注射用呋苄西林钠与硫酸依替米星氯化钠注射液存在配伍禁忌

正呋苄西林钠系广谱半合成青霉素,对流感嗜血杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、伤寒沙门菌及部分大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性杆菌具有良好的抗菌作用,对链球菌属、肺炎链球菌及部分肠球菌属和不产青霉素酶金葡菌等革兰阳性细菌也有较好的抗菌作用。硫酸依替米星注射液系半合成氨基糖苷类抗生素,适用于对本品敏感的大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌、沙雷氏杆菌属、枸橼酸杆菌、肠杆菌属、不动杆菌属、变形杆菌属、嗜血流感杆     

利奈唑胺的体外抗菌作用研究

目的评价抗菌新药利奈唑胺的体外抗菌作用。方法采用琼脂对倍稀释法测定利奈唑胺对579株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性，并与有关抗菌药进行比较；测定利奈唑胺的杀菌浓度和杀菌曲线；培养条件对利奈唑胺抗菌活性的影响。结果利奈唑胺对葡萄球菌属、肺炎链球菌等链球菌属、肠球菌属临床分离菌均具高度抗菌活性，包括对其中的甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌、青霉素中介肺炎链球菌亦具良好的抗菌作用。对流感嗜血杆菌、淋病奈瑟菌的抗菌活性较低。对脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌具较高抗菌活性。利奈唑胺对耐药的革兰阳性球菌的抗菌作用与万古霉素和替考拉宁相仿或略强。最低杀菌浓度（MBC）测定及杀菌曲线试验结果显示利奈唑胺对肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌具有很强的杀菌作用，对大部分葡萄球菌属具杀菌作用，对肠球菌仅具抑菌作用。培养基pH值的改变、细菌接种量的改变对利奈唑胺抗菌活性有一定影响，人血清含量改变对该药抗菌活性无明显影响。结论利奈唑胺对需氧革兰阳性球菌，包括多重耐药菌具有高度抗菌活性，且与其他抗菌药问无交叉耐药。提示利奈唑胺对革兰阳性球菌，尤其是多重耐药株所致感染的控制将具有重要作用。     

加替沙星体外抗菌作用研究

目的：评价加替沙星的体外抗菌作用。方法：以琼脂稀释法测定加替沙星对临床分离菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)，并与有关抗菌药进行比较。测定加替沙星的杀菌作用，以及各种培养条件对加替沙星抗菌活性的影响。结果：加替沙星对临床分离菌1192株MIC测定结果显示该药具广谱抗菌作用。对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)、肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌具高度抗菌活性，MIC90≤0．25mg／L。但对甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌(MRS)和肠球菌属的作用差。对肠杆菌科细菌的大多数菌株具良好抗菌作用，其中对肺炎克雷伯菌、沙雷菌属、普通变形杆菌、沙门菌属、志贺菌属的MIC90≤2mg／L。但大肠埃希菌的敏感性较差。该药对铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌亦具良好抗菌作用，不动杆菌属对其敏感性较差。加替沙星对脆弱拟杆菌、消化链球菌等厌氧菌亦具高度抗菌活性。与受试的其他氟喹诺酮类药物相比，加替沙星对MSSA、肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌、脆弱拟杆菌的作用明显优于环丙沙星和氧氟沙星，对肠杆菌科细菌和非发酵革兰阴性菌作用较环丙沙星略优或相仿。杀菌试验结果显示加替沙星具快速杀菌作用。除培养基的pH值改变对其抗菌活性略有影响外，细菌接种量及血清含量无明显影响。结论：加替沙星为一广谱抗菌药，抗菌作用强，对社区获得呼吸道感染病原菌抗菌活性尤高，提示该药治疗敏感菌所致感染可望有良好应用前景。     

临床分离革兰阳性球菌对去甲万古霉素的敏感性

目的评价去甲万古霉素对临床分离革兰阳性球菌的体外抗菌活性。方法琼脂对倍稀释法测定去甲万古霉素对3 011株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性,并与有关抗菌药物进行比较。结果去甲万古霉素对革兰阳性球菌包括葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属等临床常见的需氧革兰阳性球菌均显示高度的抗菌活性,包括其中的甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌、青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌和多重耐药的屎肠球菌等。其对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性与同类药万古霉素和替考拉宁相仿;亦与利奈唑胺相近。除对万古霉素耐药的30株肠球菌对去甲万古霉素耐药,示与万古霉素交叉耐药外,未见其他革兰阳性球菌对去甲万古霉素耐药株。结论去甲万古霉素对临床重要的革兰阳性球菌具有高度的抗菌活性,其抗菌活性与万古霉素、替考拉宁等同类药相仿。提示该药仍可作为治疗上述敏感细菌所致感染的可选药物之一。     

头孢噻利体外抗菌作用研究

目的 评价头孢噻利对常见病原菌近期临床分离株的体外抗菌作用.方法 采用琼脂稀释法测定头孢噻利对640株近期临床分离菌的药物敏感性.结果 头孢噻利对260株肠杆菌科细菌中的非产酶株(46.1%)具有高度的抗菌活性;对单产AmpC酶的菌株(11.2%)亦有良好的抗菌活性;但对产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌(42.7%)的抗菌活性差.头孢噻利对铜绿假单胞菌和洛菲不动杆菌有一定的抗菌活性,对鲍曼不动杆菌的抗菌活性差.头孢噻利对流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的抗菌活性高.头孢噻利对MSSA和MSSE显示良好的抗菌活性,对所有受试的青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌和受试的链球菌属细菌均显示了高度的抗菌活性;对青霉素中介肺炎链球菌的抗菌活性略低.对MRSA、MRCNS、青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌以及粪肠球菌的抗菌活性差,对屎肠球菌无抗菌活性.本品对大多受试革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性与头孢吡肟和头孢匹罗相仿;对MSSA和MSCNS及所有受试的链球菌属细菌的抗菌活性与头孢匹罗相仿,并相仿或略优与头孢吡肟.结论 头孢噻利对需氧革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌具广谱抗菌活性,对细菌产生的AmpC酶稳定.对非产酶株和单产AmpC酶的肠杆菌科细菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌、MSSA和MSCNS以及链球菌属细菌均具有良好的抗菌活性.提示该药是治疗上述细菌所致感染的可选药物之一.     

奈诺沙星体外抗菌作用研究

目的评价奈诺沙星对临床分离菌的体外抗菌作用。方法琼脂对倍稀释法测定奈诺沙星对1 263株临床分离菌和肉汤微量稀释法测定51株支原体属的体外抗菌活性、杀菌浓度、杀菌曲线以及培养条件对其抗菌活性的影响。结果奈诺沙星对甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌、青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌均具高度抗菌活性,对粪肠球菌的抗菌活性略低。其对革兰阳性球菌的抗菌活性明显优于左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和莫西沙星。奈诺沙星对多数肠杆菌科细菌、洛菲不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌具良好抗菌作用,对嗜血杆菌属、卡他莫拉菌具高度抗菌活性,但对淋病奈瑟菌的抗菌作用差。该药对肠杆菌科细菌和多数不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌(除了鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌)的抗菌作用与其他受试喹诺酮类大致相仿,或略差。奈诺沙星对消化链球菌和痤疮丙酸杆菌等厌氧菌以及肺炎支原体具有良好的抗菌活性。奈诺沙星对受试的革兰阳性球菌和革兰阴性菌均具杀菌作用。培养条件中pH和细菌接种菌量的改变对奈诺沙星体外抗菌活性无明显影响,但血清蛋白含量增高时可降低奈诺沙星的抗菌活性。结论奈诺沙星对需氧革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、部分厌氧菌和肺炎支原体等具有广谱抗微生物活性,尤其对甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌、青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌具有高度抑菌和杀菌活性,优于其他受试氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物。     

头孢西酮的体外抗菌活性

目的 评价头孢西酮的体外抗菌活性.方法 采用琼脂对倍稀释法测定头孢西酮对568株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性,并与相关抗菌药进行比较;测定头孢西酮的杀菌浓度和杀菌曲线以及培养条件对头孢西酮抗菌活性的影响.结果 在需氧革兰阳性菌中,头孢西酮对甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)和甲氧西林敏感凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSCNS)、青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌(PSSP)以及β溶血性链球菌均有很好的抗菌活性,MIC90≤1 mg/L.头孢西酮对流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的MIC90为8 mg/L.在革兰阴性菌中,头孢西酮对非产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和奇异变形杆菌仍保持很好的抗菌活性.头孢西酮对产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、摩根摩根菌、沙雷菌、阴沟肠杆菌和不发酵糖革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属均无抗菌活性.培养基pH值的改变、细菌接种量、血清含量改变对该药抗菌活性无明显影响.结论 头孢西酮对社区感染常见病原菌均有较好的抗菌活性.     

儿童血培养常见病原菌耐药性分析

目的调查儿童患者血培养常见病原菌分布及耐药性情况,为儿童血流感染经验使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法对2018至2019年江西省儿童医院送检血培养标本分离的主要病原菌及其耐药性进行统计分析。结果共检出病原菌631株,新生儿、婴幼儿和儿童组检出病原菌占比分别为19.3%、55.9%和24.7%;检出革兰阴性菌316株占50.1%,革兰阳性菌289株占45.8%,真菌26株占4.1%,其中分离率前5位的分别是大肠埃希菌102株(16.2%)、肺炎链球菌81株(12.8%)、金黄色葡萄球菌70株(11.1%)、非伤寒沙门菌47株(7.4%)和肺炎克雷伯菌41株(6.5%)。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率分别为11.8%和31.7%;肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感率(PNSP)为0%;耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为41.4%;非伤寒沙门菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率为8.5%。结论儿童血培养标本分离的病原菌中革兰阴性菌占比稍高于革兰阳性菌,常见革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药性较高,应加强对可引起儿童血流感染细菌的耐药性监测,掌握其耐药特点以便指导临床经验使用抗菌药物。     

2021年CHINET中国细菌耐药监测

目的 监测国内主要地区医疗机构临床分离菌对抗菌药物的敏感性。方法 对国内主要地区51所医院临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法按CHINET统一监测方案进行抗菌药物敏感性试验。按2021年CLSI折点标准判断结果。结果 收集2021年1—12月上述医院临床分离菌共301 917株,其中革兰阳性菌占28.6%,革兰阴性菌占71.4%。金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和其他凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(除假中间葡萄球菌和施氏葡萄球菌外)中甲氧西林耐药株的检出率分别为30.0%、80.7%和77.7%。甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA、MRSE和其他MRCNS)对绝大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA、MSSE和其他MSCNS)。MRSA中有92.4%的菌株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲唑敏感;MRSE中有90.7%的菌株对利福平敏感;未发现万古霉素耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,两者均有少数万古霉素耐药株。2021年儿童和成人中分离的非脑膜炎肺炎链球菌中PSSP的检出率分别为97.8%和95.1%。除肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为20.8%和2...     

儿童急性化脓性扁桃体炎和急性鼻窦炎的病原菌分布及药物敏感性

目的了解儿童急性化脓性扁桃体炎和急性鼻窦炎的病原学分布及头孢托仑等对分离得到的病原菌的抗菌作用。方法采用传统的细菌分离鉴定方法和分子生物学方法对分离获得的细菌进行鉴定,采用微量稀释法对分离获得的细菌进行头孢托仑等抗菌药物的体外敏感性测定。结果肺炎链球菌(27.2%)、流感嗜血杆菌(25.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌菌(金葡菌,21.8%)、卡他莫拉菌(19.7%)是引起儿童上呼吸道疾病的主要病原菌;头孢托仑对甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)、肺炎链球菌包括青霉素敏感和中介株(PSSP和PISP)、化脓链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌均具有良好的抗菌活性。传统的细菌分离鉴定方法和分子生物学方法对肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌的鉴定结果基本一致。结论头孢托仑对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌和金葡菌具有良好的抗菌作用,可用于治疗上述各类敏感菌引起的儿童呼吸道感染。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.