肥胖儿童膳食结构及营养素摄入情况分析

目的 分析肥胖儿童与正常儿童饮食结构及营养素摄入的差异,为肥胖干预提供科学依据。方法 以2016年6月—2017年6月至西安交通大学第二附属医院儿科内分泌门诊就诊的70名7～14岁单纯性肥胖患儿及70名体重正常儿童分别作为肥胖组及对照组,测量所有儿童身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压和体脂,并计算体重指数(BMI)及腰臀比。对所有儿童采用3日24小时回顾法调查儿童每日摄入的总热量、三大营养物质的量、微量营养素及三餐比例等情况,并采用上海惠诚有限公司的膳食营养分析软件对儿童膳食结构及营养素摄入情况分析。结果 肥胖组与对照组相比,总热量及蛋白质、脂肪及碳水化合物、脂肪及蛋白质供能比、硫胺素和维生素A、钠、锌、铁、钙的摄入量显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);但碳水化合物的供能比显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。结论 肥胖儿童存在三大营养素及矿物质摄入比例失衡,长期营养摄入过量可导致肥胖,调整肥胖患儿的膳食结构时,需注意矿物质及维生素摄入比例。     

Changes of body fat mass determined by be-electrical impedance and by anthropometry: BMI method and skinfolds method in overweight and obese women after implementation of low energy diet

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of a low energy diet on body fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) in overweight (BMI > or = 25 < 30) and obese women (BMI > or = 30). DESIGN: Randomised six weeks trial. METHODS: The studied group consisted of 86 women aged 20-67 attended the Outpatients Clinic of Metabolic Disorders. Dietary assessments were performed by 24-hour dietary recall. Body fat mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance method and by skinfolds thickness method. Percent body fat and fat free mass was estimated from equations based on BMI and skinfolds thickness. RESULTS: In overweight women after 6 weeks of dietary treatment mean intake of energy decreased from 10071 +/- 2678 kJ to 4560.6 +/- 1405.8 kJ, total fat intake from 88.7 +/- 33.9 g/d (33.4% of energy) to 38.8 +/- 19.9 g/d (31.1% of energy), protein intake from 89.5 +/- 36.5 g/d (14.8% of energy) to 50.7 +/- 16.9 g/d (19.0% of energy), carbohydrates intake from 312.7 +/- 106.6 g/d (51.8% of energy) to 134.5 +/- 53.7 g/d (50% of energy). In obese women mean intake of energy decreased from 10,376.3 +/- 2953.9 kJ to 4665.2 +/- 1380.7 kJ. The value of total energy, total fat and saturated fatty acids intake correlated with body weight, BMI and body fat. After dietary treatment the body weight decreased by 2.4 kg (3.3%) in overweight women and by 3.9 kg (4.1%) in obese women and percent of body fat decreased by 1.6% and 2.3%, respectively. Body fat mass determined by BIA method significantly correlated with skinfolds method by Siri, Schutte, Rathbun, Brozek, Keys-Brozek, and BMI method by Webster, Deurenberg. CONCLUSION: BIA method may be a helpful tool for the analysis of changes in total body composition occurring under obesity treatment.     

Energy from fat is associated with obesity in U.S. men: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

BACKGROUND: Diets high in fat have been proposed as one cause of obesity, primarily because fat is more energy-dense than other macronutrients. However, the literature on fat consumption and human obesity is inconclusive. This research examines associations between dietary fat intake and obesity in men participating in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. METHODS: Data in this cross-sectional study are from 15,266 men (55-79 years) who completed questionnaires on usual diet, physical activity, and health-related characteristics. Height and weight were collected by clinic personnel. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. RESULTS: In this healthy cohort, 23.3% were obese. Younger age, a sedentary lifestyle, lower education, and black race were positively associated with obesity (all P < 0.001). Using two statistical approaches, both total energy and energy from fat, but not total energy from other macronutrients, increased linearly and significantly with increasing BMI. Mean fat intake increased from 691 kcal (31.4% energy) among normal-BMI men to 797 kcal (34.3% energy) among the obese (P for trend <0.001). After controlling for demographic and health-related characteristics in regression models, BMI increased by 0.53 and 0.14 kg/m(2) for every 500 kcal of fat and total energy consumed, respectively. Energy underreporting, based on estimated basal metabolic rate and physical activity, was fourfold higher among obese compared to normal-weight men. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of healthy older men, energy from fat was associated with obesity, suggesting that high-fat dietary patterns are contributing to the high rates of obesity in U.S. men.     

Comparison of the dietary intake and clinical characteristics of obese and normal weight adults

Obesity contributes to an increased risk for chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. The prevalence of obesity has increased in Korea. We compared the clinical and dietary characteristics of obese adults (n = 30, 17 men and 13 women, mean age 29.9) to those with a normal weight (n = 15, 8 men and 7 women, mean age 26.5). We determined lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure, and serum free fatty acid (FFA). Dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 3-day dietary record. Exercise patterns and average alcohol intake were determined. The average body mass index was 28.3 kg/m² in the obese and 21.2 kg/m² in the normal weight groups. The obese group had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, lower levels of HDL cholesterol, and higher blood pressures compared to the normal weight group. FBS was not significantly different between the two groups. The obese group had significantly more subjects with metabolic syndrome (26.7%) compared to the normal weight group (0%). Serum FFA levels tended to be higher in the obese (P = 0.087). No significant difference in caloric intake was observed between the two groups. No differences in carbohydrate, protein, or fat intake between two groups were observed from the FFQ. However, results from the 3-day dietary record showed that the percentage of energy from fat was significantly higher in the obese group. The frequency and amount of exercise did not differ between the two groups. Alcohol consumed per drinking episode was significantly higher in the obese group. These results confirm that excessive weight is associated with disturbances in lipid metabolism in these fairly young and otherwise healthy adults. Dietary factors, including higher fat intake and alcohol consumption, seem to be contributing to the obesity of these subjects.     

High dietary saturated fat intake accentuates obesity risk associated with the fat mass and obesity-associated gene in adults

Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) is the strongest genetic determinant of obesity identified to date. Dietary fat is a key environmental factor that may interact with genotype to affect risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study investigated associations among FTO rs9939609, obesity measures, and MetS phenotypes in adults and determined potential modulation by dietary fat intake at baseline and after a 7.5-y follow-up when MetS cases and controls were selected. FTO rs9939609 genotype, biochemical, dietary, and lifestyle measurements were determined in the LIPGENE-SU.VI.MAX study (n = 1754). FTO rs9939609 A allele carriers had a higher risk of being overweight or obese [OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.57); P = 0.02] and of having a larger abdominal circumference [OR = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.99); P = 0.04] compared with the TT homozygotes. These associations were independent of physical activity and energy intake and were maintained over the follow-up period, particularly in the MetS individuals. High dietary SFA intake (≥ 15.5% energy) and a low dietary PUFA:SFA intake ratio (<0.38) further accentuated the risk of having a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) and being abdominally obese. Non-risk allele carriers appeared to be unresponsive to dietary SFA intake or to the dietary PUFA:SFA intake ratio with respect to obesity measures. In conclusion, FTO rs9939609 was associated with obesity measures, especially in those with the MetS, which was further exacerbated by high dietary SFA intake at baseline and 7.5 y later. These data indicate important novel modulation of genetic risk by dietary fat exposure in individuals with increased cardiometabolic risk.     

Obesity in HIV-infection: dietary correlates

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of obesity among a cohort of individuals living with HIV infection, and to determine differences in dietary intake among those subjects who are normal weight, overweight, and obese. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study among participants enrolled in the Nutrition for Healthy Living (NFHL) study. SETTING: Eligible participants included HIV-positive adults living in the greater Boston, MA and Providence, RI, areas. Subjects and Measures of Outcome: In total, 321 (265 males, 56 females) subjects were studied. Body composition measurements, demographic and health data, and fasting blood samples were analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed by three-day food records. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). RESULTS: 13% of males and 29% females were found to be obese. Energy intake per kilogram decreased by body mass index (BMI) category for both men and women (p <0.05). Although not different between groups, mean total fat and saturated fat intakes were above recommendations for both men and women in all BMI categories, while total grams dietary fiber decreased as BMI increased. Individuals in all BMI groups had micronutrient intakes below the Dietary Reference Intakes. Serum markers of insulin resistance were significantly different by BMI category among men and women, as well as triglycerides and total cholesterol for the males. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and diet in individuals living with HIV-infection needs to be addressed, as quality of dietary intake may have future implications regarding cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and other health risks associated with overweight and obesity.     

Elevated Fat Intake Increases Body Weight and the Risk of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Adults: 1991–2015 Trends

Studies on fat intake and obesity have been inconclusive. This study examined the associations between dietary fat intake and body weight and the risk of overweight and obesity in China. We used data from 23,859 adults aged 20–60 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing open-cohort study, from 1991 to 2015. We collected detailed dietary data by conducting three 24-h dietary recalls and weighing foods and condiments in household inventories. We examined the associations between fat intake and body weight, body mass index (BMI), and the risk of overweight and obesity with random-effects linear or logistic regression models for panel data. The Chinese population’s fat intake, percentage of energy intake from fat, and prevalence of high-fat diets (energy intake from fat > 30%) increased from 68.5 g per day (g/d), 23.1%, and 22.4%, respectively, in 1991 to 79.3 g/d, 35.6%, and 67.2%, respectively, in 2015. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 12.3% to 37.3% during the same period. Fat intake, percentage of energy intake from fat, and a high-fat diet were positively associated with body weight, BMI, and the risk of overweight and obesity in both sexes (p < 0.001) after adjustment for nonfat energy intake, physical activity, and socioeconomic status. Increased fat intake and high-fat diets were associated with increased body weight, BMI, and risk of overweight and obesity. These findings could have a significant impact on Chinese policies and interventions to control overweight and obesity.     

Dietary patterns and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Fijian, Japanese and Vietnamese populations

Diabetes mellitus is now a serious and increasing problem in Asian countries, where dietary patterns have shifted toward Westernized foods and people are becoming more sedentary. In order to elucidate the relationship of dietary habits to the development of diabetic risk factors, the dietary patterns of 200 Fijian, 171 Japanese and 181 Vietnamese women of 30-39 years of age were investigated using 3 day-24 h recall or dietary records. Anthropometric measurements and glycosuria tests were also conducted. The dietary trends of Fijians and Japanese have changed drastically in the past 50 years, while Vietnamese have been minimally influenced by Western dietary habits. The mean 24 h dietary intake showed that Fijians had the highest energy intake. Energy intake from fat was only 13% for Vietnamese, but over 30% for Japanese and Fijians. Percentage of body fat was higher in Vietnamese than in Japanese, though there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI). In the overweight and obese women, Vietnamese had higher abdominal obesity than Japanese. The prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) was 63.0% for Fijians, 1.8% for Japanese and 1.1% for Vietnamese. Glycosuria testing yielded the most positive cases among Fijians. Dietary transition and dietary excess appear to be potential risk factors for diabetes in Fijian women.     

Differences in short-term metabolic responses to a lipid load in lean (resistant) vs obese (susceptible) young male subjects with habitual high-fat consumption

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of macronutrients oxidation ability in the postprandial response to a high lipid load in the mechanisms conferring resistance or susceptibility to obesity. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Nine lean and nine obese young male subjects with habitual similar high-fat intake (>40 % of energy) and comparable physical activity were selected and categorized as 'resistant', those who remained lean (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2), and 'susceptible', those who were obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Fasting blood samples were taken for the evaluation of blood metabolic and hormonal variables. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrates oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry, in the fasting state and every 30 min for 3 h after a rich lipid meal (fat 94.7%) supplied to cover the 50% of the volunteers energy requirements. The study was performed at the Metabolic Unit of the University of Navarra. RESULTS: Fasting RMR and lipid oxidation were higher in obese-susceptible subjects. However, similar values were found in both groups after adjustment for fat mass and free fat mass. The cumulative postprandial fat oxidation was also similar in both groups (despite having different tissue metabolic activity), whereas cumulative carbohydrate oxidation was lower in the obese-susceptible group. The thermic effect of food (% of dietary induced thermogenesis) was lower (P<0.05) in the susceptible-obese subjects. The energy and fat balance were more positive in the obesity-susceptible individuals after the high fat load, who also showed higher fasting homeostatic model assessment index, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia. CONCLUSION: Lean-resistant individuals came closer to achieving fat balance than obese-susceptible subjects. These metabolic and hormonal differences are probably genetically determined.     

Using Dietary Macronutrient Patterns to Predict Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: A Representative Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study

Older adults with sarcopenic obesity (SO) are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. It has not been identified which pattern of macronutrient intake is appropriate in relation to SO. We aimed to compare the patterns of macronutrient intake for predicting SO in older adults. Data from a total of 3828 older adults who participated in the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The one-day 24 h dietary recall method was used to assess macronutrient intake. SO was defined by a combination of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² and BMI adjusted-appendicular skeletal muscle mass <0.789 for men and <0.512 for women. Weighted logistic regression analysis revealed the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for SO of total calorie intake per 100 increments and carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g/kg/day) per 1 increment to be 0.95 (0.91–0.99) and 0.83 (0.74–0.94), respectively, after adjusting for confounding variables in women. The predictive power for SO of CHO intake (g/kg/day) was higher compared with the other patterns of macronutrient intake both in men and women. In conclusion, total calorie intake and CHO intake (g/kg/day) are inversely related to SO in women. CHO intake (g/kg/day) could be the best index for determining SO.     

Limits of body mass index to detect obesity and predict body composition

Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to identify obesity. In this study, we determined how accurately BMI could determine body composition and identify obese from non-obese individuals. Fat-free mass and body fat were determined with bioelectrical impedance. Adiposity was calculated as body fat per body mass and as body fat divided by body height (m2). Obesity was defined as a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2 or an amount of body fat of at least 25% of total body mass for men and at least 30% for women. Obesity as defined by percentage of body fat was always present with a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2. However, 30% of men and 46% of women with a BMI below 30 kg/m2 had obesity levels of body fat. The greatest variability in the prediction of percentage of body fat and body fat divided by height (m2) from regression equations using BMI was at a BMI below 30 kg/m2. In conclusion, using impedance-derived body-fat mass as the criterion, people with BMI of at least 30 kg/m2 are obese. However, significant numbers of people with a BMI below 30 kg/m2 are also obese and thus misclassified by BMI. Percent of body fat and body fat divided by height (m2) are predictable from BMI, but the accuracy of the prediction is lowest when the BMI is below 30 kg/m2. Therefore, measurement of body fat is a more appropriate way to assess obesity in people with a BMI below 30 kg/m2.     

β_3-肾上腺素能受体基因突变与肥胖儿童膳食干预效果

为分析 β3 肾上腺素能受体 (β3 adr)基因突变与单纯性肥胖儿童对膳食干预应答差异的关系 ,将 47名单纯性肥胖儿童随机分为膳食干预组 (36名 )和对照组 (11名 ) ,膳食干预期 3个月 ,干预前后分别进行膳食调查和体格测量。所有研究对象均采用PCR RFLP方法检测 β3 肾上腺素能受体 (β3 adr)基因中编码多肽链第 6 4位的色氨酸密码子被精氨酸密码子 (Trp6 4Arg)取代的突变。结果显示 ,这 47名肥胖儿童膳食结构中脂肪供能过高 ,占 40 7% ;膳食干预后 ,在膳食干预组中无 β3 adr基因Trp6 4Arg突变者的体重、体质指数(BMI)增长幅度低于非膳食干预组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而有突变者的体重、BMI增长幅度与非膳食干预组相比 ,则不存在统计学差异。结论认为 β3 adr基因Trp6 4Arg突变可能是单纯性肥胖儿童膳食干预效果较差的原因之一。     

Anthropometry and dietary intake of type 2 diabetes patients attending an outpatient clinic

A cross sectional study on Type 2 diabetes patients seeking treatment in the Primary Health Care outpatient clinic of the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur was undertaken. Two hundred and thirty-three subjects participated. They were asked questions on biodata and dietary intake using face-to-face interview techniques. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were taken and Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed to establish the extent of obesity. Of the 196 subjects, 66.8% were overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) with 15.8% obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). The mean BMI of males and females were 25.9±4.3 kg/m2 and 27.2±4.7 kg/m2 respectively. The findings from the dietary survey showed that the mean energy intake of the subjects only achieved about 72% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Malaysia while protein intake of all subjects was adequate. The macronutreint contribution to the total calorie was consistent with the recommendation of the Malaysian Diabetic Association for a healthy diet for diabetes patients. The male subjects were found to meet the RDA requirements for all nutrients while the female subjects did not have sufficient intake of calcium, vitamin A and niacin. No consistent pattern in energy and nutrient intake was observed among different age groups. On the other hand, the Malay subjects seemed to have lower energy and all nutrient intake (except vitamin A and vitamin C) compared to the Chinese and Indian subjects. The Indian subjects seemed to have the highest intake of calcium compared to the others. Advice needs to be given to those who did not have adequate nutrient intake as well as those who need to reduce their weight.     

Basal and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in obese women receiving two test meals with different protein content

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fuel utilisation and storage in lean and obese subjects seem to be differently affected by the macronutrient distribution intake. The aim of this intervention study was to explore the extent to which the fat mass status and the macronutrient composition of an acute dietary intake influence substrate oxidation rates. METHODS: Fuel utilisation in 26 women, 14 obese (BMI = 37.1 +/- 1.1 kg/m2) and 12 lean (BMI = 20.6 +/- 0.5 kg/m2) was measured over 6 h to compare the metabolic effect of a single balanced protein (HC) meal and a high protein (HP) single meal, which were designed to supply similar energy contents (1672 kJ). The macronutrient composition as a percentage of energy of the HC meal was 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein and 30% fat, while the HP meal contained 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein and 30% fat. Nutrient oxidation rates and energy expenditure were calculated by indirect calorimetry (hood system), whereas exogenous amino acid oxidation was estimated from the 13C isotopic enrichment of breath after oral administration of L[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS: Fasting lipid oxidation was higher in the obese than in the lean women (P < 0.05), and it was significantly correlated with body fatness (P < 0.01). A single HP meal consumption produced higher postprandial fat oxidation as compared with HC meal intake (P < 0.02), in both obese and lean subjects, with no apparent changes in glucose oxidation rates. Furthermore, postprandial fat utilisation after the test meal intake was higher in obese than in the lean women (P < 0.01). The time course of 13CO2 in breath followed a similar pattern in both dietary groups, although a non-statistically significant higher trend in protein and 13C-leucine oxidation was found in the HP group. CONCLUSIONS: Net lipid oxidation depends on both short-term dietary composition intake and fat body mass, being significantly higher after a relatively high protein meal as compared to a balanced diet intake and in obese women as compared to lean controls.     

Dynamic and static phases of severe dietary obesity in sheep: food intakes, endocrinology and carcass and organ chemical composition.

The chronology of changes in body weights, food intakes and plasma concentrations of selected metabolic hormones and metabolites were determined in sheep during the induction (dynamic) and static phases of diet-induced obesity. Lean adult Dorset ewes weighing 47 kg were fed a pelleted hay-grain diet at maintenance (lean; n = 7) or were fed the same diet ad libitum to a maximum intake of 3 kg.sheep-1.d-1 (obese; n = 8) for 78 wk. Body weight of obese sheep doubled (97 vs. 47 kg) by wk 42 of ad libitum intake. Average daily intakes of dry matter (12.8 g/kg) and digestible energy (165 kJ/kg) were comparable in maintenance-fed lean sheep and ad libitum-fed obese sheep consuming maintenance after wk 50, which began the static phase of obesity. Fasting plasma concentrations of insulin in the obese sheep increased steadily from 50 +/- 6 pmol/L at wk 0 to a sustained plateau of 249 +/- 21 pmol/L after wk 30. Plasma levels of glucose, immunoreactive glucagon and thyroid hormones were consistently greater (P less than 0.05) in obese sheep than in lean sheep after wk 2, 3 and 25, respectively, of the experiment. Concentration of lipid (49 vs. 25%) in the carcass stripped of internal fat was greater (P less than 0.01) in obese sheep than in lean sheep, but concentration of protein (10.4 vs. 15.3%) was less in the heavier carcass (58 vs. 24 kg) of the obese sheep. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia and abnormal fuel metabolism are early events during dynamic obesity and these defects persist throughout the static phase of obesity. Maintenance energy requirements relative to unit body weight (W1.0) seem similar in lean and dietary obese sheep.     

Body composition in institutionalized elderly people in Granada (Spain). Relation with other nutritional parameters

Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were assessed in a group of 93 institutionalized elderly people, mean age 80.9 +/- 7.6 years, in Granada (Spain). The body composition was measured by the bioelectrical impedance technique. The influence of dietary energy intake, lifestyle, physical activity and health data were studied. Forty-five per cent of the women and 17% of the men were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and 78% of the women and 54% of the men were overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). Only 12% of men and 4% of women suffered from undernutrition (BMI < 20 kg/m2). No significant correlations (P > 0.05) were found between BMI or body fat percentage and energy intake. Lifestyle and health data do not affect the BMI or body composition, but a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) was found between the physical handicap level and the energy intake in all the sample (r = -0.26) and in the women (r = -0.16).     

The effect of conventional v. à la carte menu on energy and macronutrient intake among hospitalized cardiology patients

Undernutrition among hospitalized patients is highly prevalent. In contrast, the obesity pandemic is increasing in prevalence among all, including cardiology patients. The dietary challenge during hospitalization is to provide a healthy diet that stimulates the appetite and is suitable for both patients at risk of undernutrition and of cardiovascular events. The aim of the present study was to compare energy and macronutrient intake between a conventional hospital menu (Fixed) with a concept providing free serving hours and ad libitum intake à la carte (Free) among cardiology patients. The comparison was done between concepts for all lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and overweight and obese (BMI >or= 25 kg/m2) patients and subgroups. Food intake was registered during a 3-week period on Fixed for forty-eight randomly selected patients and later by two similar time periods on Free1 for twenty-eight and Free2 for thirty-seven other patients. Free compared with Fixed increased the energy intake - but not above requirement - among the obese only (P < 0.001; Free v. Fixed). This was explained by an increase in the relative fat intake of 50 % (P < 0.001) and 37 % (P < 0.001) for Free1 and Free2 respectively. During Free1, the relative fat intake correlated positively with BMI (r 0.6; P < 0.01), and the relative carbohydrate intake negatively with BMI (r - 0.7; P < 0.01); the same pattern was seen during Free2, although insignificant. We conclude that the introduction of an ad libitum à la carte kitchen (Free) to cardiology patients slightly increases the average nutritional intake, but contains a potential health hazard for overweight cardiovascular patients, due to the selection of high-fat dishes and decreased carbohydrate intake. This emphasises the need for improvement in fat sources and in dietary advice when an ad libitum concept is applied during hospitalization.     

Specific food intake, fat and fiber intake, and behavioral correlates of BMI among overweight and obese members of a managed care organization

Background  

The study examined correlates of body mass index (BMI) in overweight and obese members of a managed care organization seeking treatment for obesity. It assessed intake of specific foods, dietary fat or fiber, and behaviors attempted to control weight.     

The comparison in daily intake of nutrients, dietary habits and body composition of female college students by body mass index

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the body composition, dietary habits, daily intake of nutrients and clinical blood indices in female college students by body mass index of normal weight, overweight and obese. The subjects of this research were 141 respondents of a survey carried out on students, and subjects were given 60 minutes to answer questionnaires, by recording their own answers. The average heights and weights of subjects by BMI were 162.17 cm, 52.73 kg in normal weight group, 162.35 cm, 62.22 kg in overweight group and 161.72 cm, 69.82 kg in obesity group, respectively. As for the survey daily of meals, starving breakfast and kind of snacks of subjects were significantly different among the groups by BMI. In animal protein food intakes, meat intake was the highest ''every day'' food consumed by subjects, and there was a significant difference in distribution of BMI among subjects. Fruits, and greenish and yellow vegetables intakes were the highest ''every day'' foods indicated by the normal weight group. Consumption of carbonated beverages and juices showed a significant difference among groups by BMI. The average of total-cholesterol was the overweight group was the higher value. There was a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure among the groups by BMI. Average daily calories intake levels were insufficient and the intake ratio of carbohydrates, protein, and fat was the normal weight group 68:17:15, the overweight group 64:18:18 and the obese group 73:14:13. Results of the daily vitamin intake analyses displayed riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and folic acid levels lower than the RI levels. Fe intake was the normal weight group 81%, overweight group 76%, obese group 59% of the RI level. Therefore, it is necessary for college students to establish regular meals, good quality snacks and consuming more vitamin and mineral nutritions for optimal health conditions.     

Normal-weight adults consume more fiber and fruit than their age- and height-matched overweight/obese counterparts

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in dietary intake of overweight/obese subjects and sex-, age-, and height-matched controls and to identify dietary components associated with increased deposition of body fat. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of 52 overweight/obese and 52 normal-weight adults matched for sex, age (+/-1 year), and height (+/-1 inch) were recruited from the local area. Dietary intake was assessed with the Block 60-item food frequency questionnaire, physical activity was measured by the Yale Physical Activity Survey, and percent body fat was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Independent t tests compared between-group consumption of dietary components. The ability of dietary components to predict percent body fat before and after controlling for age-, sex-, and physical activity-related energy expenditure and other macronutrients was assessed with multiple regression analyses. Spearman correlation coefficients examined relationships among nutrients, Food Guide Pyramid servings, and percent body fat. RESULTS: Overweight/obese subjects consumed more total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and less carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, and dietary fiber than control subjects. Reported intake of dietary fiber was inversely related to percent body fat without (R(2)=0.052, P=0.02) and with (R(2)=0.045, P=0.013) control for potential confounding factors. Servings of fruit per day were negatively related to percent body fat (r=-0.40, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the composition of a diet, especially low dietary fiber and fruit intake, plays a role in the etiology of obesity.