Fusion rate for stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review

BACKGROUNDLateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is used to treat multiple conditions, including spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disorders, adjacent segment disease, and degenerative scoliosis. Although many advocate for posterior fixation with LLIF, stand-alone LLIF is increasingly being performed. Yet the fusion rate for stand-alone LLIF is unknown.PURPOSEDetermine the fusion rate for stand-alone LLIF.STUDY DESIGNSystematic review.METHODSWe queried Cochrane, EMBASE, and MEDLINE for literature on stand-alone LLIF fusion rate with a publication cutoff of April 2020. LLIF surgery was considered stand-alone when not paired with supplemental posterior fixation. Cohort fusion rate differences were calculated and tested for significance (p<0.05). All reported means were pooled.RESULTSA total of 2,735 publications were assessed. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria, including 736 patients and 1,103 vertebral levels. Mean age was 61.7 years with BMI 26.5 kg/m². Mean fusion rate was 85.6% (range, 53.0%–100.0%), which did not differ significantly by number of levels fused (1-level, 2-level, and ≥3-level). Use of rhBMP-2 was reported in 39.3% of subjects, with no difference in fusion rates between studies using rhBMP-2 (87.7%) and those in which rhBMP-2 was not used (83.9%, odds ratio=1.37, p=0.448). Fusion rate did not differ with the addition of a lateral plate, or by underlying diagnosis. All-complication rate was 42.2% and mean reoperation rate was 11.1%, with 2.3% reoperation due to pseudarthrosis. Of the studies comparing stand-alone to circumferential fusion, pooled fusion rate was found to be 80.4% versus 91.0% (p=0.637).CONCLUSIONSStand-alone LLIF yields high fusion rates overall. The wide range of reported fusion rates and lower fusion rates in studies involving subsequent surgical reoperation highlights the importance of proper training in this technique and employing a rigorous algorithm when indicating patients for stand-alone LLIF. Future research should focus on examining risk factors and patient-reported outcomes in stand-alone LLIF.     

Outcomes following transpsoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion

The transpsoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is utilized to treat multiple spinal conditions ranging from degenerative disorders to spinal deformities. The transpsoas LLIF was developed to limit the vascular complications of the anterior lumbar approach and minimize extensive soft tissue dissection and neural manipulation of the posterior approach. Compared to other fusion techniques, the transpsoas LLIF has demonstrated more favorable clinical outcomes (lower VAS and ODI scores), a greater improvement in radiological outcomes, lower risk of bleeding, shorter operative times, and higher fusion rates. It is a cost-effective technique that is associated with a shorter length of stay, lower reoperation/readmission rates, and minimal risk of complications. This review provides an overview of transpsoas LLIF and highlights the surgical outcomes, including operative and postoperative complications associated with this surgical technique.     

Neurologic deficit following lateral lumbar interbody fusion

Purpose

Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is a minimally invasive technique that has gained growing interest in recent years. We performed a retrospective review of the medical records and operative reports of patients undergoing LLIF between March 2006 and December 2009. We seek to identify the incidence and nature of neurological deficits following LLIF.

Methods

New occurring sensory and motor deficits were recorded at 6 and 12 weeks as well as 6- and 12 months of follow-up. Motor deficits were grouped according to the muscle weakness and severity and sensory deficits to the dermatomal zone. New events were correlated to the patient demographics, pre-operative diagnosis, operative levels, and duration of surgery. At each post-operative time-point patients were queried regarding the presence of leg pain.

Results

A total of 235 patients (139 F; 96 M) with a total of 444 levels fused were included. Average age was 61.5 and mean BMI 28.3. At 12 months’ follow-up, the prevalence of sensory deficits was 1.6%, psoas mechanical deficit was 1.6% and lumbar plexus related deficits 2.9%. Although there was no significant correlation between the surgical level L4–5 and an increased psoas mechanical flexion or lumbar plexus related motor deficit, a trend was observed. Independent risk factors for both psoas mechanical hip flexion deficit and lumbar plexus related motor deficit was duration of surgery.

Conclusion

LLIF is a valuable tool for achieving fusion through a minimally invasive approach with little risk to neurovascular structures.     

腰椎微创极外侧经椎间孔椎体间融合术的生物力学评价

目的 通过生物力学测试比较腰椎微创极外侧经椎间孔椎体间融合术(E-TLIF)与传统术式的生物力学稳定性.方法 采用正常猪脊柱运动节段标本24副,随机进行不同处理后分为正常对照组(CG组)、单纯椎弓根螺钉内固定组(SG组)、经椎间孔腰椎体间融合术(TLIF)组、E-TLIF组;分别测试不同载荷时各组在轴向压缩、前屈、后伸、左侧屈时的应变、位移变化及左侧扭转稳定性等生物力学指标,并进行统计学比较.结果 E-TLIF组的载荷-应变和位移、最大载荷下轴向稳定性、扭转稳定性等生物力学指标与TLIF组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在左侧屈活动中,E-TLIF组[线性位移(3.40 ±0.09)mm,角位移2.57°±0.12°]稳定性优于TLIF组[线性位移(3.98 ±0.22)mm,角位移3.03°±0.18°](t=2.61,P＜0.05),E-TLIF组和TLIF组在轴向(前屈、后伸)、侧屈、旋转方向上的力学稳定性均高于SG组(t=4.17 ～4.53,P＜0.01).结论 E-TLIF手术是一种安全、有效的腰椎椎体间融合术式.     

Evaluation of hip flexion strength following lateral lumbar interbody fusion

Background context

Lateral interbody fusion (LIF) is a minimally invasive procedure that is designed to achieve a solid interbody fusion while minimizing the damage to the surrounding soft tissue. Although short-term results have been promising, few data have been published to date regarding its risks and complication rate.

Purpose

The aim was to evaluate the extent of injury to the psoas muscle after the LIF procedure by measuring hip flexion strength.

Study design

A prospective case series was used in the study.

Method

Hip flexion strength was measured using a handheld digital dynamometer while the patient was seated on a chair; the examiner held the device against the patient’s attempt to flex the hip. Both sides were measured to compare the operated and nonoperated psoas muscles. Each side was measured three times and the average amount (in pounds) was recorded. Measurements were done before and after surgery on Day 2-3, at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and at 3 and 6 months.

Results

Thirty-three patients were recruited for this study. Mean preoperative hip flexion strength values were 20.7±3.47 lb and 21.3±4.31 lb for operated and nonoperated legs, respectively, with no significant difference (p=.85). With a mean of 11.2±2.24 lb postoperative measurements on Day 2, the operated side showed statistically significant reduction of strength (p=.0001). The nonoperated side was also weaker postoperatively, but not significantly (mean=19.12±1.74 lb; p=.097). From the first follow-up visit at 2 weeks, the values on the operated leg had returned to baseline values (20.6, p=.97) and were not significantly different from preoperative values on either side.

Discussion

Hip flexion was weakened immediately after the LIF procedure, which may be attributed to psoas muscle injury during the procedure. However, this damage was temporary, with almost complete return to baseline values by 2 weeks.     

极外侧入路腰椎间融合术对腰椎矢状面序列的影响

[目的]评估极外侧入路腰椎椎间融合术(XLIF)对腰椎矢状面序列的影响。[方法]回顾2012年6月～2017年1月本科采用极外侧入路微创融合手术(XLIF)治疗的腰椎退变性疾病38例(42个节段)。观察术前及末次随访时手术间隙Cobb角、腰椎整体前凸Cobb角度、手术间隙高度(L1～S1)的变化。[结果]患者手术节段Cobb角由术前平均(11.54±7.67)°增加至末次随访时平均(12.58±8.06)°,腰椎整体前凸Cobb角由术前平均(37.42±15.25)°增加至末次随访时平均(39.46±11.86)°,但两时间点间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);然而,手术间隙前缘高度由术前(11.26±3.95) mm显著增加至末次随访时平均(14.42±7.37) mm(P0.05),手术间隙后缘高度由术前平均(6.37±2.46) mm显著增加至末次随访时平均(8.29±2.89) mm(P0.05)。带角度笼架组18个节段术前手术节段Cobb角为(13.96±7.22)°,末次随访平均为(18.67±4.51)°,有明显改善(P0.05),但不带角度笼架组24个节段手术前Cobb角与末次随访差异无统计学意义,而且两组腰椎(L1～S1)前凸Cobb角术前及末次随访差异亦无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]极外侧入路腰椎椎间融合术能明显增加椎间隙高度,实现椎管的间接减压,使用带角度笼架能明显增加手术节段前凸Cobb角,但是对腰椎整体的前凸改善不明显。     

Complications of lateral lumbar interbody fusion

In recent years, the lateral approach to lumbar interbody fusion has become increasingly adapted by spine surgeons due to its benefits in approach (avoiding dissection through spinal canal and neural foramina), biomechanics (wide interbody cage spanning the dense apophyseal ring), and minimally invasive technique. LLIF is a safe and reproducible surgery that can be performed as a standalone procedure or with circumferential fusion. Complications related to LLIF remain an area of concern, particularly at the L4-5 segment, as lasting approach related neurological deficits have been noted to occur. The approach is also limited by the inability to treat the L5-S1 segment. In indicated patients, LLIF is an effective minimally invasive procedure to address diseases of the spine, but the technique has its own set of complications. The objective of this chapter is to review the advantages and complications of the LLIF technique.     

微创极外侧经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术的数字化解剖研究

目的 数字化技术测量并比较微创极外侧经椎问孔腰椎椎间融合术(E-TLIF)与微创经椎间孔椎间融合术(mini-TLIF)的相关解剖参数,并通过解剖验证. 方法 选取门诊60例成人腰椎CT扫描资料,男30例,女30例;年龄18 ～55岁,平均46.3岁.应用Superimage TM软件,三维重建实体模型,模拟E-TLIF、mini-TLIF固定,分别测量并比较L3-4、L4-5节段上 E-TLlF、mini-TLIF固定的切口距正中线距离、操作通道深度(切口至关节突的距离)、融合器长度、椎弓根螺钉置入长度和角度.并在2具成年男性新鲜尸体标本上进行实际操作验证. 结果 图像上则量E-TLIF切口距正中线为81.3～87.6 mm,操作通道深为81.6～86.9 mm,融合器长为29.8～32.2 mm,椎弓根螺钉长度为51.6～57.2mn.椎,弓根螺钉倾角为37.2.～40.4.E-TLIF与mini-TLIF相比切口更加偏外,可以绕过下关节突,从侧后方直接处理增生内聚的上关节突;椎,弓根螺钉和融合器置入角度更加倾斜,长度增加.在尸体标本上采用E-TLIF数字化设计测量值进行操作,尸体标本上测量的解剖参数:切口距正中线距离为80.0～ 90.0)mm,操作通道深度约85.0 mm,椎弓根螺钉置入倾角近40.0°,与图像测量值相近. 结论 通过数字化技术洲量和解剖验证,与mini-TLIF相比,E-TLIF更完整地保留了脊柱后方的解剖结构,有助于提高术后即刻稳定性.     

极外侧椎间融合术及其在腰椎退行性疾病中应用的研究进展

椎间融合术是治疗腰椎退行性疾病的常用方法,主要包括后路腰椎椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)、经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术(transforami-nal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)、前路腰椎椎间融合术(anterior lumbar...     

极外侧入路腰椎间融合术联合双侧椎弓根螺钉固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的:探讨极外侧入路腰椎间融合术(extreme lateral interbody fusion,XLIF)联合双侧椎弓根螺钉固定治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床及影像学疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年9月~2016年8月广州军区广州总医院采用XLIF联合双侧椎弓根螺钉固定治疗的单节段腰椎滑脱症患者的资料,共21例,其中女性18例,男性3例;年龄57.0±13.3岁(45~77岁),随访时间18.0±5.0个月(12~29个月)。术前及末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)对临床疗效进行评估。术前及术后3d在轴位MRI上测量轴位椎管前后径(anterior-posterior diameter of the canal,APDC);术前及末次随访时在侧位X线片测量椎间孔高度(foraminal height,FH)、椎间隙高度(disc height,DH),并计算滑移百分比(slipping percentage,SP)。末次随访时应用CT评估融合率及融合器塌陷率。结果:术前及末次随访时腰痛VAS评分分别为5.9±1.7分、1.7±0.7分,腿痛VAS评分分别为6.1±2.1分、1.4±0.7分,ODI分别为(42.6±24.8)%、(12.1±4.2)%,术前与末次随访比较差异均有统计学差异(P0.05)。术前及术后3d的APDC分别为11.2±3.8mm、12.7±4.0mm,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),术前及末次随访手术节段DH分别为7.2±1.2mm、10.2±1.4mm,FH分别为17.3±2.9mm、20.0±1.7mm,SP分别为(16.4±7.0)%、(6.1±6.6)%,术前与末次随访比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术中无大血管损伤、腹腔脏器损伤、生殖股神经损伤等严重并发症,术后5例患者出现大腿前方麻木,症状均在3个月内缓解。2例患者出现融合器塌陷,无明显不适。所有手术节段均获得植骨融合,无内固定松动、断裂。结论:XLIF联合双侧椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗腰椎滑脱症,椎体复位及椎管间接减压效果满意,是一种治疗腰椎滑脱症安全、有效的术式。     

Stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration following previous lumbar fusion

Background Context

Revision posterior decompression and fusion surgery for patients with symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is associated with significant morbidity and is technically challenging. The use of a stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) in patients with symptomatic ASD may prevent many of the complications associated with revision posterior surgery.

斜外侧入路腰椎椎间融合术的应用进展

腰椎椎间融合术（LIF）被广泛应用于腰椎椎间盘退行性疾病^[1-2]。LIF包括前/后路椎间融合术（ALIF/PLIF）、经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术（TLIF）、极外侧/直接外侧腰椎椎间融合术（XLIF/DLIF）等,这些术式具有一定的临床疗效,亦各有优缺点^[3-4]。Mayer^[5]于1997年首先提出一种微创手术入路,Silvestre等^[6]于2012年将其正式命名为斜外侧腰椎椎间融合术（OLIF）,该术式提供了一条通过腹膜后血管鞘和腰大肌前缘间隙到达腰椎的入路,通过避开固有结构,降低了血管及神经丛的损伤风险,同时有较大的操作空间可更好地清除椎间盘及置入更大的椎间融合器,避免暴露引起术后并发症。近年来,OLIF广泛应用于治疗腰椎退行性疾病,相比传统椎间融合术,OLIF具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快及融合率高等优点^[6]。本文从OLIF的手术技术,适应证及禁忌证,临床应用及并发症等方面进行分析,综述如下。     

极外侧入路椎体间融合术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的初期疗效

目的 :观察极外侧入路椎体间融合术(extreme lateral interbody fusion,XLIF)治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的初期疗效。方法:2012年7月~2017年3月在广州军区广州总医院采用XLIF治疗41例退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者,男15例,女26例,年龄64.4±9.8(39~83)岁,手术节段共51节。临床疗效评价包括术前及末次随访时的腰腿痛VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)及腰椎JOA评分。影像学评价包括在腰椎侧位X线片上测量手术节段的术前、术后1周及末次随访时的椎间孔高度、椎间隙高度(椎体后缘测量)和椎间孔面积,在术前和术后1周的MRI(T2加权)图像上测量手术节段的轴位椎管矢状径和椎管最狭窄处面积。根据内固定方式分为两组:侧方钢板组,21例,26个节段;后路螺钉组,20例,25个节段。比较总体的术前、术后1周、末次随访的差异以及两组的手术前后变化的差异。结果:每节段手术时间为92.12±45.95min(50~260min),每节段术中出血量56.34±58.81ml(10~225ml)。11例患者术后出现短暂性大腿前外侧麻木,均于术后1~6周症状减轻或消失;均无脑脊液漏,无大血管、腹腔脏器、生殖股神经等损伤。随访22.39±13.18个月(6~63个月),13例(31.7%)患者出现融合器下沉,其中11例为Ⅰ级,2例为Ⅱ级,均无临床症状。末次随访时41例患者的腰腿痛VAS评分、ODI及腰椎JOA评分均较术前显著改善(P0.05)。术后1周手术节段的椎间隙高度、椎间孔高度、椎间孔面积、轴位椎管矢状径、椎管最狭窄处面积及末次随访时手术节段的椎间隙高度、椎间孔高度和椎间孔面积均较术前明显改善,有统计学差异(P0.05)。对比两种内固定方式,术后1周手术节段的椎间孔高度、椎间隙高度、椎间孔面积、轴位椎管矢状径和椎管最狭窄处面积的变化值均无统计学差异(P0.05);末次随访时侧方钢板组手术节段的椎间隙高度与椎间孔面积丢失比后路螺钉组多,两组之间有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:XLIF治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症具有良好的初期临床疗效。     

Incisional hernia after extreme lateral interbody fusion on the lumbar spine: A case report

IntroductionExtreme lateral interbody fusion is a minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach for spine surgery. We herein report a case of an incisional hernia after an extreme lateral interbody fusion on the lumbar spine that was successfully treated by laparoscopic surgery with intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair.Presentation of caseA 78-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a complaint of left abdominal bulge and pain. She had undergone an extreme lateral interbody fusion for a lumbar spinal canal stenosis from L1 to L4 a year prior. Abdominal computerized tomography showed a left lumbar incisional hernia, and laparoscopic surgery was performed. The hernia orifice was sutured closed and covered with mesh. The patient was discharged five days after the operation with no complications.DiscussionWhen performing XLIF for a spinal disorder, the muscles should be separated bluntly along their fibers to prevent muscle atrophy, and the incised fascia should be securely sutured closed. Abdominal wall incisional hernias can occur after spinal surgeries such as extreme lateral interbody fusion.ConclusionLaparoscopic repair for abdominal wall incisional hernia after spine surgery is safe and feasible.     

Transpsoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion technique and indications

Multiple surgical approaches to the lumbar spine exist, with recent trends towards minimally invasive techniques to decrease tissue trauma, hospitalization duration, and postoperative pain. Lateral minimally invasive approachs to the lumbar spine have become popular with the transpsoas approach being one pathway for access. This chapter will review the transpsaos lateral lumbar approach technique and highlight indications for its utilization.     

开展侧方入路腰椎间融合术应思考的几个问题

正腰椎融合术是治疗腰椎退变性疾病的主要手术方式,分为前方和后方入路,包括前路腰椎间融合术(anterior lumbar interbody fusion,ALIF)、后路腰椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)、经椎间孔椎间融合术(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)等。近年来开展的侧方入路腰椎间融合术(lateral lumbar interbody fusion,LLIF)可经腹膜后间隙直达椎间隙,处理椎间盘组织,进行椎体     

单纯或附加后路内固定的侧方腰椎椎体间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病疗效的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析评价单纯侧方腰椎椎体间融合术(lateral lumbar interbody fusion,LLIF)与附加后路内固定的LLIF治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效.方法:检索PubMed、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、CNKI、万方数据库自建库起至2021年...     

微创经椎间孔入路与极外侧入路腰椎椎间融合术治疗短节段腰椎退行性疾病的近期疗效比较

目的比较微创经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术(MIS-TLIF)与极外侧入路腰椎椎间融合术(XLIF)治疗退行性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎椎管狭窄的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年3月—2014年6月收治的75例腰椎退行性疾病且行微创手术治疗患者的临床资料,其中36例选择行MIS-TLIF,39例选择行XLIF。记录2组患者手术时间、术中出血量,分析随访2年期间患者下肢痛和腰痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、生活质量评价量表(SF-36)评分和患者对手术的满意度。结果 MIS-TLIF组和XLIF组中位手术时间分别为169 min和182 min,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);MIS-TLIF组术中出血量为(90±20)mL,XLIF组术中出血量为(50±10)mL,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。随访2年,所有患者下肢痛和腰痛VAS评分、ODI和SF-36评分均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 MIS-TLIF与XLIF虽然减压机制不同,但随访2年的术后疗效无明显差异,2种微创方法均可有效治疗腰椎退行性疾病。     

Cage and graft options in lateral lumbar interbody fusion

The use of lateral lumbar interbody fusions has shown promise for spine surgeons in achieving successful outcomes from surgery. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion is a minimally invasive approach to the lumbar spine for placement of interbody implants. Insertion of lateral interbody cages preserves the anterior and posterior structural elements while avoiding the major vessels anteriorly and the spinal canal posteriorly. In this review, we evaluate the options in cages and biological grafts used in lateral lumbar interbody fusions     

经侧方入路腰椎融合术(LLIF)的研究进展

腰椎融合方法较多,经侧方入路腰椎融合术(lateral lumbar interbody fusion,LLIF)是近年发展起来的融合方法,与经后方入路(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)、椎间孔入路(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)以及前方入路(anterior lumbar interbody fusion,ALIF)是临床上比较常用的腰椎融合方法。LLIF是一种微创手术,与其他手术方式相比,术中出血少,创伤小,康复时间短,并发症少,既可避免前方大血管损伤的风险,也可减少后方肌肉、关节突等组织的破坏,但LLIF是否优于其他手术方法尚无统一定论,需要大量的临床试验研究。