Minimally Invasive Coracoclavicular Ligament Augmentation With a Flip Button/Polydioxanone Repair for Treatment of Total Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

Treatment of complete acromioclavicular joint disruption remains controversial and ranges from rehabilitation to extensive surgical reconstruction. However, high-grade injuries (type IV, V, and VI) are typically treated surgically. Most reconstruction techniques addressing these injuries selectively focus on coracoclavicular ligament augmentation because it has been shown to be the primary stabilizer of the acromioclavicular joint. The conventional coracoclavicular polydioxanone (PDS) loop, which is widely performed, has been detected to have some pivotal disadvantages, including anterior subluxation of the clavicle, extensive preparation of the coracoid, and bony avulsion of the clavicle as a result of rotational clavicle movement. Therefore we present an augmentation technique that reduces these complications by replicating the orientation of the native coracoclavicular ligament complex and providing a minimally invasive subcoracoid and clavicular fixation of a double PDS loop by use of 2 flip buttons, typically used for extracortical anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. The key step of the procedure includes the anatomic, secure, and stable placement of the double PDS cerclage under the coracoid base transferring a flip button through a coracoid bone tunnel. Our clinical experience shows that the presented technique is easy to perform and has a comparable invasiveness to recently presented arthroscopic techniques.     

锁骨钩钢板及涤纶带重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位术后功能恢复相关分析

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板内固定和涤纶带重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位术后功能恢复规律及影响因素。方法将收治的60例Rockwood Ⅲ型以上肩锁关节脱位患者分为锁骨钩钢板内固定组（A组,30例）和涤纶带重建喙锁韧带组（B组,30例）。采用Constant肩关节功能评分作功能恢复定量评估。记录患者年龄、性别、体重指数、手术方式、住院费用、术后功能康复指导依从性、术后复位丢失量等,分析术后功能恢复与上述各因素的相关性。结果两组患者术后均得到随访,Constant肩关节功能评分显示术后优于术前,术后6个月涤纶带组优于锁骨钩钢板组（P〈0．05）,但术后15个月两组间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。术后功能康复指导依从性与Constant肩关节功能评分问差异有统计学意义。结论锁骨钩钢板内固定及涤纶带重建喙锁韧带均为RockwoodⅢ型以上肩锁关节脱位的有效治疗方法,涤纶带重建喙锁韧带利于早期功能恢复,术后康复指导及患者依从性对肩关节康复非常重要。     

关节镜下重建喙锁韧带合并修复肩锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效分析

目的：回顾性分析关节镜下重建喙锁韧带并修复肩锁韧带治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。     

关节镜下喙锁和肩锁韧带重建治疗陈旧性Rockwood III型肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨关节镜下喙锁+肩锁韧带重建治疗陈旧性Rockwood III型肩锁关节脱位的疗效。 方法选取2016年1月至2020年12月北京大学人民医院收治的14例确诊为陈旧性肩锁关节脱位患者,其中男8例、女6例,平均年龄（37.2±10.1）岁,平均受伤时间（13.4±3.5）个月,累及优势侧肩关节7例,均行关节镜下喙锁+肩锁韧带重建手术。术后所有患者分别于不同时间点随访（术后1、3、6、12个月）,进行视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校（University of California, Los Angeles,UCLA）评分。 结果14例确诊为陈旧性肩锁关节脱位患者（均为Rockwood III型）进入研究并完成手术,12例获得完全随访,平均随访（26.3±8.6）个月（12~36个月）。患者术前和术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月VAS评分分别为（5.667±0.414）分、（5.583±0.288）分、（4.583±0.229）分、（2.833±0.271）分、（0.538±0.193）分,与术前相比,所有患者在术后3个月、6个月和12个月随访时均显示疼痛减轻,术后6个月和12个月疼痛减轻的程度与术前相比（VAS评分变化）差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。患者术前和术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月UCLA评分分别为（19.083±0.468）分、（18.583±0.434）分、（21.000±0.628）分、（25.750±0.579）分、（32.750±0.509）分,与术前相比,所有患者在术后3个月、6个月和12个月随访时UCLA评分与术前相比均有提高,术后6个月、12个月随访时UCLA评分改善的程度与术前相比,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。 结论关节镜下喙锁+肩锁韧带重建可以用较小的创伤达到帮助陈旧性肩锁关节脱位患者减轻疼痛和改善肩关节功能的目的。     

Arthroscopic Treatment of Acute and Chronic Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

This article presents an all-arthroscopic technique for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction by ligamentoplasty after acute or chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation. A coracoacromial ligament transfer is done to reconstruct the torn coracoclavicular ligaments, similar to open surgery. The coracoacromial ligament is dissected from the undersurface of the acromion and is reinserted on the inferior clavicle by transosseous suture fixation. Additional wire or screw stabilization may be used. With this method, we achieve a very satisfactory reduction of the dislocated acromioclavicular joint.     

镜下钮扣钢板锚钉与开放钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位

[目的]比较肩关节镜下钮扣钢板(Endobutton)结合锚钉与钩钢板治疗急性肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2014年08月~2018年06月本院收治的63例急性不稳定肩锁关节脱位的患者,按手术方式不同分组,其中34例采用肩关节镜下改良钮扣钢板结合锚钉内固定(关节镜组),29例采用钩钢板内固定(钩钢板组)。[结果]两组患者手术均顺利完成,无血管、神经损伤。关节镜组与钩钢板组在手术时间、术中出血量的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。63例随访12~24个月,平均(15.39±3.26)个月。关节镜组未发生晚期并发症,而钩钢板组术后出现肩峰下溶解6例、肩峰下撞击3例、钩钢板取出后再脱位1例,两组间并发症发生率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随术后时间推移,两组患者Constant评分均显著增加(P<0.05),术后1、3、6、12个月,关节镜组的Constant评分明显优于钩钢板组(P<0.05)。影像方面,两组术后喙锁间距、肩锁间距均较术前显著减少(P<0.05);相同时间点两组间喙锁间距和肩锁间距的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]关节镜下改良钮扣钢板结合锚钉内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床效果优于钩钢板固定。     

Arthroscopic reconstruction for acromioclavicular joint dislocation

We describe an arthroscopic reconstruction technique for acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Subsequent to Baum’s first repair of the coracoclavicular complex in 1886, over 60 operative procedures have been described in the literature. This procedure is the first described arthroscopic approach used in reconstruction for acromioclavicular dislocation. It provides an anatomically correct and structurally sound reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament complex. This arthroscopic technique is also a cosmetically pleasing alternative to previously described open procedures for reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint dislocations. As with most arthroscopic procedures, this technique achieves its goals with minimal morbidity and violation of the surrounding soft tissues.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 5 (May-June), 2001: pp 558–563     

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the acromioclavicular joint disruption: surgical technique and preliminary results

Introduction: Numerous operative procedures have been described for the reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint separation; however, the arthroscopic reconstruction has been rarely reported. Therefore, our objective was to propose a new technique of arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint surgery and to evaluate the preliminary results. Materials and methods: Thirteen patients with a mean follow-up of 18 months underwent the arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint reconstruction using suture anchors and small titanium plate. The average age was 40.2 years (range 23–54 years). The shoulders were evaluated using Constant score and radiographs. The indications for surgery included acromioclavicular joint dislocation Rockwood type IV–V. Results: Twelve patients returned to their work without pain within 3 months after operation. The average Constant score at last follow-up was 95. Postoperative radiographs confirmed anatomic reduction in ten patients, residual subluxation in two patients and redislocation of the joint in one patient. One patient had radiographic evidence of coracoclavicular ossification. All patients but one were satisfied with results and cosmetic appearance. Conclusion: Considering its less morbidity, excellent cosmesis, no need of hardware removal, and minimal complications from breakage or migration of metal implants, this new technique offers an attractive alternative in acromioclavicular joint stabilization.     

Functional and radiological outcome after arthroscopic and open acromioclavicular stabilization using a double-button fixation system

The aim of this study was to determine the functional outcome and radiological results after open and arthroscopic stabilization of the acromioclavicular joint using a double-button fixation system. We reviewed 16 patients that were surgically treated for acromioclavicular dislocation using a double-button fixation system. An arthroscopic technique was used in 9 patients for acute injuries and an open technique in 7 patients for subacute or chronic lesions. Mean follow-up was 17 months (range : 6-26 months). The mean DASH score post-operatively was 2.29 (range : 0-5.83), VAS score was 0.82 (range : 0-2) and SSV averaged 90.5 % (range: 80-95%). Radiologically the reduction of the acromioclavicular joint was complete in 10 patients. A clinically stable residual subluxation was present in 5 patients. Only one patient experienced a redislocation after new trauma and needed revision surgery. Operative treatment of grade 3 and 4 acromioclavicular dislocations, using a double button coracoclavicular fixation system, yielded good functional results with full return to work and recreational activities. Arthroscopic coracoclavicular fixation without CA ligament transfer should be reserved for acute injuries within 2 weeks after the trauma.     

关节镜下重建喙锁韧带并修复肩锁韧带治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

目的 探讨关节镜下重建喙锁韧带并修复肩锁韧带治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效.方法 对我科2011年3月至2016年8月收治的60例RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位病人进行回顾性分析.其中男34例,女26例;左肩36例,右肩24例.年龄为23～48岁,平均年龄为(29.3±6.2)岁.受伤至手术时间为3～12 d,平均为(6.1±2.5)d.根据手术方法不同分为两组:修复组30例,使用关节镜下Endobutton技术重建喙锁韧带,采用5#爱惜帮聚酯纤维缝线修复肩锁韧带;对照组30例,使用关节镜下Endobutton技术重建喙锁韧带,不修复肩锁韧带.比较两组病人术后1年的肩锁关节前后位X线片的喙锁间隙数值以及术后1年的Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分.结果 随访时间为14～24个月,平均为(16±2.7)个月.所有病人手术切口均一期愈合,愈合时间为14～18 d,平均为(13±3.8)d,均无血管神经损伤.术后1年,修复组的喙锁间隙数值为(12.9±0.6)mm,优于对照组的(13.6±1.1)mm;修复组的Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分总分为(91.1±2.4)分,优于对照组的(86.3±3.5)分;上述指标组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 关节镜下应用Endobutton技术重建喙锁韧带同时修复肩锁韧带治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位,有利于肩锁关节稳定性及肩关节功能的恢复.     

Evaluation and management of acromioclavicular joint injuries

The acromioclavicular joint is stabilized by the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments and by the trapezius and deltoid muscles. Joint dislocation commonly results from a direct blow to the acromion. Injury types I through III are generally treated nonoperatively, whereas types IV through VI are treated operatively. Nonoperative protocols should always begin with ice and immobilization. Operative techniques include acromioclavicular ligament repair, dynamic transfer of the conjoined tendon, coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction, and coracoacromial ligament transfer. The goal with any injury type should always be full return to the patient's preinjury condition.     

关节镜下Twin Tail TightRope带袢钛板Y型固定治疗急性RockwoodⅢb型以上肩锁关节脱位的早期疗效

目的评价Twin Tail TightRope带袢钛板Y型固定术治疗急性肩锁关节脱位的早期临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2017年6月昆明市第一人民医院采用Twin Tail TightRope带袢钛板内固定系统在关节镜下行Y型固定治疗急性肩锁关节脱位患者共16例。采用视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale，VAS）及Constant-Murley评分评估手术效果。 结果所有患者获得随访，随访时间3~12个月，平均（6.48±1.51）个月。术后无血管、神经损伤及切口感染，末次随访时均未发生复位丢失、锁骨应力性骨折、喙突切割等并发症。末次随访时VAS评分（0.36±0.04）分较术前（7.46±1.24）分降低，Constant-Murley评分（90.07±3.13）分较术前（46.13±3.25）分提高。 结论采用Twin Tail TightRope带袢钛板Y型固定术治疗急性肩锁关节脱位可有效解决术后水平、前后方向不稳定问题，此技术具有较低的锁骨、喙突骨折发生率，关节镜下操作可以减少手术损伤、提高精准度。     

Editorial Commentary: Coracoclavicular Joint Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Dislocation: Double-Bundle Techniques Are Anatomically and Biomechanically Favored

For coracoclavicular (CC) joint reconstruction in the setting of acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint Rockwood type III or V dislocations, flexible fixation shows better clinical outcomes and complication rates than rigid fixation. Single-bundle CC reconstruction reconstructs the conoid ligament but poorly controls anteroposterior stability and is nonanatomic in nature. Thus, we favor double-bundle CC reconstruction incorporating a trapezoid bundle, replicating the broad insertion of the CC ligaments. Biomechanical data confirm improved stability with double-bundle, flexible fixation reconstruction, especially with the lateral clavicular tunnel in a more posterolateral location. An early clinical outcome study supports the double-bundle approach; meticulous surgical technique is required to avoid double-trouble complication rates.     

Type III acromioclavicular separation: rationale for anatomical reconstruction

Treatment of acute type III acromioclavicular separation is controversial. In some patients, nonoperative treatment is associated with pain, weakness, and stiffness. Many acromioclavicular joint reconstructions are associated with complications and results not substantially better than those of nonoperative treatment. Use of autogenous free tendon graft to anatomically reconstruct the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments offers several advantages over other surgical techniques. These advantages include improved biomechanical properties, no foreign body implantation, biological fixation, anatomical reconstruction, and early rehabilitation.     

Operative treatment of acute acromioclavicular dislocation (author's transl)]

Author describes clinical appearance of the acromioclavicular dislocation. Discussing different surgical techniques, a new combination of surgical procedures is recommended. In case of acute acromioclavicular dislocation beside the osteosynthesis by means of traction wire loop, the reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament and the fixation of clavicula with tendon graft should be performed. Good results were obtained with the above method.     

Neue Entwicklungen in der Sporttraumatologie

Over 100 surgical procedures for the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation have been reported in the literature to date. An arthroscopic fixation technique with augmentation of the coracoclavicular ligaments has produced good results in the case of simple instability. Using arthroscopic stabilising techniques for shoulder dislocation, a good level of function can be restored in younger, more active patients. Refixing the distal biceps tendon with bone tunnel refixation is a challenging and complicated procedure. Associated cartilage damage in young patients significantly increases the risk of arthroses and should be treated with functional cartilage replacement. Meniscus rupture in younger patients without advanced degeneration is treated with reconstructive suturing. Unstable pediatric anterior cruciate ligament ruptures are treated using an arthroscopic fixation technique. Reconstruction once full growth is attained or in the case of secondary damage is considered obsolete today. In the case of patella dislocation, the medial patellofemoral ligament is the crucial stabiliser and should always be reconstructed in primary dislocations. Injuries to the tibiofibular syndesmosis require precise repositioning.     

双束Endobutton解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的早期随访研究

目的观察解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗Rockwood Ⅲ及以上肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。 方法选取22例肩锁关节脱位患者,其中男15例、女7例,新鲜脱位16例,陈旧性脱位6例,Rockwood Ⅲ型7例、Ⅳ型1例、V型14例。手术方式选择为双束Endobutton解剖重建技术。分别于术后3、6和12个月行疼痛视觉模拟评分及Constant肩关节功能评分,摄双侧肩关节正位X线片,测量患侧及健侧喙锁间距。 结果此研究平均随访时间为（17.7±4.0）个月。疼痛视觉模拟评分从术前的平均5.0分下降到术后12个月的0.2分,Constant肩关节功能评分从术前的平均44.3分提高到术后12个月的93.7分。患侧喙锁间距从术前的平均21.0 mm下降到术后12个月的8.5 mm。所有病例随访过程中均无肩锁关节再脱位、锁骨喙突骨折等严重并发症发生。 结论双束Endobutton解剖重建喙锁韧带是安全可靠的新术式,其应用于Rockwood Ⅲ-V型新鲜或者陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的手术治疗取得了良好的临床效果。     

关节镜辅助喙锁悬吊固定联合改良Weaver-unn手术治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助喙锁悬吊固定联合改良Weaver-Dunn手术治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的疗效。 方法2016年3月至2017年3月,对8例陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的患者采用关节镜下喙锁间隙悬吊固定联合改良Weaver-Dunn手术,术后随访6~18个月。测量术后即刻与末次随访时的喙锁间隙差值,评估复位丢失情况,采用疼痛视觉模拟（VAS）评分及加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）评分评价患者肩关节功能。 结果术后末次随访时患者喙锁间隙与术后即刻喙锁间隙差值为（0.41±0.26）mm,VAS评分为2.88分,UCLA评分为（173.6±11.3）分,患者肩锁关节丢失率低、术后疼痛及功能均得到明显改善。 结论关节镜辅助喙锁固定联合改良Weaver-Dunn技术治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位有较好的疗效。     

肩锁关节解剖学研究和临床意义

目的研究肩锁关节骨性和静态稳定结构,为肩部手术提供详细形态学资料。方法对26例成人新鲜尸体标本进行解剖,观察肩锁关节解剖形态并测量相关骨性标志和韧带的形态学参数。结果锥状韧带和斜方韧带锁骨止点中心到锁骨远端距离分别为(43.67±6.30)mm和(25.25±3.06)mm,止点宽度分别为(16.92±4.25)mm和(10.33±1.32)mm。锥状韧带长度为(15.54±3.32)mm,角度为(-116.25±10.90)°;而斜方韧带长度为(9.63±2.28)mm,角度为(75.42±11.37)°。锥状韧带和斜方韧带喙突止点相距(8.96±3.00)mm,而锁骨止点距离(13.08±3.50)mm,两条韧带呈"V"形结构。结论本研究获得了肩锁关节及其周围组织的详细形态学参数,为该部位手术提供解剖学资料。进行锁骨远端手术时应避免损伤锥韧带和斜方韧带止点,切除锁骨远端应不超过10mm以避免损伤斜方韧带。行喙锁韧带重建时要注意重建其"V"形解剖结构,以更好恢复其生理功能。