骨髓基质细胞体外诱导分化成神经元和胶质细胞

目的　探索骨髓基质细胞 (bonemarrowstromalcells,BMSC)体外诱导分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞的可行性 ,为BMSC在神经科学领域内的应用奠定基础。方法　以成年犬BMSC为实验对象 ,利用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (bFGF)、表皮生长因子 (EGF)、维甲酸 (RA)、脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)、胶质细胞系来源神经营养因子 (GDNF)等作为增殖及分化诱导因子 ,进行增殖培养、分化诱导 ;免疫组化法进行细胞性质鉴定。结果　加入bFGF、EGF增殖培养 72h可见细胞分裂相 (成纤维细胞样细胞 )。加入RA、BDNF、GDNF诱导 3d ,部分细胞有NSE、GFAP成分表达 ;第 10d可见有神经元、神经胶质形态样细胞形成 ,经细胞成分 (NSE、GFAP)鉴定证实为神经元、神经胶质细胞。结论　BMSC在体外培养条件下 ,经过bFGF、EGF、RA、BDNF、GDNF等因子的“程序性”作用 ,可以分化成神经元和神经胶质细胞     

不同培养代数大鼠骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞转分化能力的比较

为确定诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)向神经元样细胞转分化的适宜培养代数,本研究比较了不同培养代数的BMSCs的转分化潜能。首先体外培养大鼠BMSCs并传代,于不同的培养代数利用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、全反式维甲酸(RA)、音猬因子(Shh)诱导分化,随后运用免疫荧光法和免疫印迹法检测诱导细胞中的神经元样细胞。结果显示骨髓基质细胞体外培养1至3代时能够被诱导分化为神经元样细胞,培养至第7代时丧失转分化为神经元样细胞的潜能。上述结果提示:传代次数增多将引起BMSCs自发分化,使其向神经元样细胞转分化的能力下降,因而BMSCs培养至第3代时适宜进行诱导分化。     

黄连素诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞

目的:黄连素体外定向诱导SD大鼠骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞。方法:用全骨髓细胞悬液体外扩增和纯化骨髓间质干细胞。选用第5代以后骨髓间质干细胞进行诱导分化,用含10 μg/L碱性细胞生长因子(bFGF)的完全培养液预诱导24 h,后更换含黄连素的无血清DMEM诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞。免疫组化鉴定神经元烯醇酶(NSE)、神经丝蛋白(NF)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果:大鼠骨髓间质干细胞体外扩增第5代后细胞形态达到均一,成梭形。加黄连素诱导1h-8 h,间质干细胞胞体逐渐增大并伸出细长突起,形似神经细胞。免疫组化显示诱导的神经元样细胞NSE、NF表达阳性,GFAP阴性。结论:黄连素可诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞。     

黄芪诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞的研究

目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)体外分离和培养方法,并用黄芪体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经细胞样细胞。方法利用梯度离心从大鼠骨髓中分离单核细胞进行培养,去除不贴壁的细胞,分离纯化,对其生长特性进行分析。采用含黄芪的无血清L-DMEM诱导分化为神经细胞样细胞,观察细胞形态变化,用免疫组织化学方法检测分化细胞中巢蛋白(nestin)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果用含10%胎牛血清(FCS)的培养基培养,原代细胞贴壁生长,细胞形态均一,为纺锤形,有克隆团形成。传代培养时,形态变为成纤维细胞样,有较强的增殖能力。经黄芪诱导后,骨髓间充质干细胞形态发生改变,nestin、NSE和GFAP阳性,分化为神经元或胶质细胞样细胞。结论骨髓间充质干细胞可以体外分离、培养,在一定条件下向神经样细胞分化。     

体外诱导骨髓基质干细胞向神经元分化的机制研究

目的:探讨神经细胞形成的体外微环境,诱导骨髓基质干细胞(bonemarrowstromalcell,BMSC)向神经元分化的机制。方法:从SD大鼠骨髓中提取BMSC进行体外培养、扩增,并用免疫组化染色进行鉴定。以绿色荧光染料PKH67标记BMSC后,将BMSC与神经细胞共培养以及用双层培养皿联合培养8d后,用免疫荧光检测BMSC是否分化为神经元。结果:将BMSC与神经细胞共培养后,BMSC出现神经元的形态特点,且有(32.72±2.56)%的神经元表达特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specificenolase,NSE),与BMSC自然分化组(对照组)相比较差异非常显著(P<0.05);但用双层培养皿联合培养时,只有(4.87±0.79)%的BMSC表达NSE,与对照组相比较差异不显著(P>0.05),但与BMSC和神经细胞共培养组相比较差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:体外培养时,神经细胞形成的局部微环境可促进BMSC向神经元方向分化,并且细胞间的紧密接触是诱导BMSC向神经元分化的重要条件。     

新生大鼠不同脑区内神经前体细胞生物学特性比较

为了观察海马、中脑和顶叶皮质内神经前体细胞的体外生长特性及其分化后所产生的神经元的形态特征,本研究使用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)体外扩增细胞技术和克隆形成实验分析了神经前体细胞的自我更新特性;采用神经前体细胞和骨髓基质细胞共培养方式,通过免疫细胞化学染色方法,研究了神经前体细胞的分化特点。结果发现:(1)新生大鼠海马、中脑和顶叶皮质内的神经前体细胞,在体外的分裂增殖能力无明显区别;(2)新生大鼠海马、中脑和顶叶皮质内的神经前体细胞在相同的条件下,其后代细胞中,神经元和胶质细胞所占的比例基本相同,但不同脑区内神经前体细胞所产生的神经元的形态却表现出明显不同。这些结果提示新生大鼠不同脑区内神经前体细胞的分化潜能已有了一定限制。     

大鼠视网膜干细胞的增殖和多向分化**

背景：国内对视网膜干细胞的体外分离培养及鉴定仍处于初步探索阶段。 目的：体外分离、培养及鉴定新生大鼠视网膜干细胞,探讨其多向分化潜能。 方法：用神经干细胞无血清培养方法分离和培养新生24 h的SD大鼠睫状体细胞,第6代视网膜干细胞经胎牛血清诱导分化,应用免疫细胞化学方法检测视网膜干细胞的分化特性。 结果与结论：体外培养的细胞球具有连续克隆能力,Nestin抗原阳性,BrdU 标记结果显示悬浮细胞团主要由分裂增殖的细胞组成,并表达胚胎发育早期视网膜内原始细胞的特异性抗原Chx-10;诱导分化后的细胞表达星形胶质细胞特异性标志物GFAP、神经元特异性标志物NSE、感光细胞标志物Opsin、双极细胞特异性抗原PKC和节细胞特异性抗原β-tubulin,实验初步证实培养的视网膜干细胞具有神经干细胞特性,能自我更新和增殖分化成为感光细胞类型的细胞。 关键词：视网膜干细胞;细胞培养;无血清;细胞分化;大鼠 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.06.015     

骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺能神经元的诱导分化

背景:近年来研究发现,神经营养因子在骨髓间充质干细胞的分化中发挥重要作用。目前脑组织中具有再生能力的神经干细胞在体外是否具有直接诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为多巴胺能神经元的作用还未见报道。目的:观察大鼠间充质干细胞在胶质细胞源性神经营养因子与神经干细胞共培养两种诱导条件下体外分化成多巴胺能神经元的能力。方法:分离培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取第3代细胞分2组培养,一组细胞应用胶质细胞源性神经营养因子单独诱导,另一组细胞与已培养成球的神经干细胞共培养进行诱导,共培养之前行Brdu标记。诱导3d后以免疫组织化学法检测各组贴壁细胞神经元特异性标志物神经原纤维和多巴胺能神经元特异性标志物酪氨酸羟化酶的表达,观察间充质干细胞的分化情况。结果与结论:胶质细胞源性神经营养因子单独诱导组间充质干细胞在诱导24h后胞体回缩呈锥形,突起延长且数量增多,有神经元样形态,且细胞间相互连接成网络状,3d后部分细胞表达神经原纤维,其中少部分同时表达酪氨酸羟化酶。与神经干细胞共培养组神经干细胞球很快解离,迅速贴壁,共培养的贴壁细胞大量增殖且多呈神经元样,胞体细长多突起,相互间连接成网,多数贴壁细胞分别单独表达神经原纤维和酪氨酸羟化酶,少数细胞可见Brdu/神经原纤维,Brdu/胶质纤维酸性蛋白,Brdu/酪氨酸羟化酶双标阳性。提示间充质干细胞在胶质细胞源性神经营养因子、神经干细胞存在的情况下可定向转化为神经元,并有向多巴胺能神经元分化的可能。在该实验条件下胶质细胞源性神经营养因子效果好于神经干细胞。     

大鼠脑的神经干细胞的体外培养、增殖和分化

采用无血清培养基分离和培养大鼠脑的神经干细胞,并通过免疫荧光细胞化学技术进行细胞自我更新能力、巢蛋白表达和多向分化潜能的鉴定。鉴定结果表明,所分离培养的细胞为大鼠神经干细胞,具有神经干细胞的特征,并可在体外大量增殖和较长期培养,可经诱导分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞,是进行诱导分化的良好细胞模型。本文讨论了神经干细胞传代培养中应予以注意的问题和对策。     

新生鼠基底前脑神经干细胞的分离和培养

目的　探讨基底前脑神经干细胞的增殖及多向分化潜能。方法　利用无血清培养技术 ,加表皮生长因子 (EGF)和碱性成纤维生长因子 (FGF 2 )刺激生长 ,在体外进行神经干细胞的克隆培养和血清诱导分化 ;采用免疫组化研究神经干细胞的增殖特性及多向分化潜能 ,并用 5 溴 2 脱氧尿苷 (BrdU)标记证实其增殖能力。结果　从新生鼠基底前脑成功分离出神经干细胞 ,该细胞具有连续增殖能力 ,可以传代培养 ,表达神经上皮干细胞蛋白抗原 ,可以分化成神经元和胶质细胞 ;BrdU标记结果阳性。结论　新生鼠基底前脑存在具有自我更新能力和多分化潜能的神经干细胞     

Combined marrow stromal cell-sheet techniques and high-strength biodegradable composite scaffolds for engineered functional bone grafts

In this study, cell sheets comprising multilayered porcine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were assembled with fully interconnected scaffolds made from medical-grade polycaprolactone-calcium phosphate (mPCL-CaP), for the engineering of structural and functional bone grafts. The BMSC sheets were harvested from culture flasks and wrapped around pre-seeded composite scaffolds. The layered cell sheets integrated well with the scaffold/cell construct and remained viable, with mineralized nodules visible both inside and outside the scaffold for up to 8 weeks culture. Cells within the constructs underwent classical in vitro osteogenic differentiation with the associated elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity and bone-related protein expression. In vivo, two sets of cell-sheet-scaffold/cell constructs were transplanted under the skin of nude rats. The first set of constructs (5 x 5 x 4mm(3)) were assembled with BMSC sheets and cultured for 8 weeks before implantation. The second set of constructs (10 x 10 x 4mm(3)) was implanted immediately after assembly with BMSC sheets, with no further in vitro culture. For both groups, neo cortical and well-vascularised cancellous bone were formed within the constructs with up to 40% bone volume. Histological and immunohistochemical examination revealed that neo bone tissue formed from the pool of seeded BMSC and the bone formation followed predominantly an endochondral pathway, with woven bone matrix subsequently maturing into fully mineralized compact bone; exhibiting the histological markers of native bone. These findings demonstrate that large bone tissues similar to native bone can be regenerated utilizing BMSC sheet techniques in conjunction with composite scaffolds whose structures are optimized from a mechanical, nutrient transport and vascularization perspective.     

兔骨髓基质细胞的体外培养

目的　探讨兔骨髓基质细胞在体外的培养条件 ,为研制骨组织工程材料选择种子细胞奠定实验基础。方法　取兔新生仔长骨骨髓进行培养 ,观察其传代细胞生长特性和生长曲线 ,测定培养细胞分裂指数和贴壁率。结果　兔骨髓基质细胞生长至第 5代 ,性状稳定 ,生长曲线相似 ;第 4天分裂指数最高 ,为 92‰ ;传代后 10h贴壁率最高。结论　兔骨髓基质细胞在体外培养条件下 ,早期生长性状稳定 ,增殖速度快 ,适应性强 ,可作为骨组织工程学的种子细胞。     

Engineering of large osteogenic grafts with rapid engraftment capacity using mesenchymal and endothelial progenitors from human adipose tissue

We investigated whether the maintenance in culture of endothelial and mesenchymal progenitors from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue supports the formation of vascular structures in vitro and thereby improves the efficiency and uniformity of bone tissue formation in vivo within critically sized scaffolds. Freshly-isolated human SVF cells were seeded and cultured into hydroxyapatite scaffolds (1 cm-diameter, 1 cm-thickness) using a perfusion-based bioreactor system, which resulted in maintenance of CD34(+)/CD31(+) endothelial lineage cells. Monolayer-expanded isogenic adipose stromal cells (ASC) and age-matched bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), both lacking vasculogenic cells, were used as controls. After 5 days in vitro, SVF-derived endothelial and mesenchymal progenitors formed capillary networks, which anastomosed with the host vasculature already 1 week after ectopic nude rat implantation. As compared to BMSC and ASC, SVF-derived cells promoted faster tissue ingrowth, more abundant and uniform bone tissue formation, with ossicles reaching a 3.5 mm depth from the scaffold periphery after 8 weeks. Our findings demonstrate that maintenance of endothelial/mesenchymal SVF cell fractions is crucial to generate osteogenic constructs with enhanced engraftment capacity. The single, easily accessible cell source and streamlined, bioreactor-based process makes the approach attractive towards manufacturing of clinically relevant sized bone substitute grafts.     

Graft materials and bone marrow stromal cells in bone tissue engineering

Bone augmentation procedures rely on osteogenic/osteoconductive properties of bone graft material (BGM). A further improvement is represented by use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), expanded in vitro and seeded on BGM before implantation in the bone defect. The effect of different BGMs on BMSC osteogenic differentiation was evaluated. BMSC were cultured in vitro in the presence of different BGM (natural, synthetic, and mixed origins). Cellular morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. The capability of BMSC to differentiate was determined in vitro by alkaline phosphatase gene expression and enzyme activity at different time points (7, 14, and 28 days) and in vivo by ectopic bone formation of implanted tissue constructs in an immunodeficient murine model. BGM supports the cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of BMSC developing a useful tool in the bone tissue engineering.     

Bone grafts cultured with bone marrow stromal cells for the repair of critical bone defects: an experimental study in mice

Tissue engineering of autologous bone combined with osteoprogenitor cells is a suitable strategy for filling large bone defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenicity of a xenogenic bone graft cultured with allogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) in a mouse critical size craniotomy. Bovine trabecular bone grafts were made free of bone marrow cells or debris and were delipidated. BMSC were harvested from C57BL/6-Tg(ACTbEGFP)1Osb/J mice (GFP+ cells) and were cultured 14 days on bone grafts in control or osteogenic medium. Engineered grafts were implanted in calvarial defect in C57BL/6 mice. Four groups were studied: graft with BMSC differentiated in osteoblasts (G-Ob), graft with BMSC (G-BMSC), graft without cells (G) and no graft. Calvariae were studied 2 and 8 weeks after implantation by radiographic and histomorphometric analyses. G group: the bone ingrowth was limited to the edges of the defect. The center of the graft was filled by a fibrovascular connective tissue. G-BMSC or G-Ob groups: bone formation occurred early in the center of the defect and did not increase between 2 and 8 weeks; the newly formed woven bone was partially replaced by lamellar bone. The preoperative osteoblastic differentiation of BMSC did not allow faster and better bone regeneration. After 2 weeks, GFP+ cells were observed around the grafted bone but no GFP+ osteocyte was present in the newly formed bone. No GFP+ cell was noted after 8 weeks. However, pre-implantation culture of the biomaterial with allogenic BMSC greatly enhanced the bone regeneration.     

骨髓基质干细胞和软骨组织工程

关节软骨是透明软骨 ,它是一种特殊的结缔组织 ,由单一的软骨细胞、纤维和基质构成。软骨组织具有自身独特的生理学特点 ,无血管 ,无神经 ,无淋巴引流 ,在关节腔内仅靠滑液来获取营养 ,其代谢主要以无氧酵解为主等决定了它极其有限的再生能力。临床上由于创伤、炎症肿瘤等原因导致的关节软骨损伤、缺失极为常见 ,且常继发骨关节炎 ,严重影响关节的功能。目前临床上多通过自体或异体移植成形的软骨或具有成软骨潜能的组织如骨膜、软骨膜等来治疗关节软骨的缺损 ,这些组织移植后能生成透明软骨样组织 ,但其生物学性能、耐磨性、韧性均欠佳 ,易…     

Hard tissue formation in a porous HA/TCP ceramic scaffold loaded with stromal cells derived from dental pulp and bone marrow

The aim of this study was to compare the ability of hard tissue regeneration of four types of stem cells or precursors under both in vitro and in vivo situations. Primary cultures of rat bone marrow, rat dental pulp, human bone marrow, and human dental pulp cells were seeded onto a porous ceramic scaffold material, and then either cultured in an osteogenic medium or subcutaneously implanted into nude mice. For cell culture, samples were collected at weeks 0, 1, 3, and 5. Results were analyzed by measuring cell proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase activity, scanning electron microscopy, and real-time PCR. Samples from the implantation study were retrieved after 5 and 10 weeks and evaluated by histology and real-time PCR. The results indicated that in vitro abundant cell growth and mineralization of extracellular matrix was observed for all types of cells. However, in vivo matured bone formation was found only in the samples seeded with rat bone marrow stromal cells. Real-time PCR suggested that the expression of Runx2 and the expression osteocalcin were important for the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells, while dentin sialophosphoprotein contributed to the odontogenic differentiation. In conclusion, the limited hard tissue regeneration ability of dental pulp stromal cells questions their practical application for complete tooth regeneration. Repeated cell passaging may explain the reduction of the osteogenic ability of both bone- and dentinal-derived stem cells. Therefore, it is essential to develop new cell culture methods to harvest the desired cell numbers while not obliterating the osteogenic potential.     

新型骨基质材料复合骨髓基质干细胞体外培养的形态学观察

目的：新型有机-无机复合类骨基质材料(New Bone-matrix Material，NBM)的研制及其细胞相容性的初步检测，为骨组织工程探寻一种新型复合类细胞外基质材料提供实验依据。方法：应用组织培养技术，对兔骨髓基质干细胞(Bone Marrow Stromal Cell，BMSC)和NBM体外联合培养进行相差显微镜观察和扫描电镜观察。结果：骨髓基质干细胞可以在NBM材料上发生良好的粘附、增殖，并能长入材料的孔隙内，分泌大量的细胞外基质成份。结论：NBM是一种新研制的有机-无饥复合类骨基质材料，具有网状孔隙结构；在体外与BMSC复合培养时表现出良好的细胞相容性，对细胞的粘附、增殖和功能表达未见明显影响。