肝靶向去甲斑蝥素微乳的研究

目的考察去甲斑蝥素(NCTD)微乳的形态、粒径分布及生物安全性，研究去甲斑蝥素微乳及其注射液在小鼠体内的组织分布、药代动力学和体外药效学。方法用气相法测定小鼠体内去甲斑蝥素含量。数据用3P87处理，得到各主要药代动力学参数。采用体外细胞毒性和体内全身急性毒性试验方法，评价去甲斑蝥素微乳的抗肿瘤活性及其生物安全性。结果微乳平均粒径为(44±9) nm。血浆中成分及制剂中辅料不干扰去甲斑蝥素测定。小鼠静脉注射去甲斑蝥素微乳及其去甲斑蝥素注射液后的药-时曲线均符合二室模型。去甲斑蝥素微乳的药代动力学研究表明，在同剂量条件下，NCTD微乳可在体内较长时间保持较高浓度，即可在一定程度上延长体内循环时间；微乳及注射液的AUC，MRT，T_1/2分别为(29.7±0.9)，(9.25±0.09) mg·h·L^-1，(110±11)，(86.7±0.8)，(103±12)，(42±4) h，NCTD微乳改变NCTD注射剂在小鼠体内的药时曲线和血药浓度的高低，其消除T_1/2和MRT比其注射剂分别增加了2.48和1.27倍，AUC增加了3.21倍；NCTD微乳在肝、肾中的靶向指数分别为0.43和0.12。去甲斑蝥素微乳的生物安全性与其市售注射液比较无显著性差异。结论去甲斑蝥素微乳较去甲斑蝥素注射液增强了药物的肝靶向性，降低了肾脏分布，在一定程度上延长药物在小鼠体内的循环时间。     

布洛芬糖衍生物的合成

目的为了降低布洛芬的胃肠损伤副作用,提高其抗炎活性,本文合成了若干布洛芬糖衍生物。方法 采用1,2∶3,4-二缩酮-半乳糖,1,3,4,5-四-O-乙酰基-2-去氧-2-氨基-葡萄糖,3,4,6-三-O-乙酰基-2-去氧-2-n-乙酰基-葡糖胺和2,3,6,2′,3′,4′,6′-七-O-乙酰基-乳糖胺作为糖基供体,分别与2-(对异丁基苯基)-丙酰氯1进行偶联,最后脱去糖环上的保护基得到了目标化合物6-(半乳糖基-O)-(±)布洛芬4,2-［2-去氧-2-氨基-葡糖基］-(±)布洛芬7,1-［2-去氧-2-n-乙酰基-β-D-葡糖氨基］-(－)布洛芬12a,1-［2-去氧-2-n-乙酰基-β-D-葡糖氨基］-(+)布洛芬12b和1-(β-乳糖氨基)-(±)布洛芬13。结果共合成了5个新化合物(4,7,12a,12b,13),利用¹HNMR,¹³CNMR,HMQC,COSY,IR和MS对化合物进行了结构确证,并测定了目标化合物的抗炎活性。结论化合物12a的抗炎活性最好且优于布洛芬。     

3H-去甲斑蝥素小鼠体内药代动力学与组织分布

健康小鼠灌服³H-去甲斑蝥素溶液，收集不同时间血、组织、尿和粪，采用氚标记示踪法测定放射活性，计算³H-去甲斑蝥素血浓度、单位组织放射活性及尿和粪累积排泄率，DAS软件拟合小鼠去甲斑蝥素药代动力学模型，计算其药代动力学参数，评价³H-去甲斑蝥素小鼠体内的吸收、分布及排泄过程。结果表明，小鼠灌服³H-去甲斑蝥素0.5 h后血中放射活性达峰值；15 min后小肠、胆囊、胃、肾上腺、肾脏、心脏、子宫等放射活性较高，此后逐渐降低，但3 h后胆囊、肾上腺、子宫放射活性仍较高，肾脏、肝脏等组织则较低；24 h后粪便和尿液累积排泄率分别为65.40%和1.33%。因此，小鼠口服³H-去甲斑蝥素吸收迅速，血中分布明显高于其他组织；胆囊、肾上腺、子宫分布多且持久，肝脏分布少且消除快，肾脏则分布多，但消除也快。³H-去甲斑蝥素主要经肾脏排泄，极少量经粪便排泄。由于所测放射活性为去甲斑蝥素原形及代谢物之和，应对其体内转化过程及可能代谢产物做进一步研究。     

2-(甲氨基)乙基糖苷的高效合成

目的 通过化学合成的手段进行N-甲基乙基糖苷的高效合成。方法 以单糖为原料,首先制备苯甲酰化的三氯乙酰亚胺酯糖基供体,然后与苄氧基羰基(Cbz)保护的2-N-甲氨基乙醇进行糖苷化反应,最后依次脱除苯甲酰基和苄氧羰基保护基团,得到N-甲基乙基糖苷目标化合物。结果 基于此策略合成了葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、岩藻糖和阿拉伯糖的N-甲基乙基糖苷,6步总收率为60%~74%;结构均经_¹H NMR,_¹³C NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。结论 本文建立的合成N-甲基乙基糖苷的方法具有简单高效、立体选择性好和适用性广的特点。     

血小板活化因子受体拮抗剂——芳氨酮类化合物的合成及其抗炎活性

以取代亚苄基丙酮和二级胺盐酸盐经Mannich反应合成了一系列具有抗炎活性的芳氨酮类化合物，其结构经¹H NMR、MS、元素分析或HRMS确证。同时测定了所合成化合物对血小板活化因子(PAF)引起的大鼠胸腔多形核白细胞β-葡糖苷酸酶释放的抑制作用，初步药理实验结果表明，大部分芳氨酮类(MA)化合物对PAF引起的大鼠胸腔多形核白细胞β-葡糖苷酸酶的释放有明显的抑制作用，其中化合物MA12、MA13、MA18、MA21和MA33的抑制活性较强。提示化合物可通过抑制β-葡糖苷酸酶释放发挥抗炎作用，可能是潜在的PAF受体拮抗剂。     

UPLC-QDa测定乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖及其有关物质含量

目的 采用UPLC-QDa测定乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖的含量及其有关物质塔格糖、果糖、半乳糖、依匹乳糖、乳糖的含量。方法 采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide（2.1 mm×100 mm，1.7 μm）色谱柱，以水（含0.1%二乙胺，500 ng·mL^-1盐酸胍）和乙腈（含0.1%二乙胺，500 ng·mL^-1盐酸胍）为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速0.6 mL·min^-1，电喷雾离子化（ESI），负极性下SIR模式采集。结果 塔格糖、果糖、依匹乳糖、乳果糖的定量限分别为0.5，0.5，0.2，0.2 μg·mL^-1，乳糖和半乳糖的检测限分别为0.2，2 μg·mL^-1；塔格糖、果糖、半乳糖、依匹乳糖、乳果糖、乳糖分别在5.1~123.2，4.9~117.8，5.4~129.8，5.2~125.0，5.0~119.9和5.0~121.2 μg·mL^-1内呈良好的线性关系，r均 ≥ 0.995；平均加样回收率均为90%~107%（n=6）；方法仪器精密度良好，峰面积RSD均<2.8%（n=5）。2个不同厂家生产的乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖的含量和有关物质塔格糖、果糖、半乳糖、依匹乳糖、乳糖的含量均符合中国药典2015年版规定，并与中国药典方法结果基本一致。结论 该方法可用于乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖和有关物质含量的检测分析。     

知母中的两种新呋甾皂苷

目的研究知母根茎的化学成分。方法采用水煎提取、大孔吸附树脂SP825柱色谱、反相C₁₈柱色谱等进行分离，并通过化学手段和光谱分析(FAB-MS，¹H NMR，13C NMR，¹H-¹H COSY)鉴定其化学结构。结果从知母根茎中分离得到6种甾体皂苷，分别鉴定为：(25S)-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-22-羟基-5β-呋甾-2β，3β，26-三醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(知母皂苷N，1)，知母皂苷E_l(2)，(25S)-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-22-甲氧基-5β-呋甾-2β，3β，26-三醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(知母皂苷O，3)，知母皂苷E₂(4)，(25R)-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-22-羟基-5α-呋甾-2α，3β，26-三醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-(1→2)-［β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→3)］-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(purpureagitosid，5)，marcogenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside (6)。结论化合物1和3为新化合物，命名为知母皂苷N和知母皂苷O，化合物5为首次从知母中分离得到。     

S-9-(2,3-二羟丙基)腺嘌呤类似物的合成及其对S-腺苷-L-高半胱氨酸水解酶的抑制活性

为了寻找高效、低毒的抗病毒剂,本文通过用腺嘌呤及嘧啶碱基与3-氯-2-甲基丙烯缩合合成6个DHPA类似物的中间体5a,5b,6～8a和8b。应用OsO₄催化,在N-甲基吗琳-N-氧化物氧化下对烯键进行邻位双羟化,合成了5个DHPA类似物1～4a,b。对化合物5a,5b,6～8a,8b的¹HNMR数据进行了初步总结。对4个DHPA类似物测定了它们对S-腺苷-L-高半胱氨酸水解酶(SAH)的抑制活性,其中化合物1的IC₅₀为1.1mmol·L^-1,其余化合物均无抑制活性。     

基于斑马鱼模型的紫河车冻干粉水提物抗衰老功效研究

目的 应用斑马鱼模型评价紫河车冻干粉水提物（PHFAE）抗衰老的功效。方法 将健康产妇新鲜胎盘冷冻干燥后碾磨为粉，并使用蒸馏水进行提取，制成紫河车冻干粉水提物（PHFAE）。发育8 h （8 hpf）的AB系斑马鱼使用PHFAE（0、1、10、25 μg·mL^-1）连续作用72 h，对其体内β-半乳糖苷酶进行染色。随后将AB系与皮肤荧光转基因斑马鱼均随机分成对照组、模型组和PHFAE （1、10、25 μg·mL^-1）组，对照组给予培养水，模型组给予0.5 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂溶液制备氧化损伤模型，PHFAE组同时给予H₂O₂与不同浓度PHFAE，连续作用72 h后，测定皮肤表面荧光斑点的数量；试剂盒法检测鱼体内活性氧（ROS）含量；实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测ampk、mdm2、Cu/Zn-sod和Mn-sod的mRNA表达变化。结果 与对照组比较，1、10、25 μg·mL^-1的PHFAE组斑马鱼体内β-半乳糖苷酶的活性均显著降低（P＜0.01）；与模型组比较，1、10、25 μg·mL^-1的PHFAE显著抑制H₂O₂诱导的角质细胞的死亡（P＜0.01），明显抑制ROS的积聚，显著升高ampk、mdm2、Cu/Zn-sod和Mn-sod的mRNA表达（P＜0.01）。结论 PHFAE通过调控ampk、mdm2、Cu/Zn-sod和Mn-sod基因的表达，提高了机体的抗氧化能力，进而发挥抗衰老之功效。     

分蘖葱头中新黄酮苷的结构鉴定

目的　研究百合科植物分蘖葱头（Allium cepa L. var agrogatum Don）鳞茎的黄酮类化学成分。方法　利用Sephadex LH-20柱色谱进行分离纯化。从分蘖葱头中分离得到4个化合物,用IR,UV,MS,¹HNMR,¹³CNMR,¹H-¹H COSY,¹H-¹³C COSY和HMBC等光谱鉴定化合物。结果　经光谱鉴定化合物结构为：槲皮素3′-甲氧基-4′-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(I)、山奈酚(II)、槲皮素4′-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(III)和槲皮素3,4′-二-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(IV)。结论　化合物I为新的黄酮苷类化合物,命名为分蘖葱头苷甲（Alliumoside A）; II,III和IV为首次从该植物中分得。     

Evaluation of isoindole derivatives: Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity in the HT-29 colon cancer cells

Norcantharimides have an isoindole skeleton structure, and some isoindoline derivatives have positive effects on inflammatory pathologies, including cancers. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of four synthesized isoindoline derivatives (NCTD1–4). HT-29 cells exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 200 µM doses of each derivative were incubated for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the new derivatives was analyzed using the cell growth inhibition assay and the cell membrane damage test. In vitro antioxidant activity studies showed that the derivatives have free radical-scavenging effects in a dose-dependent manner. NCTD3 and NCTD4 apparently have antioxidant effects when compared with the control group treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, NCTD4 inhibited the growth of the HT-29 cells due to membrane damage and exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on colon adenocarcinoma cells. The findings suggest that NDTD4 has the highest potential for colon cancer treatment and may be interpreted as a candidate anticancer agent.     

Norcantharidin induce apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma through caspase and mitochondrial pathway

While Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is uncommon in western countries, it is endemic in Southeast Asia and Southern China. Previous study of norcantharidin (NCTD), isolated from blister beetles, has proved its anticancer effect on various tumors. However, the effect of NCTD in NPC has never been studied. The purpose of this study is to inspect the suppression activity of NCTD on NPC, along with the underlying mechanism. NPC cell line NPC‐BM was treated with NCTD. NCTD remarkably inhibited proliferation and induce apoptosis in NPC‐BM cell. Activation of caspase‐3, −8, −9 was observed through western blotting. The expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐XL was significantly reduced, but expression of proapoptotic protein Bak was increased after treatment of NCTD. The cytotoxic effect of NCTD on NPC‐BM cell is mainly due to apoptosis, mediated by caspase and mitochondrial pathway. These results suggested that NCTD could be a potential anticancer agent for NPC.     

Norcantharidin-associated galactosylated chitosan nanoparticles for hepatocyte-targeted delivery

In this study a new chitosan (CS) derivative, galactosylated chitosan (GC), was synthesized and used to prepare norcantharidin-associated GC nanoparticles (NCTD-GC NPs) by taking advantage of the ionic cross-linkage between the molecules of the anti-hepatocarcinoma medicine NCTD and of the GC as carrier. NCTD-GC NPs were obtained with average particle size of 118.68 ± 3.37 nm, entrapment efficiency of 57.92 ± 0.40%, and drug-loading amount of 10.38 ± 0.06%. Several important factors influencing the entrapment efficiency, drug-loading amount, and particle size of NCTD-GC NPs were studied. The characteristics of sustained and pH-sensitive release of NCTD from NCTD-GC NPs in vitro were studied. In addition, in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of nanoparticles to hepatoma cell lines SMMC-7721 and HepG2 were also investigated. In vitro, and compared to CS-based NCTD-CS NPs, NCTD-GC NPs demonstrated satisfactory compatibility with hepatoma cells and strong cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In vivo antitumor activity of NCTD-GC NPs was evaluated in mice bearing H22 liver tumors. NCTD-GC NPs displayed tumor inhibition effect in mice, better than either the free NCTD or the NCTD-CS NPs. As a hepatocyte-targeting carrier, GC NPs are potentially promising for clinical applications.From the Clinical EditorIn this paper, a galactosylated chitosan (GC), was synthesized and norcantharidin (NCTD)-associated galactosylated chitosan nanoparticles (NCTDGC NPs) were generated by coupling NCTD - an anti-hepatocarcinoma drug - and GC as carrier. Compared to chitosan nanoparticles, NCTD-GC-NPs demonstrated satisfactory compatibility with hepatoma cells and strong cytotoxicity against the cells.     

Synthesis,Biological Evaluation,and Docking of Dihydropyrazole Sulfonamide Containing 2‐hydroxyphenyl Moiety: A Series of Novel MMP‐2 Inhibitors

In this study, we synthesized a series of dihydropyrazole sulfonamide derivatives containing 2‐hydroxyphenyl moiety as antitumor agents to target the matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2). All of the synthesized compounds were examined by bioactivity assays, in which compound 4c turned out as a potential antagonist of MMP‐2 along with potent anticancer activity against four tumor cell lines. Structure–activity relationship analysis was also performed to examine how structural changes impacted the bioactivity. Suggested to be caused by the induction of apoptosis, the antitumor mechanism of 4c was further confirmed by PI combining with annexin V‐FITC staining assay using flow cytometry analysis. These new findings along with molecular docking observations suggested that compound 4c could be developed as a potential anticancer agent.     

Anticancer activity and mechanisms of norcantharidin-Nd3II on hepatoma

Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated form of cantharidin, is currently used as an anticancer drug in China, but five newly synthesized derivatives have not been tested for antitumor efficacy. In this study, we investigated the in-vitro and in-vivo activity of five derivatives on Bel-7402, HeLa and PC-3M1E8 cell lines on a sulfarhodamine B assay. All of the derivatives showed significant antiproliferative activity, hence we elected to study further one of them, NCTD-Nd3II, in an in-vivo mouse model, and to examine its effects on cell cycle and protein expression. NCTD-Nd3II inhibited H22 tumors in mice in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity. Flow cytometry results showed that apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest contributed to the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of NCTD-Nd3II. Further studies showed that Bax and p21 protein expression was upregulated, whereas cyclin B1, Cdc-2 and Bcl-2 protein expression was downregulated. Our findings show that NCTD-Nd3II might be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for hepatomas.     

沙利度胺衍生物的设计合成及其抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成1，3-二氢-1，3-二氧代．2H-异吲哚-N-取代沙利度胺衍生物。并对其进行体外抗肿瘤活性测试。方法以2．氨基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖盐酸盐为原料，经过6步反应得到化合物N-（3’，4’，6＇-三乙酰-1’-溴代吡喃葡萄糖）-1,3-二氢-1，3-二氧代-2H-异吲哚，该化合物经过溴代、取代反应得到目标化合物。通过对4T1细胞存活率的测试测定20个目标化合物体外抗肿瘤活性。结果设计合成的20个目标化合物均未见文献报道。所有化合物均经过1H-NMR谱确证，部分化合物经IR、MS谱确证。结论所有目标化合物对4T1细胞均具有-定的抑制生长作用。表明所合成的沙利度胺衍生物均有-定的抗肿瘤活性。     

鬼臼毒素衍生物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性

目的 获得更高活性且具有抗多药耐药活性的抗肿瘤新化合物。方法 将4β-氨基-4-脱氧鬼臼毒素与醇类化合物以丁二酸为桥连接合成了7个鬼臼毒素衍生物,其结构经1H-NMR、TOF-MS证实。用K562和K562/AO2细胞经MTT法筛选了这些衍生物的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果 7个化合物均为新化合物,其中5b、5d的抗肿瘤活性显著高于VP-16, 并且5b、5c、5d、5e的抗多药耐药活性显著高于VP-16。结论 这些鬼臼毒素衍生物可提高抗肿瘤活性。     

Norcantharidin induces anoikis through Jun-N-terminal kinase activation in CT26 colorectal cancer cells

Norcantharidin (NCTD), a chemically modified form of cantharidin, is a potential anticancer drug. This study investigated the effect of NCTD on anoikis in CT26 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. NCTD treatment of CT26 cells showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in viability and cell proliferation. Growth inhibition was accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases. Mitogen-activated protein kinase expression, assayed by Western blot, was unchanged except for Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). At 24 h of treatment with 0-20 micromol/l NCTD, JNK expression increased at 24 h, but then decreased at 48 h; in contrast, the phosphorylated JNK levels markedly increased. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) in the culture effectively blocked NCTD-induced cytotoxicity and detachment of cells. CT26 cells treated with NCTD not only displayed inhibited cell adhesion and down-expression of integrin beta1, but also changed from being shuttle-shaped to round, the latter cells being more susceptible to anoikis-mediated apoptosis. Flow cytometric assay of the DNA content in NCTD-treated CT26 cells at 24 and 48 h showed a marked increase in the sub-G1 level, indicating that NCTD induced apoptosis. NCTD inhibited the viability of CT26 cancer cells preferentially over normal bone marrow and mononuclear cells. NCTD inhibits CT26 cancer cells by blocking proliferation and inducing anoikis-mediated apoptosis, a process that might be regulated by JNK activation.     

Primary in vitro and in vivo evaluation of norcantharidin-chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) for cancer treatment

Abstract

Two novel polymer–drug conjugates norcantharidin-poly(vinyl alcohol) and norcantharidin-chitosan (NCTD-PVA and NCTD-CS) were synthesized via alcoholysis reaction and characterized by ¹H-NMR and FTIR. NCTD was released from the conjugates via hydrolysis, faster in PBS (pH 5.0) than that in PBS (pH 7.4). NCTD-PVA and NCTD-CS inhibited human esophageal carcinoma ECA-109 cell and murine breast cancer EMT6 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ values of NCTD, NCTD-PVA and NCTD-CS on ECA-109 cell at 48?h were 9.4?±?0.9, 55.3?±?3.0 and 168.8?±?8.9?μg/ml, respectively, and the IC₅₀ values of the three compounds on EMT6 cell were 3.1?±?0.3, 30.5?±?5.4 and 90.7?±?8.1?μg/ml, respectively. The two conjugates both induced esophageal carcinoma ECA-109 cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at the S phase. Caspase-8 and caspase-3 were activated in the ECA-109 cell after incubating with NCTD-PVA or NCTD-CS. The primary in vivo antitumor activity was assessed in the EMT6 tumor-bearing mouse model. NCTD-PVA and NCTD-CS displayed higher tumor inhibition rates than that of free NCTD.     

Anticancer Properties of Novel 4‐methylene‐1,2‐diphenylpyrazolidin‐3‐ones

The limited success of the currently used antitumor therapies is the driving force for organic chemists to seek new lead structures with anticancer potential. Two α‐methylene‐γ‐lactams with an additional nitrogen atom in the lactam ring, 5‐vinyl‐1,2‐diphenyl‐4‐methylenepyrazolidin‐3‐one ( 2a ) and 5‐phenyl‐1,2‐diphenyl‐4‐methylenepyrazolidin‐3‐one ( 2b ) have been synthesized. Their anticancer activity was assessed in MCF‐7 cells. Both compounds inhibited cell proliferation and induced DNA damage and apoptosis, with 2a being the more potent analog. Synergistic effects of 2a used in combination with known anticancer drugs, 5‐fluorouracil, taxol, and oxaliplatin were evaluated. Compound 2a significantly enhanced the antitumor action of oxaliplatin and 5‐fluorouracil, but not taxol.