋喃。样品中的二噁英经过液-液萃取、碳柱富集、色谱柱纯化、分离,以HRGC/HRMS-MID方法检测,用美国EPA1613方法进行严格的质量控制和同位素稀释的方法定量,该方法定量可精确到pg/g即ppt水平。结果表明,同位素标准物的回收率分布于58.46％～79.99％之间。1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF、2,3,7,8-TCDD均未检出,样品中17个同系物异构体以OCDF和OCDD的含量为最高,分别为0.065pg/g和 0.202pg/g,样品的总TEQ值为0.033pgTEQ/g。该方法定性、定量准确,为目前国际上权威认可的二噁英定量检测方法。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.