Orientation changes in the cruciate ligaments of the knee during skeletal growth: A porcine model

Musculoskeletal injuries in pediatric patients are on the rise, including significant increases in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Previous studies have found major anatomical changes during skeletal growth in the soft tissues of the knee. Specifically, the ACL and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) change in their relative orientation to the tibial plateau throughout growth. In order to develop age‐specific treatments for ACL injuries, the purpose of this study was to characterize orientation changes in the cruciate ligaments of the Yorkshire pig, a common pre‐clinical model, during skeletal growth in order to verify the applicability of this model for pediatric musculoskeletal studies. Hind limbs were isolated from female Yorkshire pigs ranging in age from newborn to late adolescence and were then imaged using high field strength magnetic resonance imaging. Orientation changes were quantified from the magnetic resonance images using image segmentation software. Statistically significant increases were found in the coronal and sagittal angles of the ACL relative to the tibial plateau during pre‐adolescent growth. Additional changes were observed in the PCL angle, Blumensaat angle, intercondylar roof angle, and the aspect ratio of the intercondylar notch. Only the sagittal angle of the ACL relative to the tibial plateau experienced statistically significant changes through late adolescence. The age‐dependent properties of the ACL and PCL in the female pig mirrored results found in female human patients, suggesting that the porcine model may provide a pre‐clinical platform to study the cruciate ligaments during skeletal growth. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2725–2732, 2017.

     

Radiological Evaluation of Femoral Intercondylar Notch and Tibial Intercondylar Eminence Morphometries in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Pathologies Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PurposeTo determine the relationship between femoral–tibial morphometries and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) pathologies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 455 patients (211 females and 244 males) who underwent knee MRI with suspected ACL pathology. Imaging findings were classified as normal ACL (n = 119), degeneration of the ACL (n = 116), partial ACL tear (n = 103), and complete ACL tear (n = 117). In all groups, the femoral intercondylar notch width (INW), intercondylar distance (CD), notch width index (NWI), and intercondylar notch angle (INA), the angles between the tibial plateau and tibial spines (MPA and LPA), intercondylar eminence peak angle (IEA), and tibial slope angles (MSA and LSA) were measured. ResultsFemoral INW and NWI were significantly lower in patients with ACL pathology (p < 0.05). They were also lower in patients with tear compared to degeneration. The INA was significantly smaller in patients with ACL pathology (p < 0.001) and the significance continued in both genders. The LSA was only increased in patients with complete tear (p < 0.01) and the difference seems existing in both genders. It was also found that the LPA and IEA demonstrated significant increases in patients with ACL pathology (p < 0.01 and < 0.05, respectively) and the significance in LPA continued in both genders. Significant differences between males and females were found for the INW and CD in all 4 groups (p < 0.001). In addition, the INA, LPA and LSA were independent predictors in determining the risk of ACL pathology.ConclusionThe ACL pathologies are associated with femoral–tibial morphometries and these associations exist in both genders.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-021-00490-7.     

Editorial Commentary: Osseous Anatomy of the Knee in Female Patients is a Significant Risk Factor for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Failure

Risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is greater in female than in male patients for a myriad of reasons, with osseous anatomy about the knee proving to be one significant risk factor for ACL injury and/or ACL graft failure. While femoral intercondylar notch size/shape and posterior tibial slope have been well-examined in this regard for their contribution to potential ACL injury, morphology of the lateral femoral condyle is a newer entity that may be linked to risk for ACL injury. Smaller/stenotic femoral intercondylar notches, increased posterior tibial slope of the lateral tibial plateau, and increased posterior condylar depth of the lateral femoral condyle have all been shown to increase risk for ACL injury and/or ACL graft failure. Such associations provide knee surgeons with food for thought when considering procedures such as notchplasty, staged anterior closing wedge high tibial osteotomy, and anterolateral ligament reconstruction/augmentation at the time of primary or revision ACL reconstruction. Further investigation into the links between pre-operative imaging parameters and outcomes following such concomitant procedures is required in order for any significant conclusions to be drawn.     

前交叉韧带损伤与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性分析

目的探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性。方法纳入我院2010年10月至2017年10月行膝关节MRI的门诊或住院病人581例,年龄为(45.72±11.38)岁(20~79岁);男362例,女219例。分析所有病人的膝关节MRI影像学资料,记录病人ACL损伤程度(轻度损伤/断裂/撕脱骨折)、胫骨平台后侧骨损伤程度(骨挫伤/骨折),以及股骨损伤、半月板和侧副韧带损伤情况,并分析其致伤原因。采用Spearman秩相关分析病人ACL损伤与胫骨平台骨损伤之间的关系,并分析可能的损伤机制。结果581例病人中,ACL轻度损伤440例(75.73%),ACL断裂122例(21.00%),ACL撕脱骨折19例(3.27%)。202例出现胫骨平台后侧骨挫伤,47例出现胫骨平台后侧骨折;152例(61.04%)发生在外侧平台,59例(23.69%)发生在内侧平台,38例(15.26%)发生在双侧平台。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示ACL损伤程度与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤程度呈正相关(r=0.344,P<0.0001)。结论随着ACL损伤程度增加,胫骨平台后侧骨损伤越重,且以胫骨平台后外侧骨损伤为主。     

膝骨关节炎胫骨髁间棘增生与前交叉韧带信号异常的相关性研究

目的：探讨膝骨关节炎患者胫骨髁间棘的增生是否会引起前交叉韧带损伤。方法：自2009年2月至2012年10月中国中医科学院广安门医院骨科收集58例（70膝）无外伤史的膝骨关节炎病例,均行膝关节MRI检查,并对符合纳入标准的病例在冠状位上测量内外侧髁间棘的高度、矢状位上测量前交叉韧带异常信号的面积,分析髁间棘的高度与前交叉韧带的异常信号面积是否存在相关性。结果：58例（70膝）中5膝有膝关节内游离体,其余65膝均符合纳入标准。其中男10例,女48例,平均年龄61岁（39～79岁）。内侧髁间棘高度（10．02±1．46）mm,外侧髁间棘高度（8．92±1．69）mm,前交叉韧带异常信号范围（318．42＋130．10）mm。。内侧髁间棘高度与前交叉韧带异常信号的面积存在相关性（P=0．00）,相关系数为0．60,二者呈正相关;外侧髁间棘高度与前交叉韧带异常信号的面积无相关性（P=0．10）。结论：内侧髁间棘高度与前交叉韧带的异常信号面积呈正相关,交叉韧带异常信号的临床意义需进一步研究．     

胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治分析

目的 :探讨膝关节损伤中胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治。方法 :自2011年1月至2015年12月运用关节镜技术微创治疗关节内损伤结合双锚钉内固定胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折29例,男17例,女12例;年龄27~62岁,平均41岁。20例合并前交叉韧带断裂(包含前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折),3例合并后交叉韧带断裂,1例同时合并前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带断裂,3例合并侧副韧带撕裂,2例合并胫骨平台骨折(内侧平台骨折和外侧平台骨折各1例)。术前均行X线、CT及MRI检查明确诊断,在受伤后5~14 d进行手术,平均7 d。采用Lysholm膝关节评分对膝关节术前、术后功能进行评价。结果:手术时间40~125 min,平均85 min;出血量10~30 ml,平均15 ml。术后所有患者获随访,时间12~18个月,平均14个月。Lysholm膝关节评分由术前的52.0±4.2明显提高至术后1年的91.9±1.4(t=-49.24,P0.05)。抽屉试验、Lachman试验及侧方应力试验均阴性,骨折均骨性愈合。结论 :胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折提示合并有膝关节静力稳定结构(关节韧带、关节囊、半月板等)的损伤,甚至关节内骨折。常规要行CT和MRI检查,建议行关节镜探查,防止漏诊,以使患者能得到及时、全面的治疗,为膝关节功能最大限度恢复创造有利条件。     

Comparison of anatomical risk factors for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury using magnetic resonance imaging

PurposeTo compare the significance of the tibio-femoral geometrical indices (notch width index, medial and lateral tibial slopes) and patellar tendon- tibial shaft angle in predicting non-contact ACL injuries and to compare these factors between genders.MethodsRetrospective case control study evaluating 66 MRI knee of patients of age group of 18–60 years with 33 cases of noncontact ACL injury and 33 age matched controls. Notch width index, medial and lateral tibial slopes and patellar tendon tibial shaft angles were calculated and compared for statistical significance and was also compared between the genders. ROC curve was for plotted for the significant factors.ResultsStatistically significant difference was seen in notch width index and patellar tendon tibial shaft angles with cases showing a narrow notch width index and an increased patellar tendon tibial shaft angle. Gender comparative results showed no statistically significant differences. ROC curve plotted for NWI showed an optimal cut off value of 0.263 with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 52%. ROC curve plotted for PTTS angle showed a cut off value of 26.7 degrees with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 49%.ConclusionNarrow Notch width index and increased Patellar tendon tibial shaft angle are predictors of ACL injury. PTTS angle which has been studied as a function of knee flexion angle, can itself be an independent predictor of ACL injury (at a constant knee flexion angle).     

胫骨平台后倾角对前十字韧带重建术后膝关节前向稳定性的影响

目的 评估胫骨平台后倾角与前十字韧带重建术后膝关节前向稳定性的关系.方法 选取2010年10月至2011年6月收治的年龄45岁以下单侧前十字韧带完全断裂行前十字韧带重建的40例患者进行回顾性研究.男28例,女12例;年龄14～44岁,中位年龄22岁.随访时间24-37个月,平均27.5个月.依据术前MRI测量的胫骨内侧和外侧平台后倾角分别将患者分为三组:后倾角＜3°组,后倾角3°～5°组,后倾角≥5°组.以末次随访时KT-1000侧侧差值评估膝关节的前向稳定性,＞5 mm为移植物失效,计算失效率,比较三组移植物失效率的差异.采用Pearson相关检验确定胫骨平台后倾角与KT-1000侧侧差值的相关性,利用受试者工作特征曲线和逻辑斯蒂回归计算内侧和外侧平台后倾角致移植物失效的阈值及其敏感度、特异度.结果 术前MRI测量内侧后倾角4.6°±2.8°,外侧后倾角4.2°±3.4°.内、外侧后倾角≥5°组的移植物失效率均高于后倾角＜3°组,差异有统计学意义.内侧、外侧平台后倾角均与KT-1000侧侧差值呈线性相关(r=0.43,P=0.01;r=0.36,P=0.02).内侧或外侧平台后倾角每增加1°,移植物失效的风险分别增加1.76倍和1.68倍.当内侧平台后倾角＞5.6°或外侧平台后倾角＞3.8°时,移植物失效的风险显著增加.结论 胫骨平台后倾角与前十字韧带重建术后膝关节前向稳定性呈正相关.增大的平台后倾角是术后移植物失效的高危因素,内侧和外侧阈值分别为5.6°和3.8°.     

前交叉韧带断裂后股骨髁间窝变化的影像学研究

目的探讨前交叉韧带（ACL）断裂后会否引起患侧股骨髁间窝增生致狭窄。方法收集2008年10月～2008年12月进行关节镜下治疗单侧膝关节ACL断裂患者共216例,对其中35例健侧膝关节X线检查无退变的患者进行研究。术前记录患膝ACL断裂的病程,拍摄双侧膝关节髁间窝位X线片,测量其宽度,并对患侧膝关节进行IKDC、Lvsholm及Tegner评分。结果本组患者的髁间窝宽度差值（健侧－患侧）为（2．62±1．38）ml／1,患膝ACL断裂病程为（24．71±15．20）个月,两者呈正相关,并有统计学意义：患侧膝关节的IKDC、Lysholm及Tegner评分分别为（69．31±5．17）、（72．34±6．17）及（4．66±0．54）,此三者与髁问窝宽度差值问的相关性无统计学意义。结论影像学测量观察表明,ACL断裂后可继发患侧膝关节股骨髁间窝狭窄,其狭窄程度随病程的延长进一步加重。     

Segond骨折及合并损伤的临床诊治分析

目的 :研究Segond骨折的手术时间与方法和临床表现特点。方法:2010年6月至2014年12月期间,收治10例Segond骨折病例,均为男性,年龄26~69岁,平均42岁。其中,伤后7~10 d行关节镜探查发现前交叉韧带完全断裂及半月板损伤6例;伤后7~10 d行关节镜探查发现前交叉韧带胫骨侧止点撕脱骨折并半月板损伤2例;伤后4~8周行关节镜探查手术2例,发现前交叉韧带及后交叉韧带同时完全断裂并半月板损伤1例,前交叉韧带完全断裂无后交叉韧带断裂1例。针对交叉韧带完全断裂的患者在关节镜探查后行交叉韧带重建术,9例半月板损伤患者给予半月板成形术或缝合术,2例前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的病例则在关节镜下采用爱惜邦捆绑固定技术进行复位与固定。术后采用Lysholm膝关节评分标准进行疗效评价。结果:伤后10 d手术干预的8例,膝关节在术后3 d时肿胀明显,给予关节腔穿刺发现淡血性液,术后1周开始护具保护并下床。伤后4~8周行手术处理的2例,膝关节在术后3 d时无明显肿胀,进行关节腔穿刺抽吸未发现淡血性液,术后3 d能在护具保护下活动及下床。术后10例均获随访,时间12~24个月,平均18个月。Lysholm膝关节评分术后高于术前,治疗结果满意。结论:关于Segond骨折,正确且早期诊断对治疗至关重要;Segond骨折往往伴发前交叉韧带损伤和半月板损伤,关节镜下手术(包括交叉韧带重建和半月板修复等)的最佳手术时间宜在伤后4周~2个月内进行,且需要依据不同并发症挑选个性化的治疗方案。     

Anterior cruciate ligament and intercondylar notch in the coronal oblique plane: anatomy complemented by magnetic resonance imaging in cruciate ligament-intact knees.

We assessed the anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and femoral intercondylar notch on cryosections from one cadaveric knee specimen in the coronal oblique plane oriented parallel to the intercondylar roof. We determined the course of the ACL, the widths of the cruciate ligaments at intersection, and the intercondylar notch configuration on coronal oblique plane magnetic resonance images in 51 adult cruciate ligament-intact knees (25 women, 26 men; age range, 16 to 47 years). The intercondylar notch widths were measured at the notch entrance, at the intersection of the ACL and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and at the notch outlet. In the coronal oblique plane, the ACL exhibited a diagonal course from the central and medial part of the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia distally, across the lateral third of the intercondylar notch, to the intercondylar surface of the lateral femoral condyle proximally. At the cruciate ligament intersection, the absolute widths of the ACLs measured on average 6.1+/-1.1 mm in men and 5.2+/-1.0 mm in women representing 31.9% and 31.1% of the ACL/central intercondylar notch width ratios. The absolute widths of the PCLs measured on average 9.6+/-1.3 mm in men and 8.5+/-1.3 mm in women representing 50.4% and 51.4% of PCL/central intercondylar notch width ratios. On average for both groups, men and women, the absolute widths of the PCLs were significantly larger than the absolute widths of the ACLs. However, the relative widths of the cruciate ligaments with respect to corresponding intercondylar notch widths were not significantly different. In the coronal oblique plane, the intercondylar notch widths showed on average a significant decrease from posterior to intersection and from intersection to anterior. At notch outlet, the mean notch width measured 21.4 mm in men and 18.5 mm in women. At intersection, the mean notch width measured 19.1 mm in men and 16.6 mm in women. At notch entrance, the notch width measured 14.6+/-1.8 mm in men and 12.7+/-2.1 mm in women. We recommend magnetic resonance tomography of the knee in the coronal oblique plane oriented parallel to the intercondylar roof as the imaging modality of choice to visualize accurately the anatomic diagonal course of the ACL and its relation to the intercondylar notch and posterior cruciate ligament complex.     

异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹是前交叉韧带撕裂的间接证据

目的:探讨股骨外侧髁压迹异常程度与前交叉韧带损伤之间的关系.方法:回顾研究2013年1月至2013年11月治疗的前交叉韧带损伤16例患者的X线片和MRI影像学资料,其中男14例,女2例;左膝关节5例,右膝关节11例;年龄19～52岁,平均28.3岁.膝关节侧位X线或MRI矢状位提示股骨外侧髁压迹有异常,使用影像PACS系统中测量工具测量压迹的深度,并分析患者病历资料、体格检查及关节镜术中影像学资料.结果:4例侧位X线片和MRI矢状位可见股骨外侧髁压迹异常并深度2.0 mm,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,前抽屉试验和拉姆征均阳性,关节镜探查手术证实前交叉韧带完全撕裂;2例侧位X线片股骨外侧髁压迹未见异常,但MRI矢状位示股骨外侧髁压迹异常并深度1.0 mm,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,前抽屉试验和拉姆征均阳性,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,其中1例关节镜探查手术证实前交叉韧带完全撕裂,另1例因未行手术探查而无法证实是否完全断裂.结论:膝关节侧位X线片上股骨外侧髁压迹异常加深与前交叉韧带撕裂有密切相关,异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹是前交叉韧带撕裂的间接证据.     

急性前十字韧带撕裂位置对骨挫伤面积的影响

目的探讨急性前十字韧带损伤患者MRI上韧带撕裂位置对矢状面上骨挫伤最大面积的影响。方法对2019年1至6月收治的前十字韧带损伤患者的MRI进行回顾性分析,根据前十字韧带撕裂在其远端到近端全长上的位置分为五型:Ⅰ型,>90%;Ⅱ型,75%~90%;Ⅲ型,25%~75%;Ⅳ型,10%~25%;Ⅴ型,<10%。比较五型患者的性别、体重、体质指数、股骨外侧髁切迹凹陷深度、内外侧半月板有无损伤。选取ePDWSPIRCLEAR序列矢状面图像,分别截取股骨、胫骨骨挫伤面积最大的层面。使用Image J 1.52t软件测量挫伤面积最大层面的最大骨挫伤面积。结果63例急性前十字韧带损伤中,Ⅰ型撕裂3例(4.8%)、Ⅱ型撕裂14例(22.2%)、Ⅲ型撕裂40例(63.5%)、Ⅳ型撕裂2例(3.2%)、Ⅴ型撕裂4例(6.3%)。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型未发现股骨外侧髁及外侧胫骨平台骨挫伤。股骨外侧髁骨挫伤面积Ⅱ型为0(0,64.12)mm^2、Ⅲ型为182.34(86.58,334.38)mm^2、Ⅴ型为38.64(0,193.36)mm^2,差异有统计学意义(H=21.665,P=0.000);外侧胫骨平台骨挫伤最大面积Ⅱ型为76.78(28.25,205.57)mm^2、Ⅲ型为120.93(51.78,239.37)mm^2、Ⅴ型为190.51(80.86,238.75)mm^2,差异有统计学意义(H=11.939,P=0.018)。内侧半月板损伤发生率分别为66.6%(2/3)、35.7%(5/14)、37.5%(15/40)、100%(2/2)、25%(1/4),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=4.413,P=0.353);外侧半月板损伤发生率分别为33.3%(1/3)、35.7%(5/14)、77.5%(31/40)、50%(1/2)、25%(1/4),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=11.481,P=0.022)。内侧半月板损伤组外侧胫骨平台最大骨挫伤面积为48.0(0,105.97)mm^2,小于未损伤组的185.67(54.36,257.41)mm^2,差异有统计学意义(H=8.848,P=0.003);外侧半月板损伤组股骨外侧髁最大骨挫伤面积为162.19(63.03,301.33)mm^2,大于未损伤组的0(0,103.37)mm^2,差异有统计学意义(H=11.554,P=0.001)。结论前十字韧带断裂最常发生在中段,合并外侧半月板损伤的概率最大,股骨外侧髁骨挫伤面积大;发生在最远端的断裂导致外侧胫骨平台骨挫伤的面积最大,合并内侧半月板损伤的概率最低。     

同种异体髌腱重建前后交叉韧带的疗效观察

目的探讨同种异体髌腱同时重建膝关节前交叉韧带与后交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法我院确诊为前、后交叉韧带同时损伤的患者39例,其中合并内侧副韧带损伤28例,外侧副韧带损伤2例。应用由山西骨组织库提供的同种异体髌腱移植物进行膝关节前后交叉韧带同时重建,用挤压界面螺钉固定,同时处理合并伤,术后膝关节支具固定。本组患者中38例得到随访,1例失访。术后随访7～48个月,平均随访18个月。结果采用Lysholm膝关节评分标准评分,平均积分由术前的22分提高到术后的84分,全部病例均无并发损伤和排异反应,术后无伸膝受限,屈膝活动度为100°～120°,术后6～8个月基本恢复正常工作和生活。结论关节镜下同种异体髌腱重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带能较好的恢复膝关节的稳定性和功能。     

Tibial subluxation in anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knees: Implications for tibial tunnel placement

Purpose: This study was performed to determine whether subtle anterior subluxation occurs in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–deficient knees with the knee in full extension. Type of study: Radiographic evaluation of tibial position in ACL-intact and ACL-deficient knees. Methods: Twenty-four subjects with arthroscopically documented ACL-deficient knees were compared with 20 subjects with arthroscopically documented ACL-intact knees. A previously reported method was used to evaluate the tibial position relative to the femur. Results: Measurements on standing lateral radiographs revealed asymptomatic but significant anterior subluxation of the tibia compared with the ACL-intact subjects. Conclusions: The possibility of anterior tibial subluxation with the knee in full extension should be taken into account when deciding on tibial tunnel placement or when evaluating for postoperative graft impingement by the intercondylar notch.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 9 (November-December), 2001: pp 960–962     

Abnormal lateral notch in knees with anterior cruciate ligament injury

We reviewed plain radiograms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries to determine the frequency of an abnormal lateral notch found in the lateral femoral condyle, and we investigated a possible mechanism for its occurrence by determining the relationship with associated injuries. We analyzed data for 216 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between 1993 and 1996, whose radiographic images of the contralateral knee were available. The numbers of male and female patients were 122 and 94, respectively, and their ages ranged from 14 to 47 years (average, 25 years). The abnormal notch visualized by lateral radiograph was found in 66 of 216 knees (30.6%) and was classified into three types. The type of abnormal notch seen most frequently (73%) was located at the same site as the notch on the contralateral side, but appeared deeper than normal. Knees with abnormal notches showed lateral meniscal injuries more frequently than those without such notches (P < 0.005). The abnormal notch was assumed to have formed at the time of injuries, after impingement of the lateral femoral condyle on the lateral tibial condyle. Cartilage damage at the abnormal notch should be carefully observed in the future. Received for publication on Aug. 14, 1998; accepted on Aug. 27, 1999     

急性完全性前交叉韧带损伤的膝关节镜下早期重建治疗

目的　探讨膝关节镜下对急性完全性前交叉韧带 (ACL)断裂的早期重建治疗 ,以尽早恢复膝关节稳定性。　方法　ACL急性断裂早期在关节镜下应用挤压螺钉固定骨 髌腱 (中 1/ 3) 骨复合体自体移植重建ACL ,止点重建或缝合修复治疗内侧副韧带断裂。　结果　 1998年 2月～ 1999年 3月共治疗急性完全性ACL断裂合并内侧副韧带断列患者 10例 ,术后平均随访 10个月 ,近期效果良好。　结论　急性ACL损伤早期可以在关节镜下完成重建 ,手术创伤小 ,治疗及时 ,可同时处理合并损伤 ,能早期恢复膝关节稳定性和运动功能。     

膝关节多韧带损伤的手术治疗体会

目的 :介绍膝关节多韧带损伤的手术治疗方法和结果 ,总结治疗的经验与教训。方法 :随访自2008年至2013年经治的26例膝关节多韧带损伤患者,其中男17例,女9例;年龄29~55岁,平均40.7岁。所有患者在关节镜下采用自体或异体肌腱重建交叉韧带,并同时修补内侧副韧带、外侧副韧带及处理内外侧复合体损伤。9例分期手术,其余均采取Ⅰ期手术处理所有损伤。用Lysholm膝关节评分评价手术前后膝关节功能。结果:26例均获随访,时间为0.8~3.2年,平均1.6年,手术平均等待时间为1.2个月。术前膝关节Lysholm评分42.5±4.5(33~48分),终末随访时78.1±3.9(57~95分),随访时评分提高。术后关节活动度均超过90°,内外翻试验正常或接近正常,所有患者在屈70°时Lachman试验阴性。结论 :膝关节韧带多发损伤应首选关节镜下Ⅰ期重建;如无法Ⅰ期同时重建前后交叉韧带,则Ⅰ期先重建后交叉韧带,Ⅱ期重建前交叉韧带;后交叉韧带因多种原因易漏诊,避免因术前准备不充分而分期手术。     

前十字韧带移植重建后移植物撞击新类型

 目的 通过双源CT三维重建前十字韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）移植重建后的移植物和骨隧道,分析移植物撞击症。方法 2012年11月至2014年11月,采用双源CT对134例ACL移植重建后患者的膝关节进行扫描,三维重建股骨和胫骨隧道、ACL重建移植物等。其中单束重建118例,男83例,女35例;年龄15~64岁,平均32岁。观察重建术后移植物是否受到撞击、撞击来源并进行分类;分别测量股骨、胫骨隧道的相对位置,并对有撞击与无撞击组患者进行统计比较。结果 基于双源CT移植物重建,根据ACL移植重建后移植物是否受到撞击分组,无撞击组39例（33%,39/118）,有撞击组79例（67%,79/118）。存在撞击者再根据撞击部位分为髁间窝出口撞击组77例（占总数的65%,占撞击组的97%）和髁间窝顶中途撞击组2例（占总数的2%,占撞击组的3%）。进一步根据撞击来源不同,再对髁间窝出口撞击组分为3个亚型,即鸟喙撞击10例（3%,10/77）、胫骨平台撞击46例（60%,46/77）、钳夹撞击21例（27%,21/77）。单因素方差分析显示,鸟喙撞击、胫骨平台撞击、钳夹撞击各组与无撞击组的股骨、胫骨隧道位置均无显著性差异。结论 基于双源CT三维重建ACL术后移植物扫描发现3种新的移植物撞击类型, 即髁间窝顶中途撞击、胫骨撞击和钳夹撞击。