持续被动运动器对全髋关节置换术后患肢髋关节活动的恢复效果及康复指导

目的观察持续被动运动器(continuouspassivemotionapparatus,CPM)对全髋关节置换术后患肢关节活动度的影响。方法将65例全髋关节置换术后患者随机分成两组:一组进行常规康复疗法(对照组),另一组应用常规康复疗法+CPM进行康复治疗(CPM组)。进行6至12个月的随访,测量术后8、10、12周的患肢髋关节活动度。结果两组术后8、10和12周的髋关节活动度逐步改善,但CPM组较对照组的术后8、10和12周的髋关节活动度改善更为明显(P<0.05)。结论应用常规康复疗法和常规康复疗法+CPM均可有效地改善患者患肢的髋关节活动度,但常规康复疗法+CPM的疗效更好,同时应加强康复指导。     

早期应用淋巴引流结合持续被动活动对膝关节周围骨折术后康复的影响

目的:探讨早期应用淋巴引流手法结合持续被动活动(CPM)对膝关节周围骨折术后膝关节功能康复的临床疗效。方法:41例膝关节周围骨折术后患者随机分为观察组21例和对照组20例,对照组予常规康复治疗(包括关节松动、肌力训练、冰敷等),观察组在常规康复治疗的基础上应用淋巴引流手法及CPM治疗。治疗前及治疗4周后测量患肢膝关节周径评定水肿情况,采用关节活动度及lysholm膝关节功能评分(LKSS)评定膝关节功能。结果:治疗4周后,2组膝关节周径较治疗前均降低(均P0.01),其中观察组降低更明显(P0.01);2组ROM、LKSS评分较治疗前均提高(均P0.01),其中观察组提高更明显(P0.01)。结论:膝关节周围骨折术后早期应用淋巴引流手法结合CPM能减轻膝关节肿胀、改善膝关节活动度及膝关节功能。     

CPM对预防下肢骨折术后患者深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨CPM下肢功能训练对预防下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓形成的影响。方法将268例下肢骨折患者随机分为CPM实验组（134例）和对照组（134例）两组进行对比，CPM实验组应用CPM装置进行训练，对照组不使用CPM，只由专业医务人员指导，鼓励患者主动、被动功能训练，观察两组预防深静脉血栓形成的效果。结果CPM实验组在预防患者下肢深静脉血栓形成明显优于对着组（P〈0．05）。结论下肢骨折术后患者患者应用CPM装置有利于预防深静脉血栓形成。     

应用CPM预防下肢骨折术后深静脉血栓的效果评价

目的：评价CPM在预防下肢骨折术后深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的效果。方法：将268例下肢骨折患者随机分为对照组（134例）和观察组（134例）,对照组常规术后抬高患肢及术后24 h鼓励和指导患者做主动肌力锻炼,观察组在对照组的基础上加用CPM装置进行训练,观察两组在预防深静脉血栓形成的效果及患者对护理工作的满意度。结果：观察组在预防下肢深静脉血栓形成效果明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）,其对护理工作的满意度显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：下肢骨折术后应用CPM装置有利于预防下肢深静脉血栓的形成及提高患者对护理工作的满意度。     

下肢创伤患者术后应用持续被动运动的康复护理

目的探讨下肢创伤患者术后应用持续被动运动(CPM)的护理作用。方法对80例术后使用CPM康复训练的下肢骨折及损伤患者实施心理护理及具体的功能训练指导。结果80例全部获得随访。随访3～12个月,平均7.5个月,膝关节功能优者70例(80%),良8例(10%),可1例(1.2%),差1例(1.2%)。结论早期运用CPM锻炼并给予正确的护理指导对患肢功能恢复有重要意义。     

乳腺癌术后上衣抬高患肢的设计与应用

目的:观察应用科室自行设计的乳腺癌术后上衣抬高患肢的效果。方法:将2014年1~12月行乳腺癌改良根治术的101例患者按入院时间分为对照组50例和观察组51例。对照组采用三角巾抬高患肢,观察组应用乳腺癌术后上衣抬高患肢,比较两组患者术后抬高患肢依从率、主观舒适感及患肢早期发生水肿情况。结果:观察组患者抬高患肢依从率及主观舒适感均显著高于对照组(P0.01);患肢早期水肿发生率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用自行设计的乳腺癌术后上衣能有效提高乳腺癌术后患者抬高患肢的依从性和主观舒适感,可预防或减少患肢早期水肿,促进患者康复。     

肢伤洗方辅助骨科连续被动活动机在四肢创伤患者康复早期功能锻炼中的应用效果

目的探讨肢伤洗方辅助骨科连续被动活动(CPM)机在四肢创伤患者康复早期辅助功能锻炼中的临床疗效。方法 1 242例住院患者随机分为2组各621例,对照组采用35℃温水温敷,观察组采用肢伤洗方,2组均进行上下肢CPM下早期功能锻炼。结果观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(P 0. 01)。观察组中,手术患者疼痛持续时间、骨愈合时间及住院时间显著短于保守治疗者(P 0. 05)。结论在四肢创伤康复早期辅助功能锻炼中,肢伤洗方辅助骨科CPM机具有消除肿胀,减少粘连,预防肌肉萎缩,恢复关节功能的疗效。     

持续被动运动活动器促进下肢手术后功能恢复临床效果观察

目的：探讨持续被动运动活动器（CPM）在下肢手术后功能锻炼的效果。方法：将50例下肢骨折术后患者随机分为对照组和实验组,各25例。对照组术后行常规护理,实验组术后早期实施康复训练,术后2个月比较两组患者的康复效果。结果：实验组有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：应用CPM有效防止了下肢手术后膝关节僵直和肌肉挛缩,可促进患者早日康复。     

手握弹力球促进乳腺癌患者术后患肢功能康复的观察

目的探讨手握弹力球对乳腺癌患者术后患肢功能康复的促进作用。方法 69例乳腺癌术后患者分为对照组35例和观察组34例,对照组进行常规上肢功能锻炼,观察组早期采用以手握弹力球为主的阶段性护理措施,于术后2个月比较两组治疗护理效果。结果治疗后观察组上肢水肿和肩关节功能受限患者比例低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论术后早期以手握弹力球为主的阶段性功能锻炼有助于患者术后患肢功能康复,具有较好临床疗效。     

持续被动活动装置在膝关节术后功能康复中的临床应用

目的评价持续被动活动(CPM)装置在膝关节手术后早期应用对膝关节术后功能康复中的作用。方法25例膝关节术后的患者,早期应用CPM装置,从30°开始,观察其膝关节的康复情况。结果除一例因切口感染而终止应用外余24例患者均得到满意的膝关节活动范围,并未影响骨折的愈合。1例患者发生骨折的轻度移位。结论对于膝关节周围骨折行切开复位内固定的患者在坚强可靠内固定的前提下早期应用膝关节CPM装置,可以得到良好的膝关节功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。