“管中管”在尿道手术中的运用体会

1999年以来 ,我院对先天性尿道下裂 ,尿道手术后瘢痕、狭窄、缺损行尿道成形术及尿瘘修补术等 ,5 7例患儿不做耻骨上膀胱造瘘的尿流改道的手术 ,而是采用”管中管”引流膀胱尿液 ,取得非常满意的疗效 ,报告如下。一、临床资料1.一般资料　本组年龄 1岁 9个月～ 14岁。尿道瘢痕、狭窄松解后致尿道缺损 ,施行尿道成形术 4例。其中 1例缺损长度达 2 .6ｃｍ。尿瘘修补术 7例 ,瘘孔最长的达 1.2ｃｍ ,有 1例患儿有瘘口 3处。先天性尿道下裂行尿道成形术 46例。表 1　 46例尿道下裂的手术方法手术方法尿道下裂类型 (例数 )阴茎体型阴茎阴囊类型 会…     

改良Duplay术式在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的 探讨改良Duplay术式在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用,总结该术式的适应证及意义。方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2009年12月27例应用改良Duplay术式治疗失败尿道下裂患儿的临床资料,年龄3～17岁,平均10岁5个月,曾行过1～5次（平均2.5次）尿道成形术。改良Duplay术式的手术效果与同期行Duplay术式进行比较。结果 手术后随访6～24个月,16例(16/27)治愈,11例出现并发症,包括10例尿道瘘、1例尿道狭窄。尿道瘘8例行尿道瘘修补术后治愈,2例修瘘后再瘘再修瘘治愈,尿道狭窄1例行尿道切开造瘘再行尿道瘘修补术治愈。同期对失败或Ⅱ期尿道下裂行Duplay术式29例,治愈18例,两种手术方法成功率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 改良Duplay术式适用于失败尿道下裂中因阴茎头小、尿道板窄、无法行传统Duplay术式或Snodgrass术式的患儿,利用改良Duplay术式可将尿道外口成形于舟状窝,解决因材料不良被迫将尿道外口成形于冠状沟水平的问题,但此方法要求冠状沟水平皮肤富余。     

445例先天性尿道下裂的治疗

目的 探讨不同术式对445例不同类型先天性尿道下裂患儿的手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1988年—2003年445例先天性尿道下裂病例资料，其中采用阴茎阴囊纵隔带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术311例，包皮内板带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术52例，包皮及阴茎阴囊联合皮瓣尿道成型术61例，膀胱粘膜代尿道术21例。每例均同时行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术。结果 治愈率90．6％，并发症为9．4％。其中尿道狭窄11例，尿瘘31例。尿道狭窄中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法2例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法5例，联合皮瓣法3例；尿瘘中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法3例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法24例，联合皮瓣法3例。结论 根据尿道下裂类型选择不同的术式 尿流改道，并严格遵守整形外科的原则是尿道下裂手术成功的关键。     

尿道下裂尿道成形术并发尿瘘的治疗

总结尿道下裂尿道成形术并发尿瘘的治疗经验。临床资料：尿道下裂修复后井发尿瘘２５例，其中７例并有尿道狭窄，３例有不完全性阴茎阴囊转位，在修复尿瘘同期修复了尿道狭窄和阴茎阴囊不全转位。治疗结果：一次修补成功２３例。结论：尿瘘修补应同期解决尿道狭窄，也要以同期解决阴茎阴囊转位。     

尿道下裂术后尿瘘原因及修补体会

目的 探讨各型尿道下裂术后尿瘘发生原因及修补方法。方法 小尿瘘采用结扎法，切开缝合法，皮瓣覆盖法修复，大尿瘘采用Thiersch法或重新行尿道成形术。结果 123例尿道下裂术后29例出现尿瘘(23．58％)。尿瘘发生后立即修复的成功率(3／9，33．33％)远低于尿瘘发生半年后修复的成功率(14／17，82．35％)。3例半年内自行愈合。结论 尿瘘的发生与尿道成形材料，局部血运及创面感染有关，与术式本身关系不大。瘘口大小、术式选择、修补时间是尿瘘修补成功的关键。     

保留尿道板尿道成形术91例报告

目的评价保留尿道下裂尿道板尿道成形术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年6月～2006年6月我院91例尿道下裂患儿行保留尿道板尿道成形术的诊治经过。平均年龄5.3岁(2～12岁),冠状沟型12例,阴茎体型53例,阴茎阴囊型20例,阴囊型6例。结果手术治愈80例,治愈率为87.0%。10例发生尿瘘,尿瘘发生率为10.9%。1例出现尿道狭窄。1例阴茎头裂开。所有尿瘘患儿均于术后半年行尿瘘修补术,并获痊愈。结论保留尿道板尿道成形术,操作简单,手术时间短,成功率高,手术效果好。     

69例尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄的治疗经验分析

目的通过观察尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄的不同治疗方法及效果,探讨最合适的治疗方案。方法对2005—2016年69例尿道下裂手术后出现尿道狭窄患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有患儿随访6个月至11年,患儿发生尿道狭窄时,首先予以尿道扩张,最终以患儿排尿通畅、尿线粗、无尿道憩室为治愈标准(包括间隔时间2个月行尿道扩张1次的轻度尿道狭窄患儿)。结果 69例尿道下裂术后出现尿道狭窄患儿中,22例经间断规律尿道扩张治愈(31.88%);28例(40.58%)通过间断尿道扩张后缓解时间较短,经留置多孔硅胶软管支架治愈;13例(18.84%)采用尿道扩张及留置支架管后无改善行尿道狭窄切开,同期行尿道成形术,治愈8例,3例出现尿道狭窄,经尿道扩张治愈,2例出现尿道瘘,6个月后尿道瘘修补成功治愈;6例(8.7%)尿道探针无法通过,尿道扩张未成功,采用切除尿道瘢痕,一期预置尿道板,二期行尿道成形术,治愈4例,1例尿道瘘6个月后行尿道瘘修补术成功治愈,1例出现尿道狭窄,经尿道扩张治愈。结论对于尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄的患儿,根据个体狭窄情况选择普通尿道扩张,或短时留置硅胶软管支架,可有效解决狭窄问题,临床效果肯定,有推广价值;尿道扩张失败的患儿应行尿道狭窄切除术,并同期或分期行尿道成形术。     

分期改良Koyanagi术在重型尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的探讨尿道板重建分期卷管尿道成形术（改良Koyanagi术）在重型尿道下裂矫治中的应用。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2011年5月作者采用改良Koyanagi术治疗的15例重型尿道下裂患儿临床资料。年龄2岁11个月至6岁,平均3岁9个月。均于1年前行阴茎下曲矫正、尿道板重建术。入院后采取改良Koyanagi术,并与同期重型尿道下裂一期Duplay＋Duckett尿道成形术进行比较,术后随访7—24个月。结果15例患儿中,13例治愈,2例发生尿瘘,经尿瘘修补术治愈。无尿道狭窄。同期行Duplay＋Duckett尿道成形术14例,治愈10例,尿瘘3例,尿道狭窄1例。两种手术方法的成功率比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论尿道板重建分期卷管尿道成形术治疗重型尿道下裂,虽然需分期手术,但手术方法相对简单,容易掌握,并发症少,不易发生尿道狭窄。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的 评价尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass手术)治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法 总结了2年间21例行Snodgrass手术的尿道下裂患儿的手术资料。患儿年龄2～12岁，平均6．2岁，其中阴茎头型3例，阴茎体型17例，阴囊型1例。结果 手术治愈19例(90．5％)，有2例患儿发生尿瘘，尿瘘发生率为9．5％，2例尿瘘患儿半年后再行Snodgrass手术，均获得成功，无尿道狭窄发生。结论 Snodgrass手术保留了尿道板，操作简单，手术时间短，仅40min；并发症较少；手术成形效果好；对于首次手术失败后再次尿道成形效果良好，是适用于各型尿道下裂治疗的较好方法。     

膀胱粘膜移植术治疗复杂型及重型尿道下裂

目的 对膀胱粘膜移植术Ⅰ期矫治复杂型及重型尿道下裂的适应证及手术技巧进行深入讨论，以期重新认识这一手术方法的应用价值。方法 总结1999年—2001年经多次手术失败及重型尿道下裂15例，平均尿道缺损10．5cm，均采用膀胱粘膜移植术Ⅰ期尿道成形。结果 除1例术后感染外其余14例术后均获得较为满意的疗效，阴茎伸直满意，外形好，尿线粗，开口近似正常位置。手术一次成功率14／15(93．3％)。结论 对多次手术失败、阴茎瘢痕严重、局部取材困难及重型尿道下裂、尿道缺损过长的病例，采用膀胱粘膜移植术I期尿道成形术是目前成功率较高，疗效较理想的手术方法。     

游离膀胱粘膜或包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的评价

对一期膀胱粘膜尿道成形术和游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗下裂的长期疗效进行评价。方法统计分析我院１９７７年１月－１９９７年１２月尿道下裂病例，共施行尿道成形术治疗１４岁以下小儿尿道下裂５７３例次。而运用一期膀胱粘膜尿道成形术或游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗５６４例次，占同期尿道成形术的９８．４％。     

镶嵌式唇黏膜尿道成形术在复杂尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的探讨复杂尿道下裂的治疗以及术后尿道狭窄的预防。方法从2005年5月至2005年10月，我们在Snodgrass尿道成形术基础上，通过将游离的自体唇黏膜瓣镶嵌于劈开的“尿道板”再卷管形成新尿道的方法对23例经过至少1次手术的复杂尿道下裂病例进行再次手术治疗并评价其效果。结果所有病例术后均无明显的尿道狭窄，尿瘘发生率17．4％（4／23）。无尿道憩室形成和尿道口黏膜增生外翻。结论镶嵌式唇黏膜尿道成形术兼有Snodgrass尿道成形术和游离移植物代尿道成形术的优点，是治疗尿道下裂合并尿道狭窄的有效方法；对于尿道板发育不良或经阴茎伸直术后的重度尿道下裂病例，镶嵌唇黏膜具有预防尿道狭窄的作用。     

Single-stage repair of severe hypospadias using bladder mucosa graft

Our experience of single-stage repair of severe hypospadias (penoscrotal, scrotal, and perineal) in 30 children using urinary bladder mucosa for urethroplasty is reported. These children had severe chordee, small prepuce, and often ventral transposition of the penis with bifid scrotum where Devine and Horton, Asopa, or Duckett techniques are not so suitable. The graft uptake was uniformly satisfactory. Ten patients had complications; most of the fistulae healed spontaneously. Surgical intervention was required in 2 cases only: 1 for a fistula and another for a stricture with fistula. Meatal stenosis, seen in 4 cases, led to delayed distal fistulae in 2, which healed spontaneously with meatal dilatation. Regular dilatation of the external meatus is recommended to prevent this problem.     

精索外筋膜联合唇黏膜移植一期修复尿道下裂修复失败的初步报告

目的通过预置精索外筋膜改良唇黏膜移植的方法,同期联合局部皮瓣尿道成形一期修复术治疗手术修复失败的尿道下裂,并评价其疗效。方法2014年12月至2017年4月作者采用预置精索外筋膜移植床一期治疗13例修复手术失败的尿道下裂患儿,年龄2.5~6岁,患儿至少经历1次失败的尿道下裂手术,阴茎体与睾丸大小、质地均尚可,术前合并不同程度阴茎弯曲。沿原手术切口暴露原手术建立的尿道,人工勃起试验均提示存在阴茎体下弯(弯曲15°~45°)。自腹侧弯曲最显著处完全离断原尿道海绵体,深达阴茎海绵体白膜后完全伸直阴茎,剔除白膜表面原手术后瘢痕组织,尿道缺损长度2.2~4.9 cm;于一侧睾丸鞘膜表面自睾丸底部到腹股沟管处解剖长段精索外筋膜后,将其转移覆盖于白膜表面尿道缺损处,取同等长度的下唇黏膜移植于精索外筋膜表面,固定后游离局部带蒂阴茎皮肤加盖成型新尿道,一期完成重建手术。结果13例患儿留置导尿管3周后拔除,随访12~40个月后,2例出现尿道瘘(1例位于冠状沟、1例位于阴茎根部),均再次行手术修补;1例阴茎头裂开未予处理,1例尿道外口狭窄行尿道外口扩张后治愈。所有患儿阴茎勃起时无下弯,患儿家长对其术后阴茎体外观满意。结论通过预置精索外筋膜可增加唇黏膜的获取率,有效避免移植物挛缩的问题,可一次性完成尿道重建手术。     

First Stage Bracka Urethroplasty using dorsal tunica vaginalis graft: Histopathological evaluation in an Experimental model in rabbits

PurposeHipospadias repair is challenging reconstructive surgery. Recently, the Bracka technique was popularized as one of the most efficient alternatives for complex defects. We investigated the use of tunica vaginalis dorsal grafting for the first stage Bracka urethroplasty in an experimental model in rabbits.Material and MethodsSixteen New Zealand rabbits underwent mid penile urethral resection to create a defect. The cavernous body was left intact and a segment of tunica vaginalis removed from the right testis measuring 0.8 X 0.2 cm and sutured with interrupted PDS 6.0 sutures dorsally to the corpora. The animals were divided in 4 groups for sacrifice with respectively 2,4,6 and 12 weeks of postoperative follow-up and complete histopathological evaluation.ResultsAlready at 2 weeks it was possible to identify at the tunica vaginalis graft epithelial metaplasia with development of stratified mucosa that evolved and stabilized throughout the following weeks. We found areas of ulceration in the graft mucosa associated with extensive inflammatory and fibrotic reaction. As the ulceration healed, fibrosis and inflammatory response reduced.ConclusionsThe tunica vaginalis dorsal graft provided a stratified epithelium well integrated to penile skin and can be used as an alternative tissue to buccal mucosa or penile skin for the first stage Bracka urethroplasty.     

Comparison of angiogenic activity after urethral reconstruction using free grafts and pedicle flap: an experimental study.

PURPOSE: An experimental study was undertaken in order to estimate the angiogenic activity in different free grafts and pedicle flap in urethral reconstruction in an animal model. METHODS: Twenty-eight white New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (O, A, B, C and D). A ventral urethral defect was created in all groups. In the group O, (n = 4), a simple closure of the defect was performed. Free penile skin graft (group A, n = 6), buccal mucosal graft (group B, n = 6), bladder mucosal graft (group C, n = 6), and pedicle penile skin graft (group D, n = 6) were used to bridge the urethral defect as an onlay patch. The animals were euthanized on the 21st postoperative day. The angiogenic activity was assessed with immunohistochemistry, using the anti-CD31 MoAb and the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase procedure. The native vascularity of penile skin as well as buccal and bladder mucosa was assessed in rabbits from group O (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The angiogenesis seen with a magnification of x 200 in groups O, A, B, C, and D was 34.1 +/- 4.1 (mean +/- SD), 61.7 +/- 6.4, 94.3 +/- 6.4, 91.5 +/- 7.2, and 30.8 +/- 5.2 vessels per optical field, respectively. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between group O and groups A, B, C and between group A and groups B, C, D, but not (p > 0.5) between groups B and C and groups O and D. The native vascularity of penile skin, buccal mucosa and bladder mucosa was 23.3 +/- 3.0, 24.6 +/- 3.7 and 17.0 +/- 2.6 vessels per optical field, respectively. CONCLUSION: Buccal and bladder mucosal grafts exhibit a higher angiogenic activity than free and pedicle penile skin flap when transplanted in urethral defects. As the buccal mucosal graft showed the higher angiogenic activity and its harvesting is easier than bladder mucosa, we propose that in urethral reconstruction surgery the use of this graft might offer more reliable results.     

Outcome of severe hypospadias repair using three different techniques

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of three different urethroplasty techniques (onlay, buccal mucosa, Koyanagi type I) used in the reconstruction of severe hypospadias.Patients and methodsOver 10 years (1997–2007), 300 severe hypospadias cases were treated with a mean follow up of 2 years (1–105 months); 203 were operated by the same surgeon of whom 184 completed follow up. Three main techniques were used according to the quality of the urethral plate: onlay urethroplasty (133), buccal graft urethroplasty (25) and Koyanagi type I (26). The mean age at surgery was 36 months (8–298); 76 required preoperative androgen stimulation (onlay 37, buccal 11, Koyanagi 26); 18 required a corporoplasty to straighten the penis (onlay 13, buccal 3, Koyanagi 2).ResultsThirty-eight onlay (28.5%); 14 buccal (56%); 16 Koyanagi (61.5%) urethroplasties had a complication. The fistula rate was 15% for the onlay group; 32% for the buccal mucosa group; 19.2% for the Koyanagi cases. The dehiscence rate was, respectively, 11.3%, 20% and 42.3%. The stricture rate was, respectively, 1.5%, 20% and 34.6%. Urethrocele was found in seven Koyanagi patients. Final functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory in 126/133 (94.7%) onlay, 20/25 (80%) buccal and 14/26 Koyanagi (53.8%) urethroplasties. Primary cases had better results (89%) than redo cases (75.9%). Patients submitted to preoperative androgen therapy developed more complications (onlay: 40.5% vs 23.9%; buccal: 70% vs 43.7%).ConclusionTwo striking results are the low number of severe hypospadias cases requiring an additional corporoplasty, and the increased complication rate found in androgen-stimulated patients. The excellent results of the onlay procedure could be related to the use of dorsal preputial tissue, which in hypospadias is characterized by a well-balanced protein platform compared to the ventral tissues.     

小儿尿道下裂术后尿瘘的处理

目的：总结修补尿瘘的经验，介绍实用可行的方法和相关处理。方法：收集近10年来作尿瘘修补的63个病例的资料，其中膀胱粘膜法术后发生尿瘘27例，游离包皮内板法术后发生36例，单个瘘54例，多个瘘9例，小尿瘘55例，大瘘（尿瘘长轴大于0．4cm)8例。分别采用内瘘口结扎法，内瘘口内翻法，连续内翻法及一层缝合法进行修补，有假阴道的宜先切除，补瘘后引流膀胱尿扎法，内瘘口内翻法，连续内翻法及一层缝合法进行修补，有假阴道的宜先切除，补瘘后引流膀胱尿10d，拆除缝线。结果：一次修补成功率为85．7％（54／63），结论：尿瘘发生后半年以上，要求内外层上皮分隔开并彼此对齐的一层或二层的尿瘘修补法，并作膀胱造瘘或经尿道支架管插管引流膀胱尿，手术成功率高。