Wastewater Treatment in a Hybrid Biological Reactor （HBR） ： Nitrification Characteristics

Objective To investigate the nitrifying characteristics of both suspended- and attachedbiomass in a hybrid bioreactor. Methods The hybrid biological reactor was developed by introducing porous ceramic particles into the reactor to provide the surface for biomass attachment.Microorganisms immobilized on the ceramics were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All chemical analyses were performed in accordance with standard methods. Results The suspended- and attached-biomass had approximately the same nitrification activity. The nitrifying kinetic was independent of the initial biomass concentration, and the attached-biomass had a stronger ability to resist the nitrification inhibitor. Conclusion The attached biomass is superior to suspended-biomass for nitrifying wastewater, especially that containing toxic organic compounds. The hybrid biological reactor consisting of suspended- and attached-biomass is advantageous in such cases.     

The Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of a New Collagenase Ointment （Iruxol^R mono） on Debridement and Wound Healing in the Burn Wounds

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Effects of varied interferons in combination with all-trans retinoic acid （ ATRA ） on proliferation and differentiation of ATRA-resistent APL cell

Objective：To investigate the effects and mechanisms of interferon in combination with alltrans retinoic acid （ATRA） on proliferation and differentiation of ATRA-resistent APL cell. Methods ：After MR2 cells （ATRA-resistance cell line） were treated with IFN-α, IFN-γ and ATRA alone or IFN-α and IFN-γ in combination with ATRA respectively. The cell proliferation was tested by MTT test and the cell differentiation was tested through light microscope by NBT test and flow cytometry （FCM）. The expres sion of promyelocytic leukemia （PML） protein was observed by indirect immune fluorescent method. Results： Both IFN-α and IFN-γ could inhibit the proliferation and induce the differentiation of MR2 cells to some extent. The effects were more obvious after both interferons in combination with ATRA respectively （P〈0.05）. Moreover, the maturation of MR2 cells induced by IFN-γ＋ATRA group was more higher than that by IFN-α＋ATRA group （P〈0. 05）. Both interferons could induce the expressions of PML protein. Conclusion：Both interferons can inhibit MR2 cells proliferation, which may be related to the expression of PML protein induced by both interferons. The inducing differentiation effects of IFN-γ＋ATRA group on MR2 cells are more powerful than those of IFN-aq-ATRA group, which may be related to the different signal transduction pathway of both interferons.     

Report on Childhood Obesity in China （8）： Effects and Sustainability of Physical Activity Intervention on Body Composition of Chinese Youth

Objectives To determine whether a large-scale physical activity intervention could affect body composition in primary school students in Beijing, China. Methods The study design was one-year cluster randomized controlled trial of physical activity intervention （20 rain of daily exercise in the classroom） with an additional year of follow-up among 4 700 students aged 8-11 years at baseline. Results After the one-year intervention, BMI increased by 0.56 kg/m2 （SD 1.15） in the intervention group and by 0.72 kg/m^2 （SD 1.20） in the control group, with a mean difference of-0.15 kg/m^2 （95% CI： -0.28 to -0.02）. BMI z score decreased by -0.05 （SD 0.44） in the intervention group, but increased by 0.01 （SD 0.46） in the control group, with a mean difference of-0.07 （-0.13 to -0.01）. After another year of follow up, compared to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly lower BMI （-0.13, -0.25 to -0.01 ）, BMI z score （-0.05, -0.10 to -0.01）, fat mass （-0.27 kg, -0.53 to -0.02） and percent body fat （-0.53, -1.00 to -0.05）. The intervention had a more pronounced effect on weight, height, BMI, BMI z score, and body composition among obese children than among normal weight or overweight children. Compared to the control group, the intervention group had a significantly higher percentage of children who maintained or reduced their BMI z score at year 1 （P-0.008） and year 2 （P=-0.04）. Conclusions These findings suggest that 20 min of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity during the school year is a feasible and effective way to prevent excessive gain of body weight, BMI, and body fatness in primary school students.     

Effect of Inhalational Anesthetics on Cytotoxicity and Intracellular Calcium Differently in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells （PC12）

Isoflurane, a commonly used inhaled anesthetic, induces apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma cells （PC12） in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that isoflurane induced apoptosis by causing abnormal calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） via activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate （IP3） receptors. Alzheimer＇s presenilin-1 （PS 1） mutation increased activity of IP3 receptors and therefore rendered cells vulnerable to isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity. Sevoflurane and desflurane had less ability to disrupt intracellular calcium homeostasis and thus being less potent pared the cytotoxic effects of various inhaled to cause cytotoxicity. This study examined and com-anesthetics on PC12 cells transfected with the Alzheimer＇s mutated PS 1 （L286V） and the disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis. PC 12 cells transfected with wild type （WT） and mutated PS 1 （L286V） were treated with equivalent of 1 MAC of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane for 12 h. MTT reduction and LDH release assays were performed to evaluate cell viability. Changes of calcium concentration in cytosolic space （[Ca^2＋]c） were determined after exposing different types of cells to various inhalational anesthetics. The effects of IP3 receptor antagonist xestospongin C on isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity and calcium release from the ER in L286V PC12 cells were also determined. The results showed that isoflurane at 1 MAC for 12 h induced cytoxicity in L286V but not WT PC12 cells, which was also associated with greater and faster elevation of peak [Ca^2＋]c in L286V than in the WT cells. Xestospongin C significantly ameliorated isoflurane cytotoxicity in L286V cells, as well as inhibited the calcium release from the ER in L286V cells. Sevoflurane and desflurane at equivalent exposure to isoflurane did not induce similar cytotoxicity or elevation of peak [Ca^2＋]c in L286V PC 12 cells. These results suggested that isoflurane induced cytoxicity by partially     

Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Serum Complement （C3, C4） and Immunoglobulin （IgG,IgM） Levels in Post-menopausal Women

Serum C3, C4, IgG and IgM levels were evaluated in healthy post-menopausal women receiving short-term hormone replacement therapy （HRT） regimens and in untreated women. Serum C3, C4, IgM and IgG levels were assessed in 54 women receiving HRT therapy （CEE 0.625 mg＋MPA 2.5 mg/day）, and in 54 control women not receiving HRT. The results showed that the mean serum C3 and C4 levels were significantly higher in women receiving HRT than those untreated women （P〈0.01）. There was significant difference in IgG and IgM levels between two groups. It was concluded that HRT might be involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases through inflammatory mechanisms, as suggested by increased serum levels of C3 and C4.     

Effects of 3-aminobenzamide on expressions of poly（ADP ribose） polymerase and apoptosis inducing factor in cardiomyocytes of rats with acute myocardial infarction

Background Poly（ADP-ribose） polymerase （PARP） plays an important role in cell survival and death. However, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of inhibition of PARP on acute myocardial infarction （AMI） at different time points in rats. Methods AMI was induced in rats by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. One group received 3-aminobenzamide （3-AB, a kind of PARP inhibitor） （30 mg/kg） by intraperitoneal injection. The changes of ultramicrostructure of cardiocytes in infarction region were noted, PARP cleavage was measured by Western blotting, and expressions of protein of PARP and apoptosis inducing factor （AIF） were measured by immunohistochemical staining after treatment with 3-AB for 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Results Few damages to the ultramicrostructure of cardiocytes were observed after treatment with 3-AB. PARP cleavage was detected as early as 4 hours and markedly increased by 6 hours following AMI without 3-AB, but was not found until 6 hours following AMI treated with 3-AB. There were significant differences between 3-AB and AMI groups at the same time points. The expression of PARP was observed gradually increased, but that of AIF was suppressed for 6 hours after treatment of 3-AB, compared with AMI groups in positive cells at the same time points. There was significantly less cleavage of PARP and more PARP expression in 3-AB treated group compared with AMI and control groups at all matched time points. Conclusions Our results suggest that 3-AB inhibits degradation of PARP, increases the expression of PARP protein, and suppresses the expression of AIF protein. Inhibition of PARP activity may protect cardiocytes in rats with AMI and reduce apoptosis.     

Effects of fish protein hydrolysate on growth performance and humoral immune response in large yellow croaker （Pseudosciaena crocea R.）

We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate （FPH） on growth performance and humoral immune response of the large yellow croaker （Pseudosciaena crocea R.）. One thousand and two hundred large yellow croakers [initial average weight： （162.75±23.85） g] were divided into four groups and reared in floating sea cages （3 m×3 m×3 m）. The animals were fed with 4 diets： basal diet only （control） or diets supplemented with 5%, 10% and 15% （w/w） FPH. The results show that dietary FPH levels significantly influenced the growth and immunity of the large yellow croaker. Compared with the control group, total weight gain （TWG） in all treatment groups, relative weight gain （RWG） and specific growth rate （SGR） in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH were significantly increased （P〈0.05）. Similar results were observed in immune parameters [lysozyme activity, serum complements, immunoglobulin M （IgM）]. Lysozyme activity, complement C4 and IgM were also significantly increased （P〈0.05） in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH, while complement C3 level was significantly increased （P〈0.05） in all treatment groups. In general, with the supplementation of FPH, particularly at dose of 10%, the growth performance and immunity of the large yellow croaker can be improved effectively.     

德士古气化炉冷态停留时间分布测试（Ⅱ）

在筒体为φ３２０ｍｍ×８ｍｍ，而结构与尺寸不同的三种有机玻璃容器中，测试了送入空气的停留时间分布（ＲＴＤ）。得到流型与射流量、高径比、出口通道面积之间的相互关系，进而提出了ＲＴＤ密度函数数学模型。     

好氧完全混合式反应器中水力停留时间 对溶解性微生物产物的影响

以葡萄糖为底物,采用10 L完全混合式反应器研究了进水COD为1 000、1 500和2 000 mg/L条件下水力停留时间对出水中溶解性微生物产物（SMP）的量、分子量分布和组成成分的影响。在进水COD相同条件下,溶解性微生物产物的量随着水力停留时间延长呈下降趋势。水力停留时间相同时,进水COD越高产生的溶解性微生物产物的量越多。随水力停留时间的延长,小分子量（Mr<1×103）部分溶解性微生物产物所占百分比呈现先减小后增加的趋势;中间分子量（1×103相似文献   

标本放置时间和温度对血清乳酸脱氢酶活性的影响

目的:分析血标本在不同放置时间和温度对血清乳酸脱氢酶(LD)的影响。方法:采用34例健康成人血标本分别放置于4℃～6℃、23℃～25℃和37℃,在即时、8 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h测定其血清LD活性并进行分析比较。结果:在4℃～6℃条件下,分别于即时和放置8 h、24 h、48 h、72 h及96 h测定血清LD活性结果为(127.2±8.7)U/L、(125.5±12.6)U/L、(130.2±14.2)U/L、(145.8±18.4)U/L、(161.3±24.7)U/L和(191.2±28.0)U/L.经统计学分析,标本放置8 h和24 h与即时测定结果无明显差异(P>0.05),当标本放置48 h、72 h和96 h血清LD活性比即时测定结果明显升高(P<0.05、P<0.001);当标本放置24 h,冷藏组(4℃～6℃)、室温组(23℃～25℃)和温育组(37℃)血标本LD活性分别为(130.2±14.2)U/L、(141.9±15.1)U/L和(168.8±17.1)U/L,与即时测定结果比较,冷藏组(P>0.05)无明显差异,而室温组(P<0.05)和温育组(P<0.01)血清LD活性明显升高。结论:随着血标本放置时间的延长和放置温度的增加血清LD活性会逐渐升高。     

苯并(a)芘、预热及其联合作用对人胚肺细胞HSP70合成的影响

用Western blot方法探讨苯并(a)芘、预热及其联合作用对人胚肺(HEL)二倍体细胞热应激蛋白70(HSP70)合成的影响.结果表明未经S9活化的HEL细胞,在不同剂量的BaP处理后,可轻度诱导HSP70的表达;经S9活化的BaP作用HEL细胞3 h,HSP70表达抑制,呈剂量-反应关系在较高浓度染毒时抑制作用表现明显(P＜0.05);预热应激的HEL细胞HSP70表达增加,但BaP染毒3 h后HSP70表达并不规律,具体表现为低剂量(10～50)μmol/L诱导,而高剂量(50～200)μmol/L呈抑制趋势.结果提示,体外未经代谢活化的BaP可以作为应激原诱导热休克反应;HSP70表达降低可能是BaP代谢活化产物作用的结果,预热诱导HSP70表达增加很可能掩盖了低浓度时BaP对HSP70合成的抑制作用.     

不同产地、炮制方法、采收时间的芍药中有效成分含量差异研究进展

[目的]综述不同来源芍药中有效成分含量差异的研究进展。[方法]通过总结近10年的相关文献,比较浙江、安徽、河北、山东等地芍药,酒制、炒制、硫磺熏蒸等炮制方法,不同季节和生长年限采收的芍药,以及芍药根的不同部位,从不同产地、炮制方法、采收时间等方面阐明芍药中有效成分的含量差异。[结果]不同产地的芍药中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷含量差异明显。磐安、亳州等地的芍药中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷的含量较高。河北产的野生芍药,其芍药苷含量明显高于其他产地,而芍药内酯苷的含量并不高。其他成分的含量在不同产地芍药中的分布各有不同。不同炮制方法会导致芍药中有效成分的含量和种类发生变化,短时间的煎煮可有效提高芍药苷和芍药内酯苷的含量,酒制和炒制会降低芍药苷的含量,硫磺熏蒸则会促使芍药苷转变成芍药苷的磺酸盐,其他成分的含量也有不同程度的减少。与夏季相比,芍药更适合在春秋季采收,且合适的采收时间是在第二次生长之后。根皮可对化学成分的转化和流失起到一定的保护作用。[结论]磐安、亳州等地的芍药中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷含量较高,炮制会使芍药中其他有效成分产生不同程度的减少或转化,合适的采收时间应当在第二次生长之后。对儿茶素、没食子酸等含量的研究相对较少,因此对这些成分的含量差异还有待进一步研究。     

苯并[a]芘对神经胶质细胞中胰岛素降解酶与脑啡肽酶表达的影响

目的：探讨苯并［a］芘［benzo(a)pyrene,BaP］对神经胶质细胞中具有β-淀粉体（β-amyloid,Aβ）清除作用的胰岛素降解酶（insulin-degrading enzyme,IDE）及脑啡肽酶（neprilysin,NEP）表达的影响。方法：制备新生SD大鼠原代神经胶质细胞混合培养体系,接受不同浓度的BaP、Aβ1-42寡聚体、Aβ1-42纤维体单独或联合处理24 h后,采用细胞增殖 毒性检测试剂盒测定细胞存活率。随机分为对照组、BaP（2.00 μmol/L）组、Aβ1-42（20.00 mg/L）寡聚体组、BaP+Aβ1-42寡聚体组、Aβ1-42（20.00 mg/L）纤维体组、BaP+Aβ1-42纤维体组,其中BaP均为预处理12 h后再与不同聚集状态的Aβ1-42共同作用。进一步采用实时荧光定量PCR及蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测体系中IDE、NEP的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果：20.00 μmol/L及以下浓度的BaP处理,20.00、40.00 mg/L的Aβ1-42寡聚体或Aβ1-42纤维体单独处理,BaP与Aβ1-42寡聚体或BaP与Aβ1-42纤维体联合处理对神经胶质细胞的存活率均无明显影响。与对照组相比,BaP单独处理组中IDE、NEP的mRNA和蛋白水平均未明显改变;而Aβ1-42寡聚体单独作用可明显上调IDE的mRNA及蛋白水平（P<0.05）,同时BaP预处理可显著抑制Aβ1-42寡聚体作用引起的IDE表达水平上调（P<0.05）;另一方面,Aβ1-42纤维体在单独处理或有BaP预处理情况下,IDE、NEP的mRNA和蛋白水平均未发生明显改变。结论：在对细胞存活率无明显影响的前提下,BaP预处理显著抑制了Aβ寡聚体作用后的IDE表达水平上调,提示苯并［a］芘可能干扰Aβ寡聚体降解途径导致Aβ增多聚集,进而可能促进认知功能降低及阿尔兹海默病的形成。     

核心温度冲洗液对经尿道前列腺电切除术后出血和膀胱痉挛的影响

目的：探讨核心温度冲洗液对前列腺电切术后出血量和膀胱痉挛的影响。方法：将150例经尿道前列腺电切术患者随机分为两组,每组75例。试验组为核心温度冲洗液,对照组采用常温冲洗液,观察膀胱痉挛情况及冲洗液用量。结果：试验组膀胱痉挛发生率、痉挛程度低于对照组（P<0.01）,试验组膀胱冲洗液量少于对照组（P<0.01）。结论：对前列腺电切术后行持续膀胱冲洗患者采用核心温度膀胱冲洗液,可有效减轻膀胱痉挛、术后出血等不良反应。     

小牛血清提取物对老年患者术中脑氧代谢和术后认知功能的影响

目的探讨小牛血清提取物（爱维治）能否改善老年患者术中脑氧代谢及术后认知功能。方法82名60岁以上老年患者随机分为治疗组和安慰剂组。所有患者于术前2～3d和术后第7d由心理医师进行一次神经心理测验。麻醉诱导后治疗组输注小牛血清提取物（爱维治）1g／250mL，安慰剂组输注生理盐水250mL。于用药前（T1）、用药后2～3h（T2）、出麻醉后恢复室（PACU）时（T3）3个时间点分别同步采集桡动脉和颈静脉球部血样进行血气分析和血糖测定，计算脑血流量／脑氧耗比值（CBF／CMRO2）和脑氧耗／脑糖耗比值（CMRO2／CMRglu）。结果T2时治疗组的CBF／CMRO2较安慰剂组小（P=0．036），两组各时间点的CMRO2／CMRglu无统计学差异。两组简易智力状态检查术后评分与术前相比均无明显改变；在词汇流畅性测验和视觉辨认功能测验中两组术后评分较术前评分明显降低；在数字倒背测验中，安慰剂组术后评分较术前评分低（P=0．045），而治疗组术后评分与术前评分无统计学差异（P=0．083）。两组术后认知功能障碍的发生率无统计学差异（P=0．886）。结论小牛血清提取物（爱维治）能够促进大脑对氧的利用．使老年患者术后某些方面的认知功能障碍有所减轻。     

长期服用低剂量硝酸镧对大鼠心脏超氧化物歧化酶和脂质过氧化物含量的影响

目的 :研究长期服用低剂量硝酸镧对大鼠心脏铜 -锌超氧化物歧化酶 ( Cu- Zn SOD)和脂质过氧化物 ( LPO)含量的影响。方法 :以 Wistar大鼠为对象 ,分别以每日 1次硝酸镧 0 .1、0 .2、2 .0、1 0 .0及 2 0 .0 mg· kg-1连续灌胃 6个月 ,应用生物化学方法研究大鼠心脏 Cu- Zn SOD和 LPO含量的变化。结果 :给予硝酸镧 6个月后 ,2 0 .0 mg· kg-1组 SOD含量较对照组显著降低 ,而 LPO的含量则显著升高 ;SOD的含量随给药剂量的增加而减少 ,LPO的含量随给药剂量的增加而增加。结论 :较高剂量 ( 2 0 .0、1 0 .0 mg·kg-1)硝酸镧的直接损伤可使大鼠心脏脂质过氧化加强 ,清除自由基的能力下降 ;较低剂量 ( 2 .0、0 .2及 0 .1 mg·kg-1)时 ,对小鼠心脏自由基的生成和清除无影响     

针刺不同经穴对正常人事件相关电位P3a和P3b的影响

目的：探讨针刺不同经脉穴位对大脑注意功能的影响,为进一步揭示针刺心经经穴神门效应的脑功能与脑整合机制奠定基础。方法：选择10名健康青年大学生作为试验对象,采用视觉新奇刺激和靶刺激诱导P3a和P3b电位,采用Neuroscan事件相关电位系统,选择测量时间窗口为330～430ms和400～600ms,观察手针心经神门穴与肺经太渊穴前后P300强度分布的变化。结果：针刺神门或太渊后P3a、P3b的波幅均显著降低,但降低的程度受针刺穴位的调控和影响;在电极FCz记录位置,针刺神门引起更大程度的P3a波幅的降低（P〈0.05）。结论：手针神门或太渊穴均能影响大脑的注意功能,针刺神门对人体大脑注意功能的影响更大。