Unusual pattern of inferior vena cava thrombosis after veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a report of two cases

We report two cases of inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis after the retrieval of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulas. In both patients, the venous cannula tips were placed in the upper half of the right atrium, enabling adequate blood drainage. During support, uneventful periods of IVC collapse were detected. After decannulation, thrombotic formations resembling a mold of the venous cannula were detected in both patients. Whether the IVC collapse caused IVC thrombosis during VA-ECMO support remains to be determined in further trials.

In the recent decade, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has gained extensive acceptance in critical care. The method is still burdened by a substantial number of complications. Thrombosis of the veins distal to the ECMO cannula implantation site is a well known complication. However, studies suggest that inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in this setting is underestimated (1). We report two cases of an unusual pattern of IVC thrombosis.     

下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺动脉栓塞的生物相容性和安全性

背景：下腔静脉滤器应用于临床可预防肺动脉栓塞。 目的：探讨下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞的生物相容性、安全性和手术适应证,以及相关并发症出现的原因与预防措施。 方法：回顾性分析桂林市人民医院2001/2011经颈内静脉或股总静脉置入下腔静脉滤器治疗的下肢深静脉血栓96例患者临床资料。 结果与结论：96例中55例置入永久性滤器,23例置入可回收滤器,18例置入临时性滤器。置入后随访8个月~7年,有症状的肺栓塞发生者1例,滤器倾斜2例,轻微宿主反应2例,均未对治疗有太大影响。表明下腔静脉滤器置入可以有效预防致命性肺栓塞,具有良好的生物相容性和安全性。     

腔静脉滤器置入对预防肺动脉栓塞的临床意义

目的探讨腔静脉滤器植入术对预防下肢深静脉血栓患者发生肺动脉栓塞的临床意义。方法回顾180例各种原因导致，经超声检查证实的下肢深静脉血栓形成患者，其中58例已发生肺动脉栓塞，男性128例，女性52例，平均年龄65岁，均接受腔静脉滤器植入术。结果本组病例下腔静脉滤器置入术全部成功，滤器全部置入在肾静脉水平下方1～3cm的下腔静脉之内，无穿刺部位血肿及局部血栓形成，149（83％）例随诊1、6、12个月，55例（30％）随访超过36个月，均末见有滤器漂移、变形、下腔静脉穿孔等并发症。所有病例未出现致死性肺动脉栓塞；腔静脉通畅率超过95％。结论腔静脉滤器目前是治疗和预防下肢深静脉血栓、肺动脉栓塞的安全有效的方法。     

Congenital absence of inferior vena cava as a rare cause of pulmonary thromboembolism

Interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with azygos continuation is an uncommon vascular anomaly that results from aberrant development during embryogenesis. We report a rare case of this anomaly, presenting with massive pulmonary embolism. Subsequent evaluation with abdominal CT scan revealed the congenital absence of retrohepatic IVC. The patient was successfully treated with anticoagulation. When deep venous thrombosis (DVT) develops in patients with no apparent risk factors, the presence of congenital IVC anomalies should be considered.     

腔静脉滤器置入联合胫后静脉置管溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨腔静脉滤器置入联合胫后静脉途径置管直接溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床应用价值。方法：18例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,先行患肢血管造影明确诊断后,在下腔静脉滤器置入的基础上采用胫后静脉置管微泵持续推注尿激酶直接溶栓治疗,对其中髂静脉狭窄5例和闭塞1例患者在拔除溶栓导管后实施髂静脉球囊扩张成形术。结果：18例患者置管溶栓治疗后症状均得到明显改善,1例术前合并肺动脉栓塞者症状消失。溶栓后的健、患侧大腿周径差及小腿周径差比治疗前明显减小,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。治疗期间,无一例围手术期死亡,无肺动脉栓塞发生,无置管处渗血或血肿形成、神经损伤等置管相关并发症发生。术后17例获随访,随访时间1～12个月,平均5个月。15例肢体肿胀基本消退、肌张力减低、恢复正常劳动力;2例活动后肢体出现轻微肿胀伴沉重感,能进行正常家务劳动;17例均未出现患肢浅静脉曲张及静脉营养性障碍。结论：腔静脉滤器置入联合胫后静脉置管直接溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成具有疗效好、创伤小、安全性高、适应证宽,便于护理等优点,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

A new self-convertible inferior vena cava filter: In vivo experimental evaluation北大核心

BACKGROUND: An inferior vena cava filter is an effective tool to prevent fatal pulmonary embolism. The existing filters have some shortcomings that limit their clinical application. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and capture efficiency of a new self-convertible inferior vena cava filter (SCF) in vivo. METHODS: L-lactide and e-caprolactone were fused and polymerized to act as a degradable deformable switch of the filter. Medical stainless steel wire as the metal structure of the filter was combined with the degradable deformable switch to make the SCF. Eight SCFs were implanted into the inferior vena cava of eight adult Beagle dogs. The inferior vena cava angiography was performed to evaluate the release process, morphology and location of the filter. Venous angiography was performed 2 weeks later to evaluate the morphology and location of the filter and inferior vena cava patency. Detection of pulmonary embolism or other complications was performed at autopsy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Eight SCFs were successfully implanted and positioned accurately with no tilt, and they were converted successfully at 2 weeks after the implantation, as assessed by the venous angiography. One of the eight SCFs migrated to the orifice of the right atrium, and caused asymptomatic inferior vena cava obstruction. The remaining SCFs were normally positioned with no tilt and local lesion or obstruction after deformation. No marked filling defect in the trunk of the pulmonary artery was shown by the pulmonary artery angiography. The autopsy report revealed that the filter arm had been endothelialized, and the inferior vena cava that was in contact with the filter arm had no obvious stenosis. Mild intimal hyperplasia, less than 1 mm in thickness, was found in the bottom of the filter arm, but it did not cause a stenosis in the lumen. No vena cava perforation, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, and injury of the surrounding viscera were found. Overall, the design of the SCF is feasible. © 2018, Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞

背景：下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞是有效的,也为手术取栓提供了安全保障。 目的：探讨下腔静脉滤器临床应用的研究进展。 方法：由第一作者检索1985/2010 FMJS数据库及万方数据库有关下腔静脉滤器材料学的发展,置入的适应证、禁忌证,置入技术,并发症及置入后抗凝问题方面的文献。 结果与结论：下腔静脉滤器材料学发展迅速,其置入技术显著提高,但对其临床应用指针还没有统一的认识。对于置入后抗凝问题认识也存在差异,而滤网位置偏移、游走、成角及腔静脉穿孔和对周围脏器的损伤报道随着下腔静脉滤器应用的增多而相应增多。下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞的临床疗效是值得肯定的,但应该高度重视置入后的并发症及其严重性,相信随着下腔静脉滤器材料学的进一步发展及生物相容性的提高,其临床应用前景会越来越广阔。关键词：下腔静脉滤器;深静脉血栓;肺栓塞;置入;综述文献 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.16.033     

永久性下腔静脉滤器（TrapEase）在下肢深静脉血栓综合治疗中的临床意义

目的探讨永久性下腔静脉滤器在综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成中的应用价值。方法选取笔者所在医院2003年11月．2008年9月明确诊断下肢深静脉血栓患者76例,其中男性54例,女性22例,年龄28～78岁,平均年龄54．26岁。深静脉血栓位于左下肢45例,右下肢23例,双下肢8例。所有患者均在放置下腔静脉滤器后,留置导管进行溶栓抗凝治疗。结果所有患者均一次性放置滤器成功,除6例患者出现皮下血肿外无其他并发症出现。76例患者治愈51例（67．11％）,显效18例（23．68％）,共69例患者溶栓治疗效果满意（90．79％）。随访1—18个月,无一例出现滤器移位或肺栓塞。有13例患者下肢静脉血栓复发,复发时间2～12个月,平均7．2个月。结论下腔静脉滤器置入后置管溶栓是治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的一种安全有效的方法,可以有效降低下肢深静脉血栓形成所致肺栓塞的发生。     

Vena cava filters and treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients

Despite numerous publications, there is still only one randomised clinical trial with vena cava filter in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). This study has shown a potential and early benefit on the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) (the first three months) but a late negative effect on the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) recurrences (beyond the sixth month) especially on the risk of filter thrombosis. Consequently, the international recommendations are against a systematic use of vena cava filter to treat VTE (grade 1A) and they suggest to use them in case of a recurrence despite adequate treatment or in case of a contra-indication to anticoagulants (grade 2C). But these two conditions are frequent with VTE associated with cancer since, the risk of VTE recurrences is about 5 to 10% despite prolonged low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) treatment and the major bleeding risk is also about 5 to 10% in this case.These VTE recurrences are frequently early (first month of treatment) and contra-indications to anticoagulants due to major bleeding are mostly temporary. In this way, retrievable vena cava filters (possible retrieval until six months after placement) could be useful in order, to prevent recurrences during the thromboembolic risk period without any prolonged increasing risk of vena cava thrombosis. However, vena cava filters could be associated with some complications (tilt, migration sepsis...). So without any strong validation, they have still to be considered as a therapeutic strategy needing to be evaluated especially in cancer patient.     

A review of venous collaterals in inferior vena cava obstruction

The purpose of this study was to review venous collateralization resulting from inferior vena cava obstruction. The elements responsible for the extent and distribution of venous collaterals in inferior vena cava obstruction and whether or not the obstructive lesion involves tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Common etiologies of inferior vena cava obstruction include extensions of iliofemoral vein thrombi, thrombosis from intraluminal tumors or following trauma, and external compression. The anatomy of the venous collateral systems may be divided into deep and superficial networks, each of which is composed of systems of primary or secondary clinical significance, as defined by the degree of restoration of adequate venous return and the extent of visceral venous decompression. The most common obstructions of the inferior vena cava involve the lower third of the vessel. The azygos-hemiazygos and vertebral venous plexus systems play the most significant roles, while the superficial systems are less prominently involved. In upper level inferior vena cava obstruction, reestablishment of venous circulation is less developed, which usually leads to a poorer clinical outcome. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula for embolizing deep venous thrombosis: an alternative therapy for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism

Summary Thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula was performed between 1977 and 1988 in 103 patients (41 females, 62 males, mean age 46.7 years, 114 involved extremities) with embolizing deepvein thrombosis (DVT). The sole aim of the surgical procedure was prevention of recurrent embolization. On the basis of the proximal extent of the thrombosis the source of embolization was identified as the iliac veins or inferior vena cava in 63% of the patients; 48% presented with a postphlebitic vein and/or an older thrombosis, and 46% had already had recurrent pulmonary emboli. Unsuccessful aggressive procedures had been carried out previously in 11%. The rate of intraoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) was 3 % (one fatal case). The perioperative mortality was 6.8%, but only one death was related to the surgical treatment itself. During follow-up (8–140 months postoperatively, mean 55±34 months) late recurrent PE was confirmed in two patients (antithrombin III deficiency, contralateral DVT) and was reported as the suspected cause of death in a third (3.6%). Venous thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula is a reliable and effective procedure for management of embolizing DVT and is indicated especially in young patients. The rates of early- and late-recurrent PE are low, introduction of artificial material into the vein can be avoided, and long-term preservation of valve function is occasionally possible.Abbreviations DVT deep venous thrombosis - PE pulmonary embolism     

核素静脉和淋巴显像在下肢浮患者中的应用

目的：探讨核素静脉和淋巴显像在下肢浮肿患者诊治中的价值。方法：对190例下肢浮肿患者和49例正常对照者行^99Tc^m-大颗粒聚合白蛋白（MAA）或（和）^99Tc^m-右旋糖酐（DX）双下肢静脉或（和）淋巴显像，其中35例行肺部多体位静态显像。结果：190例下肢浮肿患者中：下腔静脉栓塞4例（2．1％）；下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）146例（76．8％），血栓性静脉炎为20例（10．5％）；浅静脉曲张7例（3．7％），共177例中同时肺部显像异常35例（19．8％），最后确诊肺栓塞29例（16．4％）；13例（6．8％）浮肿患者下肢静脉显像正常或基本正常，双下肢－腹腔淋巴显像均见淋巴回流障碍。正常对照组49例患者下肢静脉和淋巴显像均正常。结论：核素静脉显像对下肢浮肿患者病变的定位和定性诊断有很高的临床实用价值，对肺栓塞的早期诊断有一定价值。对静脉显像正常的浮肿患者，应常规加做下肢－腹腔淋巴显像。     

间歇气囊压迫在治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓中的疗效观察

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器植入后间歇气囊压迫治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的可行性和疗效。方法选择60例下肢深静脉血栓经下腔静脉滤器植入的患者。按随机原则分为实验组和对照组,实验组在对照组基础上加间歇气囊压迫治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后患肢周径,血栓复发率。结果经治疗后实验组患者大小腿周径缩小,与治疗前和对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。实验组患者血流变指标,低于治疗前和对照组（P〈0．05）。在随访6～12个月,患者无血栓后遗症,下肢肿胀感消失。结论下腔静脉滤器植入后联合间歇气囊压迫治疗对于急性下肢深脉血栓治疗效果显著。     

Use of a new venous cannula for minimally invasive cardiac surgery

Interest in minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) for cardiac disease continues to increase, because it causes less surgical trauma and produces a better cosmetic appearance. We introduced the transxiphoid approach without sternotomy for correction of congenital heart defects. To improve exposure of the cardiac lesion during MICS, we developed a new venous cannula that is made of wire reinforced silicone, with an inflatable balloon attached at the tip. The advantages of this cannula are its extreme flexibility and that a tape does not need to be placed around the vena cava. During a period of 12 months, eight children underwent closure of atrial septal defects. The approach consisted of a 4 to 5 cm low midline incision with division of the xiphoid only. The new venous cannula was used as the superior vena cava cannula, all the patients survived the operation. This new venous cannula provided better exposure during cardiac surgery through a limited incision and is beneficial for minimally invasive cardiac surgery.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成药物治疗150例疗效分析

目的探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成药物治疗的方法、疗效。方法回顾分析2005年5月至2010年7月对150例LDVT患者药物治疗资料，发病时间1d～1个月，均为单肢发病，周围型60例，髂股型85例，混合型5例，全部病例经下肢血管彩超及静脉造影检查证实。治疗期间均未置放下腔静脉滤器，予抗凝、溶栓等治疗，时间10～14d。结果130例患者治疗期间患者水肿完全消退，2周后复查Doppler超声基本全程通畅；20例患者患肢轻度肿胀，Doppler超声复查存在髂股静脉短段闭塞，给予华法林维持治疗及弹力袜保护治疗6个月至1年。所有病例均获随访12-18个月，患肢肿胀明显消退，均无肺栓塞并发症。结论下肢深静脉血栓形成药物治疗安全、效果肯定。     

Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A study of 5039 autopsies

The frequency and the localisation pattern of venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism detected postmortem was studied by reviewing 5039 autopsy records from 1975 through 1980 and from 1987/88 of two university hospitals. The autopsy procedure was identical in both study periods. Thrombosis was documented overall in 34.2% with a slight increase from the first to the second series. Taking in account the cases of pulmonary embolism without detected source, the thrombosis rate was 42.6%. The rate of cases with thrombi in the vena cava superior system almost doubled (1975: 9.2%, 1987/88: 17.0%; p less than 0.05). Regarding the list of thrombus localisations the right internal jugular vein (16.9%) was second only to the left femoral vein (17.8%) in 1987/88. Pulmonary emboli were seen in 1500 of 5039 autopsies (29.8%); in 59.4% the source was found in the lower venous tree, in 12.6% in the upper venous tree. In 28.0% no source could be detected. In these cases we supposed a complete detachment of thrombi from the lower venous tree to be the most likely reason. In 628 of the 1500 cases (42.5%) pulmonary embolism was classified as fatal. Both rates, for total pulmonary embolism and for fatal thrombembolism showed a small, but significant decrease during the study period. In 8.3% (52/628) the source of fatal pulmonary emboli was situated in the upper venous tree including the right heart. This means that 10.2% (52/512) of all cases with isolated thrombosis in the vena cava superior system were associated with fatal pulmonary embolism. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are still frequent findings at autopsy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

HUGHES-STOVIN SYNDROME

A 37-year-old female with multiple pulmonary aneurysms, thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava and mural thrombosis in the right heart was reported. Arterial blood culture repeatedly examined had been negative. The patient died of massive hemoptysis. This case was equivalent to Hughes-Stovin syndrome and was the first female case of typical Hughes-Stovin syndrome.
Review of the literature revealed 9 typical cases of this syndrome and 5 atypical cases who had solitary intrapulmonary aneurysm. It was obscure whether the typical cases were essentially different from the atypical ones or not, but the cases with solitary pulmonary aneurysm might proceed to the cases with multiple ones, as shown in this case.
Pathogenesis of the syndrome has been controversial. In the present case, development of pulmonary aneurysms seemed to be closely related to thromboembolization derived from venous thrombosis due to artificial abortion.     

置管溶栓联合球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓

目的:探讨置管溶栓联合分期球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓的临床应用.方法:全组15例,均经彩色多普勒超声证实为布加综合征合并下腔静脉血栓,同时行CT检查7例,造影检查8例.先经股静脉入路置入溶栓导管于下腔静脉内,抗凝和溶栓治疗7～10 d,然后行病变段开通和分期球囊扩张治疗.结果:15例血栓基本消失或明显缩小,其中2例一期球囊扩张成功,13例行分期球囊扩张治疗.术后15例随访6～24个月,平均13.1个月.13例症状和体征完全消失,2例明显改善,无肺栓塞、血管撕裂、心包填塞等并发症发生.结论:置管溶栓联合分期球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓安全有效,具有临床可行性.     

下腔静脉滤器回收后血管形态改变的CT静脉造影研究

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器回收后肾下段下腔静脉CT静脉造影(CTV)血管壁形态的改变,并分析相关影响因素。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2015年1月-2018年2月在北京积水潭医院血管外科下腔静脉滤器回收后规范抗凝治疗70例患者的下腔静脉CTV图像为滤器组,男34例、女36例,年龄17~79(48.11±13.86)岁;在北京积水潭医院下腔静脉CTV数据库中随机抽取40例非血栓性疾病患者为对照组,男23例、女17例,年龄18~70(46.70±12.16)岁。在下腔静脉CTV图像上测量并比较两组下腔静脉最小直径和肾静脉开口下方1 cm平面参考直径的差异;观察滤器组肾下段下腔静脉壁有无增厚,应用logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果 两组患者的性别、年龄差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。滤器组和对照组下腔静脉参考直径分别为(16.0±2.6)、(20.2±2.4) mm,最小直径分别为(13.0±3.6)、(19.3±2.3)mm,差异均有统计学意义(t=8.267、10.032,P值均＜0.01)。滤器组35.7%(25/70)的患者血管壁局限性或环状增厚,下腔静脉最小直径为(10.3±3.6)mm; 64.3%(45/70)患者没有血管壁增厚,下腔静脉最小直径为(14.5±2.5)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=5.330, P＜0.01)。血管壁增厚患者与无增厚患者的下腔静脉血栓形成、下腔静脉参考直径差异均有统计学意义(χ²=6.459, t=3.794, P值均＜0.05);logistic多因素分析显示,下腔静脉血栓形成和下腔静脉参考直径是下腔静脉壁增厚的独立影响因素(OR=5.410、1.500,P值均＜0.01)。结论 滤器回收后下腔静脉会出现不同程度的狭窄和血管壁增厚,下腔静脉血栓形成和较小的下腔静脉参考直径明显增加下腔静脉壁增厚的风险。     

Diagnosis and treatment of inferior vena cava thrombosis

A total of 572 patients with acute thrombosis in deep veins of the inferior vena cava system were treated in the Department of Vascular Surgery. X-ray contrast retrograde iliocavography (XICG) revealed 96.5 % cases of iliocaval segment thrombosis. Signs of thromboembolism in pulmonary artery branches (TELA) were detected by angiopulmonography (APG) in 92.3% cases. Thrombectomy was undertaken in 62 (39.7%) of the patients, venous clipping or placation without thrombectomy were performed in 94 (60.3%) ones. All operated patients experienced regress of clinical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis in the absence of TELA and were discharged in good clinical condition. It is concluded that surgical techniques for the prevention of TELA should be chosen on an individual basis taking account of thrombus character and location detected by central duplex scanning, XICG and APG.