99 Tcm-MIBI显像定位诊断功能亢进性异位甲状旁腺

目的：探讨99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）显像对于异位甲状旁腺所致原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（简称甲旁亢）的显像特点，提高甲状旁腺术前定位的准确性。方法：61例原发性甲旁患者采用99Tcm-MIBI显像（减影法6例，双时相法55例），其中52例有B超（US），15例有CT检查，全部病例均经手术和病理检查证实。结果：61例中发现异位甲状帝腺16例（26．2％），位置分别为：颈动脉鞘内3例，下颈部处伸至胸骨后6例，纵隔内7例，99Tcm-MIBI显像全部检出（100％），与手术部位一致，US检查15例，检出8例（53．3％），均位于颈部，纵隔内6例及颈动脉鞘内1例未检出。CT检查7例，纵隔内6例检出2例（28．6％），病理检查诊断：腺瘤14例，增生2例，病灶最小1g，最大＞60d,99Tcm-MIBI显像示病灶小者为放射性均匀浓聚，大者常有囊性变，甚至完全为囊肿样。位于甲状腺影像外者，双时相法的初始相即可显示，但位于纵隔深部病变的解剖关系不能精确表达，结论：99Tcm-MIBI显像是最有效的探测异位甲状旁腺的方法，缺点是对于纵隔深部病灶的解剖定位不够清楚，应加断显像或加做CT检查。     

^99Tc^m—MIBISPECT结合定位CT显像诊断功能亢进异位甲状旁腺的价值

目的评价^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）SPECT结合定位CT显像对功能亢进异位甲状旁腺的定位诊断价值。方法回顾性分析28例功能亢进异位甲状旁腺患者的手术、病理及影像资料。28例均行常规CT检查,其中25例先行双时相^99Tc^m-MIBI显像,对甲状腺外存在异常放射性浓聚灶患者,随即进行SPECT结合定位CT采集,经计算机处理得到二者融合图像,对放射性浓聚灶进行精确定位。以手术及病理检查结果为检查“金标准”,所有患者均按4个甲状旁腺计算,经手术及病理检查证实的为阳性,其余判为阴性。CT检查与核医学显像结果的比较采用四格表,检验。结果手术中28例患者共摘除28个异位病灶,均为单发。病理检查结果均为腺瘤。28例患者常规CT检查共发现22个阳性病灶,其中真阳性17个,假阳性5个,另假阴性11个,真阴性79个;25例^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT结合定位CT显像发现阳性病灶23个,无假阳性,另假阴性2个,真阴性75个。常规CT检查与核医学显像对检出病理性甲状旁腺的灵敏度分别为61％（17／28）、92％（23／25）,特异性为94％（79／84）、100％（75／75）,准确性为86％（96／112）、98％（98／100）,阳性预测值为77％（17／22）、100％（23／23）,阴性预测值为88％（79／90）、97％（75／77）;两者间比较差异有统计学意义,灵敏度：χ^2=6．98,P〈0．01,特异性：χ^2=4．61,P〈0．05,准确性：χ^2=10．30,P〈0．01,阳性预测值：χ^2=5．88,P〈0．05,阴性预测值：χ^2=5．36,P〈0．05。结论^99Tc^m—MIBI SPECT结合定位CT显像对功能亢进异位甲状旁腺的定位诊断优于常规CT,但存在一定的假阴性。     

^99Tc^m-MIBI／^90Tc^mO4-显像减影法在甲状旁腺腺瘤术前定位诊断中的价值

目的本研究比较^99Tc^m-MIBI／^90Tc^mO4-显像减影法与其他影像方法对术前甲状旁腺瘤定位诊断的价值,并探讨腺瘤大小、重量、血PTH及血钙对此核素显像的影响。方法回顾性分析了17例病理证实为甲状旁腺腺瘤患者,术前均行此核素显像及B超,其中15例行CT,10例行MRI检查。结果核素显像的灵敏度为70．59％,高于B超（58．82％）、CT（66．67％）及MRI（50．00％）。在核素显像阳性组（n=12）之腺瘤重量明显大于阴性组（n=5）,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;组间腺瘤最大径、血清PrrH及血钙无统计学差异。结论^99Tc^m-MIBI／^90Tc^mO4-显像减影法在术前甲状旁腺腺瘤的定位诊断中具有重要价值。     

甲状旁腺病灶重量对99Tcm-MIBI显像诊断灵敏度的影响

目的 探讨甲状旁腺病灶重量对99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）双时相平面显像及其 SPECT/CT早期断层融合显像诊断灵敏度的影响。 方法 收集2017年2月至2018年10月在昆山市第一人民医院经手术病理学确诊的甲状旁腺功能亢进患者22例,其中男性9例、女性13例,年龄28~73（50.77±8.79）岁。所有患者均于术前行99Tcm -MIBI双时相平面显像、99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT早期断层融合显像,以术后病理学结果为“金标准”。按切除的病灶重量将全部病灶分为两组,A组:病灶重量≤1.00 g,B组:病灶重量>1.00 g。采用χ2检验分析两种显像方法对不同重量组的诊断效能。 结果 22例患者中,共切除病灶58个。99Tcm-MIBI双时相平面显像对A、B两组的诊断灵敏度分别为47.83%（11/23）和84.00%（21/25）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.05,P=0.008）;99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT早期断层融合显像对A、B两组的诊断灵敏度分别为78.26%（18/23）和85.19%（23/27）,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.40,P=0.525）。99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT早期断层融合显像对A组的诊断灵敏度高于99Tcm-MIBI双时相平面显像,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.57,P=0.033）。99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT早期断层融合显像对B组的诊断灵敏度高于99Tcm-MIBI双时相平面显像,但差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.01,P=0.906）。 结论 甲状旁腺病灶重量对99Tcm-MIBI双时相平面显像诊断灵敏度有影响,当病灶重量较小时,99Tcm-MIBI双时相平面显像对其的诊断灵敏度较低;而病灶重量对99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT早期断层融合显像的诊断灵敏度无明显影响。     

甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者甲状旁腺激素测定与^99Tc^m-MIBI显像

目的评价原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（简称甲旁亢）诊断中^99Tc^m-MIBI显像与血清全段PTH测定结果间的关系。方法对70例临床疑诊甲旁亢患者行血清全段PTH测定和^99Tc^m-MIBI显像。血清PTH〉88ng／L为诊断甲旁亢依据;^99Tc^m-MIBI显像以早期相发现且延迟相显示相对清晰的异常放射性浓聚灶为病变腺体的检出依据。对照最终临床诊断结果,评价鲫Tcm_MIBI显像对病变甲状旁腺的检出效能及与血清PTH检测结果的关系;并以Pearson直线相关分析法分析血清PTH水平与病变腺体体积之间的相关性。结果70例患者中最终证实为甲旁亢者38例。^99Tc^m-MIBI显像对70例患者的诊断准确性为90．0％（63／70）;在PTH正常组为80．0％（12／15）,在PTH升高组为92．7％（51／55）;假阳性均见于PTH正常者。若^99Tc^m-MIBI显像诊断甲状旁腺病变以PTH升高为前提,则总体诊断准确性为94．3％（66／70）;Pearson直线相关分析显示,原发性甲旁亢患者血清PTH水平与病变腺体体积之间呈正相关（r=0．782,P〈0．001）。结论甲状旁腺病变腺体行^99Tc^m-MIBI显像时应先测定血清PTH,以提高^99Tc^m-MIBI显像的诊断准确性。     

99Tcm-MIBI显像在甲状旁腺功能亢进症中的应用及进展

99Tcm-MIBI SPECT对甲状旁腺功能亢进症的术前诊断有较高的灵敏度,联合超声或CT能提高诊断和定位的准确率,尤其是对异位的甲状旁腺腺瘤。随着微创甲状旁腺切除术的发展,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT在术前准确定位上的价值日益凸显。甲状旁腺病灶的大小、生化指标等因素会影响99Tcm-MIBI显像的灵敏度和定位准确率。对于部分难以准确诊断和定位的甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者,11C-蛋氨酸PET/CT、四维CT、术中放射导航等是目前的研究热点和发展方向。     

99Tcm-MIBI双时相平面显像阴性的散发性甲状旁腺癌一例及文献复习

笔者报道了一例散发性甲状旁腺癌（PTC）99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）显像阴性病例。PTC患者临床上表现为严重高钙血症引起的多个系统及器官的改变,需依赖于超声、甲状旁腺核素扫描（99Tcm-MIBI）、CT等检查明确定位后予以手术治疗,其中99Tcm-MIBI显像具有方法简便、灵敏度高的优势,被广泛应用于临床,但仍有少数病例存在检查结果阴性的可能,易造成患者误诊、漏诊。笔者通过文献复习加深了对99Tcm-MIBI显像阴性的PTC患者的认识:对于怀疑PTC,但99Tcm-MIBI显像阴性的患者,需考虑到可能存在假阴性,并应分析讨论导致假阴性可能的原因,进而结合其他临床特征进行综合判断,尽可能地减少患者的误诊及漏诊。     

^99Tc^m—MIBI双时相显像定位诊断继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的价值

目的探讨^99Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像在定位诊断继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（SHPT）中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2010年至2013年间20例（男8例,女12例,平均年龄49．6岁）行甲状旁腺切除术的肾性SHPT患者影像学资料,以术后病理结果为“金标准”,计算^99Tc^m-MIBI双时相SPECT／CT显像结果与彩色多普勒超声（CDUS）对SHPT的诊断效能,同时对延迟显像中甲状旁腺摄取的最高放射性比值（T／NT）与患者近期全段PTH（iPTH）水平及术中切除的相应甲状旁腺体积的关系作分析。采用x^2检验、Pearson相关或Spearson相关分析数据。结果^99Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像和CDUS诊断SHPT的灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为66．67％（44／66）、100％（14／14）、100％（44／44）、38．89％（14／36）、72．50％（58／80）和78．19％（43／55）、52．38％（11／21）、81．13％（43／53）、47．83％（11／23）、71．05％（54／76）。二者诊断SHPT的特异性和阳性预测值差异有统计学意义（x^2=9．33和9．26,均P〈0．05）,其余3个指标差异均无统计学意义（x^2=1．97、0．04和0．46,均P〉0．05）。最高T／NT与患者iPTH水平及手术切除的相应甲状旁腺体积均呈正相关（r=0．638,rs=0．571,均P〈0．05）。结论^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT／CT显像诊断SHPT的特异性高于CDUS0^99Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像可准确定位功能亢进的甲状旁腺,为手术治疗提供依据。     

甲状旁腺功能亢进的定位诊断

比较了８５例临床诊断为甲状旁腺功能亢进的患者使用（２０１）Ｔｌ／（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ双核素减影技术、（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＭＩＢＩ和Ｂ型超声做病灶术前定位的结果。术中共发现９９个病灶，双核素显像检出４９个病灶，Ｂ超发现６７个病灶，灵敏度分别为５０％和６７％。其中８例患者用（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＭＩＢＩ检查的灵敏度为６７％（６／９）；对异位甲状旁腺病灶核素显像的灵敏度为８４．６％（１４／１７），Ｂ超为４１％（７／１７）。     

99 Tcm-MIBI SPECT在原发性鼻咽癌诊断、放疗后残余或复发监测中的应用

目的：评价^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)SPECT显像对原发性鼻咽癌的诊断和鼻咽癌放疗后局部残余或复发的鉴别价值。方法：20例经病理检查证实的原发性鼻咽癌患者于治疗前、放疗后3和6个月分别行^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像，与同期CT和(或)MRI结果对照，分别计算肿瘤或正常鼻咽部与头皮的放射性计数比值，作为^99Tc^m-MIBI摄取指数(MUI)。以接受器工作特性(ROC)曲线确定MUI判别阈值。以鼻咽部内镜检查、病理活组织检查及18个月的临床随访资料作为鼻咽癌残余或复发的依据。结果以MUI≥2．15为阳性标准，^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT显像诊断原发性鼻咽癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确性均为95％。以MUI≥1．32为阳性标准，^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像监测鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度为3／4例，特异性93．8％，准确性90．0％。CT和(或)MRI监测鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度为3／4例，特异性81．3％，准确性80．0％。^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT显像与CT和(或)MRI联合鉴别鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为2／2例、92．9％和93．8％。结论:^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像对确定鼻咽癌原发灶范围有一定价值；与CT和(或)MRI联合，可提高对放疗后鼻咽癌残余或复发的早期诊断效能。     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的99Tcm-MIBI双时相显像

目的评价９９Ｔｃｍ甲氧基异丁基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）双时相显像法在肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（ＳＨＰ）患者中的诊断价值。方法２０例因慢性肾功能衰竭行血液透析患者,临床诊断为ＳＨＰ,均行双时相法９９ＴｃｍＭＩＢＩ甲状旁腺显像。运用甲状旁腺／甲状腺（ＰＴ／Ｔ）比值及甲状旁腺指数（ＰＴＩ）观察阳性病灶对ＭＩＢＩ的清除。３例行颈部探查术并作甲状旁腺自体移植。结果８例显像阳性,其中３例手术摘除９枚甲状旁腺,均经病理证实为增生。９９ＴｃｍＭＩＢＩ显像发现其中的８枚,其灵敏度为８８９％。在透析年限长、甲状旁腺素分泌高的患者中,有更高的阳性率。发现有３种ＭＩＢＩ清除类型。结论９９ＴｃｍＭＩＢＩ双时相显像在ＳＨＰ患者中有较高的定位诊断价值。阅片时应考虑病灶清除ＭＩＢＩ的多样性,以免漏诊     

Technetium-99m tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: a direct comparison with (99m)Tc-MIBI, (201)Tl, MRI and US.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and role of technetium-99m tetrofosmin for the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands to be referred for surgical treatment. Twenty-eight consecutive patients, including 25 primary and 3 secondary cases of hyperparathyroidism, were evaluated. (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin/(99m)Tc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (TF/Tc) was performed on all patients, and the results were directly compared with those of (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI)/(99m)Tc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (MIBI/Tc), (201)Tl/(99m)Tc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (Tl/Tc), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US). In cases of single-gland disease, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 63.2%, 68.4%, 57.9%, 55.6% and 63.2%, respectively. In cases of multi-gland disease, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 41.7%, 41.7%, 37.5%, 58.3% and 54.2%, respectively. In cases of parathyroid adenoma, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 68.8%, 75.0%, 68.8%, 62.5% and 75.0%, respectively. In cases of parathyroid hyperplasia, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 40.7%, 40.7%, 33.3%, 53.8% and 48.1%, respectively. It is concluded that, for the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands, (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin is as useful as (99m)Tc-MIBI and is more useful than (201)Tl.     

Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism

AIM: To preoperatively localize enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT). METHODS: Besides clinical and biochemical workup, high-resolution ultrasonography (US) is the most commonly used imaging method.Additionally,Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy in subtraction or biphasic technique, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used. RESULTS: US fails to detect a minimum of 10% of enlarged parathyroid glands,most commonly due to ectopic location, or difficult examination conditions, such as nodular goiter or previous surgery. If attempted US localization is unsuccessful, multiphase scintigraphy, using Tc-99m-sestamibi, can help to locate ectopic adenomas in the mediastinum. With SPECT, ademomas can be found which escape detection on planar scans due to their small size.With combined use of US and scintigraphy, a correct localization of parathyroid adenomas is possible in up to 90%. CT and MRI are of limited value due to their low specificity. CONCLUSION: For newly diagnosed hyperparathyroidism, high-resolution US is the method of choice for localizing parathyroid adenomas.If ultrasound fails to detect a lesion, Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy is recommended. In patients scheduled for re-operation for recurrent or persistent HPT, a preoperative detection of a parathyroid adenoma should be attempted whenever possible, in order to minimize the extent of surgery. The role of CT or MRI is mainly to help to better anatomically localize a suspected adenoma previously detected with scintigraphy.     

Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy for recurrent hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy with autograft

The aim of this study is to assess the sensitivity of Tc-99m-MIBI for the pre-operative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism (HPT) after total parathyroidectomy (PTX) with autograft. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy was performed on 7 patients (3 men and 4 women; aged 32 to 62) on hemodialysis with persistent or recurrent HPT after PTX due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Tc-99m-MIBI of 370 MBq was injected intravenously. Double-phase planar images were acquired at 15 min and 120 min-postinjection. SPECT images of the chest in an early phase were also obtained. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery after scintigraphy. The enlarged parathyroid grafts were removed in 4 patients. An unusual location of parathyroid hyperplasia was found in 2 patients. In one patient, the abnormal graft coexisted with an ectopic parathyroid in the mediastinal region. Tc-99m-MIBI was able to identify all hyperfunctioning parathyroids correctly (100% sensitivity). In one case, a focus of the increased uptake in SPECT was considered as a false positive. The remnant of ectopic parathyroid in the mediastinum was only detected by SPECT images. CONCLUSION: Tc-99m-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy is useful for the pre-operative localization of persistent or recurrent HPT following total PTX with autograft.     

Technetium-99m tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: a direct comparison with 99mTc-MIBI, 201Tl, MRI and US

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and role of technetium-99m tetrofosmin for the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands to be referred for surgical treatment. Twenty-eight consecutive patients, including 25 primary and 3 secondary cases of hyperparathyroidism, were evaluated. ^99mTc-tetrofosmin/^99mTc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (TF/Tc) was performed on all patients, and the results were directly compared with those of ^99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI)/^99mTc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (MIBI/Tc), ²⁰¹Tl/^99mTc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (Tl/Tc), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US). In cases of single-gland disease, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 63.2%, 68.4%, 57.9%, 55.6% and 63.2%, respectively. In cases of multi-gland disease, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 41.7%, 41.7%, 37.5%, 58.3% and 54.2%, respectively. In cases of parathyroid adenoma, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 68.8%, 75.0%, 68.8%, 62.5% and 75.0%, respectively. In cases of parathyroid hyperplasia, the sensitivities of TF/Tc, MIBI/Tc, Tl/Tc, MRI and US were 40.7%, 40.7%, 33.3%, 53.8% and 48.1%, respectively. It is concluded that, for the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands, ^99mTc-tetrofosmin is as useful as ^99mTc-MIBI and is more useful than ²⁰¹Tl.     

硝酸甘油介入心肌显像检测存活心肌

目的：观察硝酸甘油介入对常规静息心肌显像异常减低区存活心肌判断的作用。材料和方法:28例冠心病患者在一周内进行了Tc-99m—MIBI常规静息心肌显像及含服硝酸甘油后心肌显像．结果：在144个常规静息心肌显像中的放射性异常减低区段．有61个(42%)区段在含服硝酸甘油后显像见局部Tc-99m—MIBI摄取明显增加，其中23个区段局部放射性分布计分上升2级：同时硝酸甘油心肌显像明显提高心／肝及心／肺比值，改善了图像质量.结论：硝酸甘油介入后Tc-99m—MIBI心肌显像明确提高了常规静息心肌显像对存活心肌判断的灵敏性。     

Preoperative parathyroid gland localization with technetium-99m sestamibi in secondary hyperparathyroidism

Technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy has become a valuable tool in locating parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The aim of this study was to evaluate its usefulness in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Twenty patients were injected intravenously with 740 MBq of ^99mTc-sestamibi and images were obtained at 15 min and 2 h post injection. All patients underwent parathyroid ultrasonography (US) as well as bilateral surgical neck exploration and 64 parathyroid glands were removed. US revealed at least one enlarged gland in 15/20 patients (75%), while ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy showed focal areas of increased uptake in at least one gland in 17/20 patients (85%). When imaging results for all glands were evaluated according to surgical results, sensitivity was 54% for parathyroid scintigraphy and 41% for US, and specificity was 89% for both imaging techniques. There was a discrepancy between the two imaging modalities in 28 glands (35%). The mean surgical weight of US-positive glands (1492±1436 mg) was significantly higher than that of US-negative glands (775±703 mg) (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in weight between sestamibi-positive and sestamibi-negative glands. When only sestamibi-positive glands were considered, a positive correlation between uptake and weight was found (r=0.4, P<0.05). In conclusion, parathyroid US and ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy are complementary imaging techniques in the preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. The limited sensitivity of the techniques means that patients will still require bilateral neck exploration; therefore routine preoperative parathyroid scanning in renal patients is not justified. Received 1 June and in revised form 6 August 1997