中青年国人鼓室导抗图正常值

目的 研究中青年国人鼓室导抗图各个测试项目的正常值范围及中年组和青年组之间的鼓室导抗图的差异。方法 选取纯音听阈正常、无耳科疾病的正常中青年人58例，在隔声室中，AA222中耳分析仪、226Hz探测音测试鼓室导抗图。结果 所有鼓室导抗图均符合Jerger分类法中的“A”型曲线，其静态声顺值比国外的稍小；中年组和青年组间等效外耳道容积和峰压值差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而声顺和坡度差异则无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 青年组与中年组鼓室导抗图等效外耳道容积和峰压值存在的显著性差异，可能与年龄增长所致外耳道壁松弛、外耳道容积变大、咽鼓管调节功能下降等因素有关。     

正常新生儿高频探测音的鼓室导抗测试

目的探讨经瞬态诱发耳声发射(transient evoked otoacoustic emission,TEOAE)听力筛查通过的正常新生儿(2~7天龄)高频(1000Hz)探测音鼓室导抗图的特点。方法采用AccuScreen Pro型TEOAE听力筛查仪对135例新生儿进行听力筛查;对双耳通过TEOAE听力筛查的新生儿采用GSI-33型中耳分析仪检测在高频(1000Hz)探测音下的鼓室导抗图,对其进行分型,并分析外耳道容积、峰声导纳值等指标的正常值。结果135例新生儿中有100例(200耳)新生儿双耳通过TEOAE听力筛查,其鼓室导抗图单峰型有180耳(占90.0%)、双峰型5耳(占2.5%)、平坦无峰型7耳(占3.5%)、其它型8耳(占4.0%)。其中,单峰型鼓室导抗图的峰声导纳值为2.21±0.53mmHo,峰压点处外耳道压力为11.19±41.35daPa,外耳道容积约0.50±0.08ml。男性与女性相比:外耳道容积、峰声导纳值、 200daPa时的声顺值、峰补偿静态声导纳值的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);峰声导纳值对应的外耳道压力在性别中的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论通过听力筛查的新生儿高频(1000Hz)探测音的鼓室导抗图以单峰型为主,相应的峰声导纳值、峰压点处外耳道压力、外耳道容积等指标的正常值可以作为新生儿中耳状态评估时的参考依据。     

正常新生儿声导抗特性分析

目的通过大样本的筛查了解新生儿鼓室导抗图特性,收集新生儿的外耳道容积、鼓室压力、声顺值等相关数据,对声导抗测试在新生儿的临床应用中的作用进行初步探讨。方法采用226Hz探测音,对生后1～3天内的2617名(5234耳)正常新生儿进行声导抗测试。结果鼓室导抗图型分为单峰、双峰、平缓、负压四型,各型分别占16.22%、83.38%、0.29%、0.11%;新生儿声顺值的正常范围约为0.34～1.08ml;外耳道容积的正常范围约为0.3～1.0ml;鼓室压力的正常范围约为-121.12～ 82.36daPa。结论采用226Hz探测音测得的新生儿鼓室导抗图双峰的比例明显高于单峰,与成人和儿童有明显的区别。     

四川地区青年人鼓室导抗筛查的正常值

目的 探讨四川地区青年人群(20—30岁)的鼓室导抗筛查的正常值及其影响因素。方法 采取完全重复Roup(1998)测试成人鼓室导抗筛查值的方法，测试了102例四川地区青年人的峰补偿静态声导纳值(PeakYtm)，外耳道等效容积(Vea)和鼓室测量坡度(TW)的正常值，并将结果与Roup的测试值进行了比较。结果 本研究与Roup的测试结果在各项鼓室导抗筛查值之间均存在显著性差异。具体而言，本研究的峰补偿静态声导纳值及外耳道等效容积均小于Roup的测试值，而鼓室测量坡度大于其测试值。男女分性别比较时，本研究中男性的峰补偿静态声导纳值及外耳道等效容积均大于女性。结论 本研究验证了四川地区青年人群与西方人群间的鼓室导抗筛查正常值之间的确存在显著性差异，提示我们应该建立自己的正常参考值标准，而非盲目地参照国外的标准。     

正常听力新生儿低频探测音鼓室导抗测试特点

目的:探讨瞬态诱发耳声发射(TEOAE)听力筛查通过的正常新生儿(2～7 d龄)低频(226 Hz)探测音鼓室导抗图的特点,获得外耳道容积,峰声导纳值等指标的特征.方法:采用AccuScreen Pro型TEOAE听力筛查仪对135名新生儿进行筛查;然后,采用GSI-33型中耳分析仪对首次双耳通过TEOAE听力筛查的新生儿进行低频探测音下的鼓室导抗测试,并获取鼓室导抗图、声导纳值和外耳道容积等相关数据.结果:135名新生儿中有105名新生儿首次双耳通过TEOAE听力筛查;在测得的鼓室导抗图中,双峰型202耳(占96.19%),单峰型8耳(占3.81%).双峰型鼓室导抗图第一峰的声导纳值为(0.91±0.18)mmho,峰声导纳值处外耳道压力为(18.02±12.26)daPa;第二峰的声导纳值为(1.05±0.23)mmho,峰声导纳值处外耳道压力为(-35.05±16.80)daPa;两峰间最低点处声导纳值为(0.74±2.57)mmho,其对应的外耳道压力为(0.37±7.61)daPa;外耳道容积(0.50±0.08)ml.结论:听力筛查通过的新生儿低频探测音鼓室导抗图以双峰型为主,相应的峰声导纳值、峰声导纳值处外耳道压力、外耳道容积等指标的正常值为临床新生儿中耳功能的评估提供了参考依据.     

A型鼓室图儿童单频率单成份鼓室图测试正常值研究

目的 探讨A型鼓室导抗图儿童单频率单成份鼓室图正常值范围及影响因素.方法 2014年12月至2015年3月对符合Jerger分类法中A型鼓室导抗图的120例(240耳)2~15岁儿童进行单频率单成分鼓室图测试(Y-226),获取外耳道等效容积(acoustic equivalent volume,Vea)、峰补偿静态声导纳(peak-compensated static admittance,Ytm)、峰值处鼓室压(tympanometric peak pressure,TPP)和鼓室图梯度(tympanometric gradi-ent,TG)等,比较不同年龄、性别间的差异.结果 本组对象中,男性和女性TPP值分别为-32.35±22.40和-35.38±18.70 daPa,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2~6岁组和7~15岁组Vea值分别为0.79±0.13和0.90±0.19 ml,TPP值分别为-40.78±23.83和-30.21±18.80 daPa,组间差异均有显著性意义(均为P<0.05),其余指标差异均无统计学意义.结论 本组2~15岁A型鼓室图儿童单频率单成分鼓室图在2~6岁、7~15岁组间及不同性别组间峰值处鼓室压有差异;7~15岁组外耳道容积大于2~6岁组;可能与外耳道骨部及软骨部随着年龄增长而自然发育有关.     

多种技术治疗慢性中耳炎

目的探讨慢性中耳炎手术方法。方法2005年7月至2007年7月为45例46耳慢性中耳炎,胆脂瘤性中耳炎及中耳炎后遗症患者经耳内切口,在清除病灶的同时采用自体外耳道一乳突骨膜,骨质修补鼓膜,重建上鼓室盾板,外耳道后壁,听骨链,术后随访达12—36个月,以最后一次随访听力记录为统计数据,统计分析用配对t检验。结果46耳术后AC,BC和ABG术前术后差值（dBHL）为22．74&#177;12．45,6．16&#177;5．07和17．87&#177;7．14,经配对t检验,P均〈0．01,差异有显著统计学意义。43耳（93．5％）获得形态正常外耳道,鼓膜及含气的中耳腔,1耳外耳道存在过敏湿疹溢液,1耳大胆脂瘤伴中耳积液,鼓膜置管,持续有分泌物,给予再次手术后听力改善满意。结论慢性中耳炎术中行耳内切口采用自体外耳道一乳突骨膜骨质修补鼓膜,重建上鼓室盾板,外耳道后壁,听骨链,能达到彻底清除病灶,提高听力的目的,自体移植材料成活率高,痛苦少,经济且无碍美容。     

正常新生儿226Hz及1000Hz探测音鼓室导抗测试

探讨通过瞬态诱发耳声发射(TEOAE)筛查的正常新生儿低频（226Hz）及高频（1000Hz）探测音鼓室导抗图的特点、获得峰声导纳值等指标的正常值范围,为临床新生儿及婴幼儿中耳功能评估和诊断提供依据。方法采用中耳分析仪（GSI-33型）对足月顺产,并通过TEOAE筛查的正常新生儿分别进行低、高频探测音下的鼓室导抗测试,分析鼓室导抗图形态特征并对峰声导纳值等重要数据进行统计。结果在100例首次双耳通过TEOAE筛查的新生儿鼓室导抗测试中,低频鼓室导抗图以双峰型为主（占96%）,高频鼓室导抗图以单峰型为主（占90%）;低频探测音鼓室导抗图为双峰型而其高频探测音鼓室导抗图为单峰型的有174耳（占总耳数87%）;低频及高频探测音鼓室导抗图均为单峰型的仅有6耳（占总耳数3%）。结论正常新生儿低频探测音鼓室导抗图以双峰型为主,高频探测音鼓室导抗图以单峰型为主,应将两者结合来对新生儿及婴幼儿中耳功能进行评估;所获得相应的峰声导纳值、峰声导纳值处外耳道压力、外耳道容积等指标的正常值可以用于初步评估新生儿中耳功能状态。     

软骨嵌合修复上鼓室外侧壁在乳突切开鼓室成形中的应用

目的探讨在完壁式乳突切开鼓室成形术(CWU)中取用大块完整耳甲腔软骨行嵌入式方法修复上鼓室外侧壁缺损治疗外耳道后壁及/或上鼓室外侧壁明显破坏的中耳胆脂瘤疗效。方法 35例(共37耳)伴有外耳道后壁及/或上鼓室外侧壁明显破坏的中耳胆脂瘤在CWU术中取用大块完整耳甲腔软骨修复盾板缺损且同期行鼓室成形。总结手术技术要点,观察术后干耳时间、鼓膜愈合等相关情况;纯音测听检查比较手术前后言语相关频率平均听阈(PTA)及气骨导差(ABG)值;声导抗检查统计分析外耳道容积值、声顺值以及A型曲线鼓室导抗图出现率。结果术后平均随访时间19.3±7.5月。术后相关情况:平均干耳时间(23.47±11.76)d;鼓膜完全愈合34耳(34/37,91.89%),3例未愈合者中央性穿孔1耳,前下象限边缘性裂隙状愈合不良2耳;面瘫(0/37,0.00%);外耳道狭窄(0/37,0.00%);未发生上鼓室内陷袋(0/37,0.00%)。术后12月,0.5、1、2kHz平均气导听阈较术前比较有明显统计学意义(44.13±6.82dBHL,57.72±10.37dBHL,P=0.000, P<0.01),ABG值较术前比较有明显统计学意义(13.57±7.59dBHL,27.46±6.35dBHL,P=0.000, P<0.01);共有23耳行声导抗检查,平均外耳道容积1.73±0.61ml,平均声顺值为0.76±0.49ml,共计A型曲线鼓室导抗图15耳(15/23,65.22%),C型曲线4耳(4/23,17.39%),B型曲线4耳(4/23,17.39%。结论 CWU术中尽量保存和利用残存硬壁结构,采用大块完整的耳甲腔软骨嵌于上鼓室外侧壁修复缺损,能更好地维持外耳道及中耳解剖及生理功能,防止上鼓室内陷袋形成,是中耳乳突手术的理想选择。     

慢性鼻窦炎对中耳功能的影响——声导抗参数的改变

目的探讨慢性鼻窦炎对中耳声导抗参数的影响。方法对53例慢性鼻窦炎病人、10例健康成人做声导抗检查，采用多状态Logistic回归模型，对慢性鼻窦炎可能影响鼓室导抗图的因素进行评价。结果（1）53例中，鼓室导抗图A型33例（62-26％），As型4例（7．55％），B型2例（3．77％），C型14例（26．42％）。（2）As、B、C型异常鼓室导抗图、鼓室峰压值、同侧镫骨肌反射、坡度在各型鼻窦炎与对照组、各型之间比较多有统计学差异。静态声顺值无差异。（3）经过对自变量逐步剔除，有2项因素，即筛窦CT分型呈硬化型和鼻窦炎分型分期较重时，影响鼓室导抗图。结论（1）随慢性鼻窦炎分型分期加重，异常鼓室导抗图、镫骨肌反射消失增多，鼓室峰压值越偏向负压，坡度值增加；静态声顺值无或稍有变化。（2）慢性鼻窦炎呈硬化型筛窦、分型分期重时，对鼓室导抗图影响更重。     

Developmental changes in multifrequency tympanograms

The normal maturational course of tympanometric shape, static aural acoustic admittance and ear canal wall characteristics were investigated in healthy infants, who were followed at various time intervals in the first 4 months of life. Susceptance and conductance tympanograms were recorded from both ears of each subject at four probe frequencies or more. In addition, quantitative pneumatic otoscopy was performed utilizing air pressure changes of the same magnitude as those typically used in tympanometry. Results for the group were an increase in admittance magnitude with increasing age at frequencies above 226 Hz. Admittance phase angle increased with age at all frequencies, indicating a growing contribution of compliant elements in the first 4 months of life. The course of development of input admittance at the tympanic membrane differed among individual infants. Otoscopic findings indicated that external ear canal differences cannot completely account for tympanometric differences between young infants and adults.     

High- and Low-Frequency Probe Tone Tympanometry in Chinese Infants

Objective To assess the utility of low- and high-frequency tympanometry in the diagnosis of middle ear dysfunction in Chinese infants. Methods Tympanograms were obtained with 226 Hz, 678 Hz and 1000 Hz probe tones from infants aged 5-25 weeks with normal auditory brainstem responses (ABRs)(15 infants,30 ears) and withprolonged wave Ⅰ latencies(17 infants, 20 ears), suggesting middle ear dysfunction, using a GSI Tympstar middle ear analyzer Version Ⅱ. Results The single-peaked tympanogram was the most characteristic type in both groups and seen in 25 ears (83.3%) in the normal ABR group and in 18 ears (90%) in the delayed wave Ⅰ group, respectively. The peak pressure, peak compensated static acoustic admittance and gradient of 226 Hz tympanometry were of no significant differences between the two groups. The 678 Hz tympanograms of admittance, susceptance and conductance demonstrated non-peak, single-, double- and tri-peaked patterns in both groups. The agreement between ABRs and 678 Hz tympanograms of admittance,susceptance and conductance were 70.0%, 58.0% and 64.0%(kappa=0.324, 0.234 and 0.118) respectively. For 1000 Hz probe tone, admittance,susceptance and conductance tympanograms showed single peaked patterns in 28 (93.3%), 25 (83.3%) and 26 (86.7%) of the 30 normal ears. Admittance, susceptance and conductance tympanograms using the 1000 Hz probe tone were flat in 15 (75%), 17(85%) and 13 (65%) of the ears in infants with prolonged wave Ⅰ latencies. For 1000 Hz admittance, susceptance and conductance Tympanograms, the agreement between tympanometry and ABR results were 90.0%, 92.0% and 86.0% with kappa at 0.783, 0.831 and 0.690, respectively. Conclusion 1000 Hz probe tone tympanometry is a promising middle ear function test for infants of 1-6 months age, while 226 Hz and 678 Hz probe tones are less efficient in detecting middle ear dysfunction in infants.     

低频和高频探测音鼓室声导抗测试在婴儿中耳功能诊断中的作用

目的评价低频和高频探测音鼓室声导抗测试在诊断婴儿中耳功能异常中的作用。方法使用GSI Tympstar中耳分析仪，对年龄5—25周的听性脑干反应（auditory brainstem response，ABR）检查正常婴儿15例（30耳）和Ⅰ波潜伏期延长提示可能存在中耳功能异常婴儿17例（20耳），进行226、678、1000Hz探测音鼓室声导抗测试的比较。结果226Hz探测音鼓室声导纳图的静态声导纳值、图形、峰压和梯度在2组间的差异无统计学意义。678Hz探测音鼓室声导纳图、声纳图及声导图在2组中均可见无峰型、单峰型、双峰型、三峰型图形，其与ABR检查的一致率分别为70．0％、58．0％、64．0％，kappa值分别为0．324、0．234、0．118。1000Hz探测音鼓室声导纳图、声纳图及声导图在正常组中单峰型分别为28耳（93．3％）、25耳（83．3％）、26耳（86．7％），在异常组中无峰型分别为15耳（75％）、17耳（85％）、13耳（65％），其与ABR的一致率分别为90．0％、92．0％、86．0％，kappa值分别为0．783、0．831、0．690。结论1000Hz探测音鼓室声导抗测试是诊断小于25周婴儿中耳功能的较准确的检查方法，226、678Hz探测音鼓室声导抗测试则不能提供这些婴儿中耳功能的准确的信息。     

Tympanometric changes at 226 Hz and 678 Hz across 10 trials and for two directions of ear canal pressure change

The influence that repeated tympanometric trials have on the aural-acoustic admittance characteristics of the middle-ear transmission system was studied in 24 young adults. The 226-Hz and 678-Hz data were generated by concurrently digitizing the conductance and admittance tympanograms at 25 daPa/s for both ascending and descending pressure directions. Ten successive trials for each frequency and direction of pressure change were made. Changes in admittance corrected for ear canal volume across the 10 tympanometric trials were computed. The results demonstrated that generally admittance increases as the number of trials increases. For many subjects, the complexity of the tympanometric configuration also increases across trials. The results from eight subjects with single-peaked 678-Hz tympanograms were compared with the results from eight subjects with notched 678-Hz tympanograms to explain the mean decrease in susceptance across tympanometric trials. Finally, the pressure peak locations of the conductance, susceptance, and admittance tympanograms were evaluated and are discussed. The effects that differences in peak pressure location have on the computed static admittance values are presented.     

足月正常新生儿多频探测音鼓室声导抗正常值测定

目的：探讨正常新生儿多频探测音鼓室声导抗图的图型、声导纳值、声纳值和声导值的正常范围。方法：使用GSI-33中耳分析仪,对足月顺产并通过瞬态诱发性耳声发射和畸变产物耳声发射筛查的新生儿55例（110耳）进行226、6781、000 Hz探测音鼓室声导抗测试,对比分析各种探测音鼓室声导抗的图形,声导纳值、声纳值和声导值,并进行统计学分析。结果：226 Hz探测音鼓室声导纳图、声纳图和声导图以双峰型为主,分别占90.0%、99.1%和85.5%,少数为单峰型,无多峰型出现;678 Hz探测音鼓室声导纳图、声纳图和声导图以单峰型为主,分别占62.7%、77.3%和62.7%,双峰型分别占34.6%、20.9%和31.8%,少数出现三峰型;1 000 Hz探测音鼓室声导纳图、声纳图和声导图以单峰型为主,分别占96.4%、99.1%和97.3%,极少数为双峰型,无三峰型出现。226 Hz与678 Hz探测音测试,鼓室声导纳值与声纳值、声纳值与声导值的均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;声导纳值与声导值差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。1 000 Hz探测音测试,鼓室声导纳值、声纳值与声导值的两两比较均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结论：获得正常新生儿多频探测音鼓室声导抗图的图形、声导纳值、声纳值和声导值的正常范围,结果提示,1 000 Hz探测音鼓室声导抗测试可以较好反映正常新生儿的中耳功能。     

Wideband reflectance in Down syndrome

ObjectiveChildren with Down syndrome (DS) have a high incidence of middle ear disorders and congenital abnormalities of the external, middle and inner ear. Energy reflectance (ER), a wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measurement parameter, can measure the sound energy reflected or absorbed in the ear canal over a wider range of frequencies more efficiently and faster than conventional single-tone 226 Hz tympanometry. The aim of the present study was to compare the WAI measurements of children with DS with those of typically developing, normal-hearing children according to their tympanometric findings.MethodsFour groups of children with Down syndrome (age range: 2 years and 4 months to 16 years and 3 months; mean age: 8.5 yr) with normal tympanograms (19 ears), flat tympanograms (13 ears), mild negative pressure tympanograms (6 ears between −100 and −199 daPa at the admittance peak) and severe negative pressure tympanograms (4 ears at −200 daPa or lower at the admittance peak) were assessed. All findings were compared with data obtained from 21 ears of a healthy control group (age range: 3 years and 1 month to 13 years and 11 months; mean age: 7.9 yr). The subjects underwent tympanometry with a 226-Hz probe tone frequency and ER measurements along the 200–6,000 Hz range with a chirp stimulus using the Middle-Ear Power Analyzer (MEPA3 – HearID) by Mimosa Acoustics (Champaign, IL), software, version 3.3 [38].ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed in the ER curves for some comparisons between the studied groups. There was also a negative correlation between the static acoustic admittance at the tympanic membrane level and ER measured with a chirp stimulus at 500 and 1,000 Hz. The discriminant analysis technique, which used a chirp stimulus at 1,000 and 1,600 Hz to classify the participants' data based on ER values, achieved a correct classification rate of 59.52% for participants with DS.ConclusionWhile groups with abnormal middle ear status, as indicated by tympanometry, showed higher ER values compared to the DS tymp A group and the control group, similar reflectance curves were observed between control group and the DS tymp A group. WAI shows promise as a clinical diagnostic tool in investigating the impact of middle ear disorders in DS group. However, further research is required to investigate this issue in narrower age range group and a larger sample size.     

Tympanometric measures of eustachian tube function

The purpose of this study was to develop instructions and procedures and to establish a normal data base for four tympanometric tests of Eustachian tube function: Valsalva, Toynbee, Inflation, and Deflation. Data were obtained for 24 young adults (48 ears) with normal hearing and normal middle-ear function. The tympanograms were analyzed for differences between baseline and experimental (postmaneuver) and baseline and posttest tracings for seven measures: tympanogram peak pressure, peak acoustic admittance, static acoustic admittance, negative gradient, positive gradient, and negative and positive acoustic-admittance values at +/- 400 daPa. The results indicated a statistically significant difference only in peak pressure for baseline and experimental tympanograms. Peak-pressure shifts were most pronounced for the Valsalva and Toynbee procedures. The small pressure shifts characteristic of the Inflation and Deflation procedures coupled with the potential for instrumental error severely limit the use of these procedures as means of obtaining reliable indices of tubal function.     

Immittance audiometry. Normative data at 220 and 660 Hz

Normative immittance data for normal ears were collected at 220 and 660 Hz probe tone frequencies. The experimental set-up enabled conversion of simultaneously recorded susceptance and conductance data to resistance, reactance, admittance and phase angle tympanograms. Special attention was given to the subtraction of the ear canal admittance and to the pump speed. This paper demonstrates first the frequent occurrence (43.2%) of W-shaped tympanograms at 660 Hz probe tone in healthy ears. This percentage is not influenced by age, sex or pump direction. Normative data of the central extremum of the tympanogram are reported only for those immittance components in which W-notching does not occur. The wide variance of measurements in the population precludes the creation of subcategories. The intra-individual variation is much smaller and the authors advocate to use the value of the contralateral healthy ear as a reference.     

High-frequency (1000 Hz) tympanometry in normal neonates

The characteristics of high frequency (1000 Hz) acoustic admittance results obtained from normal neonates were described in this study. Participants were 170 healthy neonates (96 boys and 74 girls) aged between 1 and 6 days (mean = 3.26 days, SD = 0.92). Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), and 226 Hz and 1000 Hz probe tone tympanograms were obtained from the participants using a Madsen Capella OAE/middle ear analyser. The results showed that of the 170 neonates, 34 were not successfully tested in both ears, 14 failed the TEOAE screen in one or both ears, and 122 (70 boys, 52 girls) passed the TEOAE screen in both ears and also maintained an acceptable probe seal during tympanometry. The 1000 Hz tympanometric data for the 122 neonates (244 ears) showed a single-peaked tympanogram in 225 ears (92.2%), a flat-sloping tympanogram in 14 ears (5.7%), a double-peaked tympanogram in 3 ears (1.2%) and other unusual shapes in 2 ears (0.8%). There was a significant ear effect, with right ears showing significantly higher mean peak compensated static admittance and tympanometric width, but lower mean acoustic admittance at +200 daPa and gradient than left ears. No significant gender effects or its interaction with ear were found. The normative tympanometric data derived from this cohort may serve as a guide for detecting middle ear dysfunction in neonates.