Pascal panretinal laser ablation and regression analysis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Manchester Pascal Study Report 4

Aims

To quantify the 20-ms Pattern Scan Laser (Pascal) panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) ablation dosage required for regression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and to explore factors related to long-term regression.

Methods

We retrospectively studied a cohort of patients who participated in a randomised clinical trial, the Manchester Pascal Study. In all, 36 eyes of 22 patients were investigated over a follow-up period of 18 months. Primary outcome measures included visual acuity (VA) and complete PDR regression. Secondary outcomes included laser burn dosimetry, calculation of retinal PRP ablation areas, and effect of patient-related factors on disease regression. A PDR subgroup analysis was undertaken to assess all factors related to PDR regression according to disease severity.

Results

There were no significant changes in logMAR VA for any group over time. In total, 10 eyes (28%) regressed after a single PRP. Following top-up PRP treatment, regression rates varied according to severity: 75% for mild PDR (n=6), 67% for moderate PDR (n=14), and 43% in severe PDR (n=3). To achieve complete disease regression, mild PDR required a mean of 2187 PRP burns and 264 mm² ablation area, moderate PDR required 3998 PRP burns and area 456 mm², and severe PDR needed 6924 PRP laser burns (836 mm²; P<0.05).

Conclusions

Multiple 20-ms PRP treatments applied over time does not adversely affect visual outcomes, with favourable PDR regression rates and minimal laser burn expansion over 18 months. The average laser dosimetry and retinal ablation areas to achieve complete regression increased significantly with worsening PDR.     

对比敏感度在糖尿病视网膜病变围激光期的检测意义

目的:探讨对比敏感度(contrast sensitivity,CS)在糖尿病视网膜病变围激光期的检测意义。方法:所有糖尿病视网膜病变患者激光前后行CS和视力、眼底血管造影检查,并根据FFA分为非增殖期(25眼),增殖前期(27眼)和增殖期(35眼),采用532激光进行全视网膜光凝,一般每眼分3～4次完成,比较激光前后的视力和CS的变化。结果:激光后视力提高者22眼(35.48%),不变者34眼(54.84%),下降者6眼(9.68%)。光凝组两期激光前后,在低频、中频、高频时差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),光凝组激光前与对照组比较,中频、高频均有统计学差异(P<0.05);激光后与对照组比较,在增殖前期时低中频无明显差异(P>0.05),增殖期各空间频率仍有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:CS能有效地评估糖尿病视网膜病变的进展变化,是糖尿病视网膜病变行全视网膜光凝的重要指征和有力证据。     

Combined intra-arterial chemotherapy and intravitreal melphalan for the treatment of advanced unilateral retinoblastoma

AIM: To evaluated the long-term effects of pattern scan laser (PASCAL) pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated clinical data of 29 patients (53 eyes) with severe non-proliferative DR (SNPDR) or proliferative DR (PDR) who received PRP and follow-up at our hospital from 2008 to 2013. Sixteen patients (29 eyes) received PASCAL PRP and 13 patients (24 eyes) received 100-ms conventional laser PRP. RESULTS: After long-term follow-up [Mean, (min-max) days: 719.8, (290-1666) for PASCAL PRP vs 743.5, (240-1348) for conventional PRP, P=0.569], patients receiving PASCAL PRP required fewer photocoagulation sessions than the conventional PRP group (2.6±1.0 vs 3.9±0.9, P<0.01). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was reduced slightly in PASCAL PRP group while reduced significantly in conventional PRP group. At last visit, 24 eyes in the PASCAL group (88.9%) and 21 eyes in the conventional group (91.7%) were improved or stable. Two eyes in PASCAL PRP group (7.4%) and 3 eyes in the conventional PRP group (12.5%) developed vitreous hemorrhage or neovascular proliferation. CONCLUSION: PASCAL PRP is as effective and may be more conducive to maintaining visual acuity with less treatment sessions for DR treatment compared to conventional laser PRP.     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度分析

目的 观察糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）不同分期脉络膜厚度的变化。方法 临床检查确诊的2型糖尿病患者150例227只眼纳入研究。其中,男性67例 89只眼,女性83例 138只眼;平均年龄（65.6±8.0）岁;平均糖尿病病程（12.4±6.5）年。所有患者均行最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、屈光度、裂隙灯显微镜、间接检眼镜、频域光相干断层扫描（SD-OCT）检查。参照早期DR治疗研究组制定的分级诊断标准将患者分为无DR（NDR）组、非增生型DR不伴黄斑水肿（NPDR/ME-）组、非增生型DR伴黄斑水肿（NPDR/ME+）组、增生型DR不伴黄斑水肿（PDR/ME-）组、增生型DR伴黄斑水肿（PDR/ME+）组,分别为99、64、5、25、5只眼。选取既往行全视网膜激光光凝（PRP）治疗的19例29只眼作为PRP治疗（PRP-DR）组。行PRP治疗的时间距离本研究SD-OCT检查时间为0.25～18.00个月。与患者年龄匹配的正常人17例32只眼作为正常对照组。应用SD-OCT深度增强成像技术测量受检者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度（SFCT）。统计分析时,因NPDR/ME+组和PDR/ME+组样本量较小,未行组间比较。结果 正常对照组、NDR组、NPDR/ME-组、PDR/ME-组、PRP-DR组SFCT分别为（310.2±54.8）、（251.1±81.4）、（262.5±83.2）、（286.2±76.8）、（327.4±83.1） μm。与正常对照组SFCT比较,NDR组、NPDR/ME-组SFCT降低,差异有统计学意义（t=2.754、2.140,P＜0.05）。PDR/ME-组SFCT较NDR组增厚,差异有统计学意义（t=-2.114, P＜0.05）。PRP-DR组SFCT较PDR/ME-组增厚,差异有统计学意义（U=271.500, P＜0.05）。结论 早期DR患者SFCT变薄,随病变程度加重,SFCT逐渐增厚;行PRP后早期SFCT增厚。     

糖尿病视网膜病变全视网膜光凝术后中长期随诊结果

目的：进一步了解糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)全视网膜光凝术(PRP)后中、长期随诊的激光量和疗效的临床结果。方法：63例增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)PRP术后随诊12—132个月(平均43．2个月)的临床资料回顾分析。结果：63例PDR患者PRP术的平均视网膜光凝斑总数975个。视力改变：提高者占24．2％，不变者占35％，下降者占40．8％。主要晚期并发症是程度不等的玻璃体视网膜纤维膜形成及少数病例(4例5只眼)发生1—3次不同程度的玻璃体出血。结论：PDR眼病例PRP术后中、长随诊的激光量——平均总视网膜光斑数1000个左右；60％的病例视力保持不变或改善，40％的病例视力下降，病情控制。强调了适宜的视网膜光凝范围、适宜的激光波长和适宜的视网膜有效光斑是PRP术成功的关键。还讨论了DR激光治疗后视力下降的因素和主要晚期并发症。     

A proposed new classification for diabetic retinopathy: the concept of primary and secondary vitreopathy

BACKGROUND: Many eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) require vitreous surgery despite complete regression of new vessels with pan retinal laser photocoagulation (PRP). Changes in the vitreous caused by diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy may continue to progress independent of laser regressed status of retinopathy. Diabetic vitreopathy can be an independent manifestation of the disease process. AIM: To examine this concept by studying the long-term behavior of the vitreous in cases of PDR regressed with PRP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four eyes with pure PDR (without clinically evident vitreous traction) showing fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) proven regression of new vessels following PRP were retrospectively studied out of a total of 1380 eyes photocoagulated between March 2001 and September 2006 for PDR of varying severity. Follow-up was available from one to four years. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of eyes showing FFA-proven regression of new vessels with laser required to undergo surgery for indications produced by vitreous traction such as recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, secondary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and tractional macular edema within one to four years. CONCLUSION: Vitreous changes continued to progress despite regression of PDR in many diabetics. We identifies this as "clinical diabetic vitreopathy" and propose an expanded classification for diabetic retinopathy to signify these changes and to redefine the indications for surgery.     

Optos‐guided pattern scan laser (Pascal)‐targeted retinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To investigate the clinical effects and safety of targeted pattern scan laser (Pascal) retinal photocoagulation (TRP) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods: Prospective and non‐randomized study of 28 eyes with treatment‐naive proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Single‐session 20‐ms‐Pascal TRP strategy applied 1500 burns to zones of retinal capillary non‐perfusion and intermediate retinal ischaemia guided by wide‐field fluorescein angiography (Optos). Main outcome measures at 12 and 24 weeks included; PDR grade (assessed by two masked retina specialists); central retinal thickness (CRT); mean deviation (MD) using 24‐2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA)‐standard visual fields (VF); and ETDRS visual acuity (VA). Results: Following primary TRP, there was PDR regression in 76% of patients at 12 weeks (κ = 0.70; p < 0.001). No laser re‐treatment was required at 4 weeks, and 10 eyes underwent repeat TRP at 12 weeks. Wide‐field Optos angiography at 24 weeks showed complete disease regression in 37% and partial regression in 33%. Additional panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) was planned for active PDR in 30%. There were significant reductions in CRT over time (10.4 μm at 12‐weeks, p = 0.007; 12.1 μm at 24‐weeks, p = 0.0003). The MD on VFs improved after 12 weeks (+1.25 dB; p = 0.015) and 24 weeks (+1.26 dB, p = 0.01). The VA increased by +3 letters at 24 weeks (95% CI, 1.74–5.01; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This pilot study reports that Optos‐guided Pascal 20‐ms TRP using 1500 burns for treatment‐naive PDR is a promising procedure with favourable safety profile.     

眼底激光治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的临床研究

目的：研究532 nm激光治疗增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的临床效果。方法应用532 nm激光对72例（122只眼） PDR患者进行激光全视网膜光凝术（ PRP）。所有患眼按2002糖尿病视网膜国际临床分期均为PDR。结果 PRP术后患者视力提高,视网膜新生血管好转及消退均较明显,黄斑水肿有所减轻,总有效率达75．4％（ P ＜0.01）。结论研究表明532 nm激光在治疗PDR,特别是伴有局部新生血管的患者有着较为明显的疗效。但新生血管部位不同,效果有明显差异。     

视盘新生血管型糖尿病视网膜病变的治疗

目的：观察光凝治疗视盘新生血管型糖尿病视网膜病变的疗效。方法：使用氩激光对68例86眼高盘新生血管型糖尿病视网膜病变患者行全视网膜光凝,其中5眼联合周边视网膜冷冻术,5眼联合玻璃体切除术。结果：全视网膜光凝术前术后视力无显著差异。平均激光治疗量为2700灶,全视网膜光凝术后新生血管消退率为63.9%,激光联合周边视网膜冷冻术后新生血管消退率为67.4%,激光联合玻璃体切除术后新生血管消退率为72.1%,结论：视盘新生血管型糖尿病视网膜病变较常规治疗需更大的激光量,激光联合周边视网膜冷冻或玻璃体切除术可增加疗效。     

532nm激光治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的临床观察

目的:评估532nm激光治疗糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的治疗效果。方法:应用532nm激光对糖尿病患者48例96眼[包括增殖前期糖尿病视网膜病变(PPDR)54眼,增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)42眼(包括高危PDR20眼,非高危PDR22眼),合并黄斑水肿21眼]行视网膜光凝术。根据DR分期及病变严重程度行次全视网膜光凝(Sub-PRP)、标准全视网膜光凝(S-PRP)和超全视网膜光凝(E-PRP)及局限光凝和格栅样光凝,随访3mo～4a,观察视力和视网膜病变进展情况。必要时再补充激光治疗。结果:视力:提高或不变为有效,其中PPDR组有效45眼(83%),非高危PDR组有效18眼(82%),高危PDR组有效12眼(60%)。视网膜病变进展情况:视网膜水肿、渗出、出血部吸收,视网膜新生血管部分或全部消退为有效,其中PPDR组有效50眼(93%),非高危PDR组有效19眼(86%),高危PDR组有效13眼(65%)。结论:倍频532nm激光治疗DR安全有效,早期病变治疗效果好。及早发现和治疗病变,注意光凝方法和技巧,以及随访和跟踪治疗,是提高视网膜光凝疗效的关键。     

多点与单点激光治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的疗效比较

目的:观察577-nm多点激光用于新近诊断的增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)行全视网膜光凝(panretinal photocoagulation,PRP)的疗效.方法:该前瞻性对照研究共纳入32例40眼PDR患者,随机分为2组,每组16例患者(20眼).第1组采用多点激光(pattern scan laser,PSL)行PRP治疗,第2组采用单点激光(single spot laser,SSL)治疗.所有患者在PRP治疗前与最后一次PRP治疗后3mo均行荧光素眼底血管造影检查(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA),以判断是否存在无灌注区.激光点数、完成PRP的治疗次数、治疗时长以及患者在治疗时的疼痛程度均作为判断指标.结果:PSL组患者需3次治疗以完成PRP,而SSL组需4次完成.第1组每次治疗时间为7.3±2.3min,较第2组的时间(13.2±4.1min)明显缩短(t38=5.596,P＜0.01).第1组的治疗疼痛指数较第2组明显降低(P＜0.01).最后一次PRP治疗3mo后复查FFA,第1组有5眼(25％)出现无灌注区,而第2组有8眼(40％)出现无灌注区,需要进一步治疗.结论:多点激光用于PDR行PRP治疗较单点激光有着明显的优势.它具有效率高,治疗疼痛轻,疗效好的特点.     

532nm倍频激光治疗高原血管性眼底病变的临床研究

目的：观察532nm倍频激光视网膜光凝(panretinal photocoagulation, PRP)治疗高原地区糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinpathy, DR)及视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)的临床疗效,评价氩激光治疗眼底血管病的安全性、有效性。

方法：选择DR患者122例227眼,其中增殖前期糖尿病性视网膜病变(preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, PPDR)51例90眼、增殖期糖尿病性视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)71例137眼; RVO患者120例124眼,其中中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)27例27眼,分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)93例97眼,进行532nm底激光视网膜光凝治疗。每位患者在结束最后一次治疗后1,3,6mo复查眼底、视力、FFA检查。

结果：DR患者行视网膜光凝术后,PPDR有效81眼(90.0%)、无效9眼(10.0%); PDR有效98眼(71.5%),无效39眼(28.5%),总有效率78.9%; RVO患者行视网膜光凝术后, BRVO有效者90眼(92.8%),CRVO有效者22眼(81.5%)。532nm倍频激光治疗眼底血管性疾病的总有效率为82.9%。

结论：532nm倍频激光光凝治疗高原地区眼底血管性疾病是一种安全有效的治疗方法,糖尿病视网膜病变增殖前期激光治疗的有效率高于增殖期,治疗时机的合理选择可有效阻止DR的进展,防止失明的严重后果; 对RVO及时进行视网膜激光光凝的干预治疗,可以加速出血水肿吸收,防止新生血管的产生,降低并发症。     

Panretinal photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema

PURPOSE: To investigate intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) as an adjunctive therapy to panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with both high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and clinically significant macular edema (CSME). METHODS: Thirty-five eyes diagnosed with both high-risk PDR and CSME underwent PRP and a single injection of 4 mg of IVTA (IVTA group). Visual, anatomic, and fluorescein angiographic changes were documented. Any complications resulting from the combined procedure were noted. These data were compared retrospectively to 35 eyes that underwent grid laser treatment to the macula followed 2 weeks later by PRP (laser group). Main outcome measures included change in best-corrected visual acuity, improvement in macular edema (clinical or angiographic), and control of the neovascular disease. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 9.6 months for the IVTA group and 11.9 months for the laser group. Mean pretreatment best-corrected visual acuity was 20/286 in the IVTA group and 20/282 in the laser group (P = 0.80). After 9 months of follow-up, visual acuity was 20/80 in the IVTA group versus 20/156 in the laser group (P = 0.007). Thirty-four percent of eyes in the IVTA group had final vision of 20/40 or better versus 11% in the laser group (P = 0.044). At 9 months follow-up, 84% of IVTA eyes had complete resolution of macular edema versus 46% of laser eyes (P = 0.002). Three eyes in the IVTA group had recurrence of macular edema after 6 months and required reinjection of IVTA. Elevation in intraocular pressure occurred in eight eyes in the IVTA group and responded to topical therapy. Cataract progression was observed in nine eyes in the IVTA group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide to PRP in the management of patients with both PDR and CSME seems promising. Further study is needed to assess the effect of this combined treatment.     

Long term effects on the lowering of intraocular pressure: selective laser or argon laser trabeculoplasty?

Objective

Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) and argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) are used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). We report long-term follow-up data comparing SLT to ALT.

Design

Follow-up of prospective randomized clinical trial.

Participants

Patients with glaucoma from the practices of three ophthalmologists at the University of Ottawa.

Methods

We randomized 176 eyes of 152 patients with uncontrolled IOP on maximal tolerated medical therapy (MTMT, with or without previous ALT) to undergo either SLT or ALT. Data were available for 142 eyes at 3 years, 134 eyes at 4 years, and 120 eyes at 5 years. The primary outcome was change in IOP from pretreatment baseline.

Results

Comparison of baseline parameters was similar in the two groups. Lowering of IOP were similar at 3 years (SLT –6.7 ± 7.1 vs ALT –6.1 ± 5.1); at 4 years (SLT 7.0 ± 7.7 vs ALT –6.3 ± 5.0); and at 5 years (SLT –7.4 ± 7.3 vs ALT –6.7 ± 6.6). There was no statistically significant change in IOP in either of the two groups. Medication changes were equivalent in each group. A number of interventions were required in both groups, cumulatively, over the 5-year follow-up period (49 SLT and 33 ALT). Survival analysis indicated that the time to 50% failure in each group was approximately 2 years.

Conclusions

The IOP-lowering effect of SLT and ALT was similar over 5 years in this group of patients with open-angle glaucoma on MTMT.     

Pascal模式扫描光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的疗效观察

目的: 探讨Pattern Scan Laser(Pascal)模式扫描光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的疗效观察。方法: 临床对93例186眼重度非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者,治疗前后均做视力、FFA、OCT视野等相关检查。随机分治疗组48例96眼,采用Pascal模式扫描光凝一次完成全视网膜光凝治疗,同时设对照组45例90眼采用多波长氪离子常规全视网膜光凝,分4～5次治疗。结果: 治疗组视力提高总有效率为85.4%,对照组总有效率为82.2%,两组总有效率比较无统计学意义;但治疗组激光术后视野光敏感度无明显下降,而对照则显著降低,术后视功能恢复较对照组好。结论: Pascal模式扫描光凝治疗治疗糖尿病视网膜病变临床疗效优于单纯的全视网膜光凝,具有治疗后视野无明显下降、治疗时间明显缩短和疼痛感小的优点。     

玻璃体腔注射康柏西普联合视网膜光凝治疗DR合并DME的疗效

目的：评价玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子(anti-vascular endothelial growth factor,anti-VEGF)药物康柏西普(conbercept)联合视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)合并糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的疗效。

方法：前瞻性病例研究。选取2015-08/2016-06确诊的DR伴DME、有完整随访记录的患者48例80眼,其中非增殖期DR(non-proliferative DR,NPDR)中度者4例5眼,NPDR重度者38例65眼,处于增殖期DR(proliferative DR,PDR)者6例10眼。采用随机数字表法将患者分为联合组和激光组。联合组进行玻璃体腔注射康柏西普(intravitreal conbercept,IVC)和全视网膜光凝(panretinal photocoagulation,PRP),激光组行黄斑区格栅样光凝和PRP。观察两组患者完成PRP后1wk,1、3、6、12mo的最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、黄斑中心厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)、激光能量及术后并发症的发生情况。

结果：BCVA：在各个随访时间点,联合组治疗后各时间点BCVA明显优于激光组。联合组PRP后1wk,1、3mo视力较上次观察时间点视力提高,6、12mo与上次观察时间点相比,视力保持稳定; 激光组PRP后1、3mo视力较上次观察时间点提高; 1wk,6、12mo与上次观察时间点相比,视力保持稳定。CMT：在各个随访时间点,联合组治疗后各时间点CMT均低于激光组。联合组PRP后1wk,1、3mo的CMT较上次观察时间点降低明显,6、12mo与上次观察点相比,保持稳定; 激光组PRP后1、3mo的CMT较上次观察时间点降低; 1wk,6、12mo与上次观察时间点相比,CMT保持稳定。PRP所用能量：两组患者在观察期间,均未发现激光光斑融合; 联合组PRP所用激光能量明显低于激光组。两组患者均无严重并发症发生。

结论：玻璃体腔注射康柏西普联合PRP治疗非增殖期中重度和增殖期DR合并DME,可有效提高患者视力,减轻视网膜水肿,长期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

Panretinal photocoagulation versus panretinal photocoagulation plus intravitreal bevacizumab for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the effects of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) compared with PRP plus intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria. METHODS: The data were collected retrospectively from the eyes of high-risk PDR patients, which were divided into two groups. After treated with standard PRP, the eyes were randomly assigned to receive only PRP (PRP group) or PRP plus intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg of bevacizumab (PRP-Plus group). Patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and new vessel size in fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography for the assessment of central subfield macular thickness (CSMT) at baseline and at weeks 12 (±2), 16 (±2), 24 (±2) and 48 (±2). Main outcome measures also included vitreous clear-up time and neovascularization on the disc (NVD) regression time. Adverse events associated with intravitreal injection were investigated. RESULTS: Thirty consecutive patients (n=36 eyes) completed the 48-week follow-up. There was no significant difference between the PRP and PRP-Plus groups with respect to age, gender, type or duration of diabetes, area of fluorescein leakage from active neovascularizations (NVs), BCVA or CSMT at baseline. The mean vitreous clear-up time was 12.1±3.4wk after PRP and 8.4±3.5wk after PRP combined with IVB. The mean time interval from treatment to complete NVD regression on FA examination was 15.2±3.5wk in PRP group and 12.5±3.1wk in PRP-Plus group. No significant difference in CSMT was observed between the groups throughout the study period. However, the total area of actively leaking NVs was significantly reduced in the PRP-Plus group compared with the PRP group (P<0.05). Patients received an average of 1.3 injections (range: 1-2). Ten eyes (27.8%) underwent 2 injections. Two eyes had ocular complication of PDR progression to dense vitreous hemorrhage (VH). No major adverse events were identified. CONCLUSION: The adjunctive use of IVB with PRP is associated with a greater reduction in the area of active leaking NVs than PRP alone in patients with high-risk PDR. Short-term results suggest combined IVB and PRP achieved rapid clearance of VH and regression of retinal NV in the treatment of high-risk PDR. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injections and the proper number of bevacizumab injections as an adjuvant.     

Continuous wave Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

AIMS--The therapeutic efficacy of the continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser (working in the free running mode) was investigated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) comparing it with a conventional laser source such as the krypton laser. METHODS--Twenty four eyes of 12 patients affected with bilateral PDR were included and divided in two groups. The right eyes were treated with a red krypton laser and the left eyes with a CW Nd:YAG laser. RESULTS--Three months after krypton photocoagulation 10 eyes showed a reduction or a complete regression of PDR and two eyes were unchanged. In the CW Nd:YAG laser group no eyes showed any regression of new vessels, in seven eyes the angiographic features were unchanged, and in five eyes they worsened. All the eyes of the second group underwent retreatment with the krypton laser after 3 or 6 months. After a mean follow up of 13 months all eyes in the krypton group showed a reduction or complete regression of PDR; in the retreated group 10 eyes improved and two were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS--The statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference (p = 0.001) between krypton and CW Nd:YAG laser which indicated the lack of efficacy of the latter in the treatment of PDR. In the krypton laser group no significant difference (p = 0.05) after the retreatment was found confirming the efficacy of this treatment.     

全视网膜激光光凝治疗高危增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的效果分析

目的　分析全视网膜激光光凝术（ｐａｎｒｅｔｉｎａｌｐｈｏｔｏｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ＰＲＰ）治疗高危增生型糖尿病视网膜病变（ｈｉｇｈ-ｒｉｓｋｐｒｏ-ｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｖｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ）临床效果、预后及影响因素。方法　回顾性分析２００８年７月至２０１５年７月西安交通大学第二附属医院眼科ＰＲＰ治疗的糖尿病视网膜病变（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＤＲ）患者８５例（１５０眼）的临床资料,依据我国糖尿病视网膜病变临床诊疗指南,根据眼底荧光血管造影（ｆｕｎｄｕｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｉｎａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＦＦＡ）检查结果分为两组:严重ＤＲ组包括重度非增生型ＤＲ（重度ＮＰＤＲ）和增生早期ＤＲ（早期ＰＤＲ）组,共９０眼,ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ组包括ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ６０眼。观察两组患者ＰＲＰ治疗的效果、术后３个月的视力,分析ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ的危险因素。结果　严重ＤＲ组ＰＲＰ术后１３．３％（１２／９０）需要补充激光,１６．６％（１５／９０）患眼黄斑水肿加重,２眼发生玻璃出血,１眼发生新生血管性青光眼。ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ组ＰＲＰ术后５５．０％（３３／６０）需要补充激光,３０．０％（１８／６０）患眼黄斑水肿加重,５眼发生玻璃体出血,３眼发生新生血管性青光眼。ＰＲＰ术后３个月,严重ＤＲ组４０．０％（３６／９０）视力下降,而ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ组６５．０％（３９／６０）视力下降。ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ患者主要的危险因素包括:年龄小于５０岁、糖尿病病程长、高糖化血红蛋白、高血脂及颈动脉Ｂ超异常。结论　ＨＲ-ＰＤＲ的概念临床意义重大,其病变进展迅速,ＰＲＰ效果不佳,需要密切随访,及时追加激光或者联合其他治疗方案。     

Electroretinographic findings associated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) versus PRP plus intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy

To evaluate changes in electroretinographic (ERG) findings after panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) compared to PRP plus intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) in eyes with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Patients with high-risk PDR and no prior laser treatment were assigned randomly to receive PRP (PRP group; n = 9) or PRP plus IVR (PRPplus group; n = 11). PRP was administered in two sessions (weeks 0 and 2), and IVR was administered at the end of the first laser session (week 0) in the PRPplus group. Standardized ophthalmic evaluations including (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and fluorescein angiography to measure area of fluorescein leakage (FLA), were performed at baseline and at weeks 16 (±2), 32 (±2) and 48 (±2). ERG was measured according to ISCEV standards at baseline and at week 48 (±2). At 48 weeks, 2,400–3,000 laser spots had been placed in eyes in the PRP group, while only 1,400–1,800 spots had been placed in the PRPplus group. Compared to baseline, there was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) FLA reduction observed at all study visits in both groups, with the reduction observed in the PRPplus group significantly larger than that in the PRP group at week 48. ROD b-wave amplitude was significantly reduced to 46 ± 5 % (P < 0.05) of baseline in the PRP group and 64 ± 6 % (P < 0.05) in the PRPplus group. This reduction was significantly larger in the PRP group than in the PRPplus group (P = 0.024; t Test). Similar results were observed for the dark-adapted Combined Response (CR) b-wave amplitude, with a reduction at 48 weeks compared to baseline of 45 ± 4 % in the PRP group and 62 ± 5 % in the PRPplus group; the reduction in CR b-wave amplitude was significantly larger in the PRP group than in the PRPplus group (P = 0.0094). CR a-wave, oscillatory potentials, cone single flash, and 30 Hz flicker responses showed statistically significant within-group reductions, but no differences in between-group analyses. These results suggest that treating high-risk PDR with PRP plus IVR is effective for PDR control, and permits the use of less extensive PRP which, in turn, induces less retinal functional loss, in particular for rod-driven post-receptoral responses, than treatment with PRP alone.