氨磺必利与利培酮对女性首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的疗效

目的比较氨磺必利与利培酮对女性首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的疗效,为女性精神分裂症患者临床用药提供参考。方法采用随机数字表法将天津市安定医院符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的100例女性首发精神分裂症患者分为氨磺必利组和利培酮组各50例,分别给予氨磺必利和利培酮治疗6周。于治疗前和治疗6周后采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,采用词汇流畅性测验(VFT)、数字广度测验(DST)和威斯康辛卡片分类测试(WCST)评定认知功能。结果共78例患者完成研究,利培酮组与氨磺必利组脱落人数差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.730,P=0.054)。治疗前两组PANSS、VFT、DST及WCST评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。治疗6周后,两组PANSS评分均低于治疗前,VFT及DST评分均高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);但两组PANSS、VFT及DST评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);利培酮组的持续性错误数和氨磺必利组的正确应答数、持续性错误数均较治疗前改善,但利培酮组的非持续性错误数较治疗前变差,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);氨磺必利组的正确应答数评分高于利培酮组[(61.79±5.50)分vs.(65.86±5.19)分,t=-3.129,P=0.002]。结论氨磺必利与利培酮对女性首发精神分裂症患者精神症状的疗效相当,但氨磺必利对患者认知功能的改善略优于利培酮。     

氨磺必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的探讨氨磺必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果。方法采用随机数字表法将符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版》(CCMD-3)精神分裂症诊断标准的72例精神分裂症患者分为氨磺必利组(研究组)和利培酮组(对照组)各36例,观察8周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果经8周治疗,两组PANSS总分均较治疗前低(P均0.01)。氨磺必利组与利培酮组有效率分别为88.9%和86.1%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但氨磺必利组阴性症状评分减分与利培酮组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗结束时两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氨磺必利对精神分裂症阳性症状的疗效与利培酮相当,而对精神分裂症的阴性症状的疗效优于利培酮。     

氨磺必利联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗首发精神分裂症的随机对照研究

目的探讨氨磺必利合并重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)治疗精神分裂症的效果。方法采用随机数字表法将符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的88例首发精神分裂症患者分为研究组和对照组各44例,研究组采用氨磺必利联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗,对照组单用氨磺必利治疗,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)于治疗前及治疗后第2、4、6、8周评定疗效,采用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果经8周治疗,两组PANSS总评分均较治疗前低(P均0.01)。研究组与对照组有效率分别为88.6%和81.8%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但研究组阴性症状评分减分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗结束时两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氨磺必利合并r TMS对首发精神分裂症阳性症状的疗效与单用氨磺必利相当,而对首发精神分裂症的阴性症状的疗效优于单用氨磺必利,两组不良反应相当。     

氨磺必利替换奥氮平治疗对伴有代谢综合征精神分裂症患者的影响

目的:观察氨磺必利替换奥氮平治疗对伴有代谢综合征精神分裂症患者的影响。方法:92例奥氮平治疗伴代谢综合征的精神分裂症患者随机分为氨磺必利组(治疗组)及奥氮平组(对照组)各46例。治疗组在2周内将奥氮平换为氨磺必利,对照组维持奥氮平治疗,观察12周。入组时及第6、12周末测量腰围、血压、体质量指数(BMI)及空腹血糖(FBS)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、三酰甘油(TG)水平。应用阳性和阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)进行疗效和安全性评定。结果:治疗12周末,治疗组腰围、收缩压、BMI、TG、FBS均显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),两组PANSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而TESS评分治疗组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:氨磺必利替换奥氮平治疗对精神分裂症患者体质量增加及代谢综合征有显著改善作用。     

氨磺必利与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的对照研究

目的比较氨磺必利与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法按就诊先后顺序将首发精神分裂症患者分为研究组和对照组,分别给予氨磺必利和利培酮治疗8周。于治疗前及治疗后第4、8周末采用阳性与阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定患者的疗效,以治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定患者的不良反应。结果治疗后第4、8周末,两组PANSS量表总分及分量表评分较治疗前均有显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;研究组有效率93．8％,显效率71．9％;对照组有效率为90．6％,显效率68．8％,两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。研究组和对照组药物不良反应均较少。结论氨磺必利是一种安全有效的抗精神病药物,对治疗首发精神分裂症疗效与利培酮相当。     

氨磺必利治疗首发精神分裂症疗效观察以及对患者血脂和甲状腺激素的影响

目的探讨氨磺必利在首发精神分裂症患者中的临床效果及对患者血脂、甲状腺素水平的影响。方法取2014年1月~2016年12月医院收治首发精神分裂症患者70例,随机数字法分为对照组(n=35)和观察组(n=35)。对照组采用利培酮治疗,观察组采用氨磺必利治疗,比较2组临床疗效及对血脂和甲状腺素水平。结果观察组治疗后8周临床疗有效率为94.29%,与对照组91.43%比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后8周TC、TG、HDL及LDL水平,低于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗后8周T3、T4、FT3、FT4水平,低于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗后8周TSH水平,高于对照组(P0.05)。结论首发精神分裂症患者采用氨磺必利及利培酮治疗疗效相当,但是氨磺必利对患者的血脂、甲状腺激素水平影响较小。     

氨磺必利和利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症的效果和安全性Meta分析

目的系统评价氨磺必利和利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症的效果和安全性,为老年精神分裂症患者药物治疗的选择提供参考。方法检索Pub Med、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库,纳入关于氨磺必利和利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症效果和安全性的随机对照试验(RCT)。由两名评价员独立评价文献质量和提取数据,采用Rev Man 5.3进行Meta分析。结果共纳入7篇RCT,Meta分析结果显示:(1)老年精神分裂症患者使用氨磺必利和利培酮治疗后2周、4周、6周、8周的PANSS总评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)老年精神分裂症患者使用氨磺必利与利培酮治疗后4周、8周阴性症状评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(3)老年精神分裂症患者使用氨磺必利与利培酮治疗后4周、8周阳性症状评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(4)氨磺必利组和利培酮组失眠、心动过速、震颤、头晕、头痛、静坐不能、肌肉强直、胃肠反应比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氨磺必利和利培酮在治疗老年精神分裂症的效果和安全性相当。     

阿立哌唑与氨磺必利对女性慢性精神分裂症的糖脂代谢、泌乳素影响的对照分析

目的 探讨阿立哌唑与氨磺必利对女性慢性精神分裂症患者治疗前后血糖、血脂、泌乳素的影响.方法 随机抽取女性慢性精神分裂症患者66例,阿立哌唑组33例,氨磺必利组33例.在治疗前、治疗第2、4、6、8周末对血胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白(HDL),低密度脂蛋白(LDL),空腹血糖及泌乳素(PRL)进行测定并分析,所得数据进行统计处理.结果 氨磺必利组血胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、血糖及泌乳素在治疗前后有显著的差异(P＜0.0.5),高密度脂蛋白(HDL)在治疗前后无显著的差异.而阿立哌唑组血胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、血糖及泌乳素在治疗前后均无显著的差异(P＞0.0.5).结论 氨磺必利可引起女性慢性精神分裂症患者的糖脂代谢、泌乳素的代谢异常,而阿立哌唑对糖脂代谢,泌乳素影响较少.     

帕利哌酮和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者血脂代谢影响的研究

目的探讨帕利哌酮和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者血脂代谢影响。方法 70例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组35例和对照组35例,分别给予帕利哌酮和利培酮单药治疗8周。两组患者均在治疗前与治疗结束后测量如下指标：体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WAIST）、血清甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、空腹血糖（FPG）、OGTT后2h血糖（2hPG）,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）进行疗效评价。结果治疗8周末两组的PANSS总分及阳性症状分、阴性症状分较治疗前均降低（P〈0.05）。8周末研究组患者的PANSS总分及阴性症状分显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。治疗8周末研究组患者的BMI、WAIST与治疗前比较显著升高（P〈0.05）;对照组患者的BMI、WAIST、TG与治疗前比较显著升高（P〈0.05）,HDL比治疗前显著降低（P〈0.05）。两组之间比较,研究组BMI、WAIST、TG低于对照组,HDL高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论帕利哌酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效优于利培酮,引起代谢综合征的风险小于利培酮。     

氨磺必利与利培酮治疗精神分裂症首次发病患者的临床对照研究

目的比较氨磺必利和利培酮对精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法采用数字随机法将68例精神分裂症首次发病患者分为氨磺必利治疗组(n=34)和利培酮治疗组(n=34)。疗程12周,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、副反应量表(TESS)和锥体外系副反应量表(RSESE)分别评定疗效和不良反应。结果治疗后4、8、12周末两组PANSS总分及各因子分均较治疗前低(P﹤0.05)。氨磺必利组体重增加小于利培酮组(P﹤0.05)。结论两种药物治疗精神分裂症患者首次发病疗效相当,但氨磺必利对体重的影响优于利培酮。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.