甘肃省虻科昆虫区系研究

采用网捕、畜诱、帐诱和诱虻器诱捕法对甘肃省虻科区系作了调查研究,并对所收藏标本进行整理和前人文献收集。记述甘肃省虻科6属82种(检视标本61种,另有21种依据文献资料,未见标本),即斑虻属10种、黄虻属6种、麻虻属8种、瘤虻属28种、虻属29种和指虻属1种。各分布区的虻种组成与数量不一,陇南南部山地虻科5属31种,其中东洋界成分11种,古北界成分8种,广布种成分12种,是甘肃省虻种分布最多的地区;陇南北部山地虻科5属28种,其中古北界成分18种,广布种成分10种;甘南高原草原虻科5属22种,其中古北界成分18种,广布种成分4种;陇东黄土高原虻科2属5种,其中古北界成分2种,广布种成分3种,该区虻种组成简单,也是虻种数最少的分布区;中部黄土高原虻科5属11种,其中古北界成分6种,广布种成分5种;河西走廊虻科5属28种,其中古北界成分25种,广布种成分3种;祁连山地虻科4属12种,其中古北界成分11种,广布种成分1种。     

Variability in body and organ weights in the newborn dog and cat compared with that in the adult

Body and organ weights of 24 newborn dogs and 35 newborn cats were studied. All of the measurements, except weights of hypophysis, spinal cord and testes are larger in the dogs. As percentages of body weight, the organs are more equally divided, with seven organs relatively heavier in the dogs and eight in the cats. All except two of the measurements of the newborn dogs are more variable than in the newborn cats. All of the organs are significantly correlated with body weight in the dogs and all except one, in the cats. All 15 of the organs are significantly correlated with body length in the dogs and 13, in the cats. The intercorrelations of the organ weights are somewhat higher in the dogs. The coefficients of variation of the newborn are compared with similar coefficients in adult dogs and cats. Body weight, body length and the kidneys are more variable in the adult dogs and the other organs, so far as data are available, are more variable in the newborn dogs of both sexes. Seven organs are more variable in adult male cats and three in females. The newborn dog is more variable in body and organ weights than the newborn cat, but weights of body and organs are better correlated in the newborn dog than in the newborn cat.     

The circulating hemocytes of and : Cytology histochemistry, hemograms and functions

The hemocyte types of and larvae are described. Plasmatocytes and oenocytoids are present and are involved in phagocytosis and melanin production, respectively. Comparisons are made with the findings of previous authors and together with modifications in the hemogram following parasitization by the nematode, , indicate that the hemocytes are also involved in encapsulation reactions.     

Quantitative histologic studies of the gonads of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) during the development of diabetes mellitus]

Quantitative-histological investigations (point counting method) are pointed out in 27 male and 15 female sand rats. The animals are divided in the IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), the diabetic and the control group. The LEYDIG cells are in the IGT-group increased, and in the diabetic group decreased. The female sand rats are characterized by the tendency of increase of size and number of follicles in the IGT-group. Corpora lutea are reduced but atretic follicles are increased in the diabetic group. The ovaries are greater in diabetic sand rats.     

Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies

Among anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are of the utmost importance in clinical practice. Anti-Sm antibodies are directed against 7 proteins (B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F, G) that constitute the common core of U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles; B/B', D1 and D3 are more frequently targeted. Anti-RNP antibodies react with proteins (70 Kd, A, C) that are associated with U1 RNA and form U1snRNP. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are directed towards both discontinuous and linear epitopes which are either contained in the protein sequence or are post-translationally modified.The assays to detect anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), immunoblot, and ELISA, based on purified or recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides. Anti-Sm antibodies are detectable in a percentage of SLE patients comprised between 5 and 30%; they are more prevalent in blacks and because of their high specificity for SLE have been included in the serological criteria for diagnosing the disease.Anti-RNP are detectable in 25-47% of SLE patients; high titers of anti-RNP antibodies are diagnostic of mixed connective tissue disorder (MCTD). The measurement of anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies is more important in the diagnosis of SLE than in the follow-up of patients. However, anti-RNP antibodies are more prevalent in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and are associated with milder renal involvement. On the contrary, anti-Sm antibodies are associated with the severity and the activity of renal involvement.The specificity of anti-Sm antibodies, together with epidemiological data, suggest that Epstein-Barr virus infection has the potential to induce anti-Sm antibodies by molecular mimicry.Anti-nuclear antibodies, a hallmark of the systemic autoimmune diseases, include several populations of antibodies with different specificities. Among them, anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are of the utmost importance in clinical practice; in research, the study of the mechanisms inducing their production has opened up new perspectives and helped to elucidate the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.     

Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies

Among anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are of the utmost importance in clinical practice. Anti-Sm antibodies are directed against 7 proteins (B/B′, D1, D2, D3, E, F, G) that constitute the common core of U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles; B/B′, D1 and D3 are more frequently targeted. Anti-RNP antibodies react with proteins (70?Kd, A, C) that are associated with U1 RNA and form U1snRNP. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are directed towards both discontinuous and linear epitopes which are either contained in the protein sequence or are post-translationally modified.

The assays to detect anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), immunoblot, and ELISA, based on purified or recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides.

Anti-Sm antibodies are detectable in a percentage of SLE patients comprised between 5 and 30%; they are more prevalent in blacks and because of their high specificity for SLE have been included in the serological criteria for diagnosing the disease.

Anti-RNP are detectable in 25–47% of SLE patients; high titers of anti-RNP antibodies are diagnostic of mixed connective tissue disorder (MCTD). The measurement of anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies is more important in the diagnosis of SLE than in the follow-up of patients. However, anti-RNP antibodies are more prevalent in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and are associated with milder renal involvement. On the contrary, anti-Sm antibodies are associated with the severity and the activity of renal involvement.

The specificity of anti-Sm antibodies, together with epidemiological data, suggest that Epstein-Barr virus infection has the potential to induce anti-Sm antibodies by molecular mimicry.

Anti-nuclear antibodies, a hallmark of the systemic autoimmune diseases, include several populations of antibodies with different specificities. Among them, anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies are of the utmost importance in clinical practice; in research, the study of the mechanisms inducing their production has opened up new perspectives and helped to elucidate the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.     

223例智力障碍儿童的病因分析

目的探讨不同程度智力障碍的常见原因及防治措施。方法对223例智力障碍的患儿进行智力诊断及辅助检查。结果在223例智力障碍患儿中,轻度者占18.8%,中度者占40.8%,重度者占32.8%,极重度者占7.6%。其中,42.8%轻度智力低下者病因不明,38.4%中度智力低下者原因不明,32.9%重度及23.5%极重度患者原因不明。结论智力障碍病因复杂,中重度智力障碍预防应以围生期生物因素为主,轻度智力障碍者应关注社会文化因素。     

腔隙性脑梗塞的临床分析

目的 分析腔隙性脑梗塞在临床中的表现。方法 收集我院多年来52例经CT证实有腔隙性脑梗塞的患的资料，对其各种可能的易患因素、梗塞部位、临床表现加以分析。结果 腔隙性脑梗塞的发病年龄为53-89岁。病变部位以基底节为最多28例(54％)，其它为双侧脑室旁、内囊、丘脑。单个梗塞灶为28例(54％)，2个以上梗塞灶为23例(44％)。并发症中，高血压病46例(88．46％)，糖尿病19例(36．5％)，心脏病17例(32．6％)，高脂血症8例(15．4％)。结论 患男性多于女性，病灶多位于基底节，其次为双侧脑室旁和内囊，易患因素为高血压、糖尿病、心脏病。     

Angiostatic proteins and peptides

Angiogenesis, or the formation of new vasculature out of preexisting capillaries, is a sequence of events that is essential in the normal physiological processes of tissue growth and in a broad spectrum of pathologies. The diseases in which angiogenesis plays a key role are divided into diseases that are characterized by hypoxia/ ischemia and diseases that are dependent on neovascularization. The formerpathologies may benefit from therapeutic angiogenesis stimulation. This review concentrates on the different strategies to inhibit angiogenesis in diseases that are characterized by excessive angiogenesis, for example, cancer, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, and inflammatory diseases. These diseases are dependent on the development of newvasculature, and hence, a large variety of different strategies to inhibit angiogenesis are underwayin laboratories throughout the world. At present, over250 angiogenesis inhibitors are described, and approximately half of them display activity in in vivo models. A large percentage of these molecules are natural, nonnatural, or synthetic so-called small molecules. Others are of protein origin, either endogenous or exogenous by nature. The authors highlight the current knowledge on the development of angiostatic proteins and peptides and their potential in the treatment of disease.     

广东省2234例遗传咨询者染色体分析

目的探讨广东地区遗传性疾病染色体异常分布情况,指导临床对遗传性疾病诊断,减少遗传性疾病的发生。方法对广东地区2234例遗传咨询者,采用淋巴细胞培养染色体常规G显带法进行观察研究。结果2234例遗传咨询者共检出异常核型238例,异常率10.65%,其中Down综合征113例(47.48%),易位25例(10.50%),倒位47例(19.75%),克氏综合征11例(4.62%),Turner综合征10例(4.20%),性逆转综合征9例(3.78%);染色体缺失7例,衍生染色体6例,18(13)-三体共4例,X-三体综合征2例,其他染色体异常4例。结论染色体畸变是儿童智力低下,成人不孕不育、流产,性征异常的一个重要原因,要实现优生优育,必需积极开展遗传咨询,产前检查和产前诊断。     

Bilateral axillary apocrine nevi--a case report

Apocrine glands are tubular glands, which function as scent glands. These are found at only a few sites like the axillae and anogenital region. They are present as modified glands in the external ear canal (ceruminous glands), in the eyelid (Moll's glands) and in the breast (mammary glands). Occasionally, apocrine glands are found on the face, in the scalp and on the abdomen where they are usually small and non-functional. Apocrine glands develop their secretory portion and become functional only at puberty. Tumours of these glands involving only apocrine tissue are very rare. We present an uncommon case of benign apocrine nevi of the axilla, which occurred bilaterally. These nevi are uncommon and only occasional reports are available in literature.     

Role of lymphokines in immunoregulatory function of mucosal T cells in humans and nonhuman primates

The findings presented above and in other studies provide substantial evidence that lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria differ from lymphocyte populations in the circulation or in other tissue sites in a number of ways. First, lamina propria lymphocytes are phenotypically distinct and have evidence of activation. Lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria are different in their potential for expression of lymphokine gene products, since activated cells from the lamina propria have high expression of mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma in comparison to circulating lymphocytes. Mesenteric lymph node T cells also differ from circulating lymphocytes in their high expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA. A further difference between mesenteric lymph node and lamina propria T cells is that the former are capable of proliferating in response to IL-4, whereas the latter are not. These phenotypic and mRNA differences of lamina propria lymphocytes also correlate well with their high helper activity in vitro for immunoglobulin synthesis in the pokeweed mitogen system. Finally, lamina propria T cells at a site of inflammation are able to provide high helper activity in response to specific antigens. These observations are all consistent with the conclusion that T cells in the lamina propria are pleomorphic, but are highly enriched for subpopulations of activated memory cells that are geared for effector functions. These functions are likely to be critical in maintaining normal host defense in the mucosal environment.     

Fine structure of tracheo-bronchial epithelial nerves of the cat

The nerves in and immediately under the epithelial layer of the trachea and primary bronchi of the cat are studied with the electron microscope. The axons are unmyelinated and contain microtubules and mitochondria. Epithelial axons are observed throughout the entire epithelial layer, but, are usually concentrated in the basal area immediately above the basal lamina. Most axons are near the basal cells; others are in the vicinity of granulated cells or occur in the intercellular spaces between other columnar cells. A few of the epithelial axons are large and crowded with axoplasmic mitochondria. The possibility that some epithelial axons may have sensory functions is discussed.     

Strategy for purification of coagulation factor concentrates

Advances in biotechnology are permitting significant changes in traditional plasma fractionation schemes. Increases in product purity, safety, and recovery are possible, and new products are being developed. Applications of technology to the purification of factor IX, factor X, protein C, antithrombin III, thrombin, and fibrin glue are described.     

Experimental Calcification of the Myocardium: Ultrastructural and Histochemical Investigations

Focal areas of calcification are frequent in rat myocardium 30 and 60 days after administration of dihydrotachysterol. These areas are PAS-positive, stain deeply with alcian blue and show high affinity for colloidal iron. Calcification is almost completely confined to intracellular structures. Small clusters of needle-shaped crystals are first found in apparently undamaged mitochondria in undamaged myocardial cells. When all the mitochondria are calcified, the cell degenerates, and inorganic crystals are laid down in relationship with its myofilaments. In other myocardial cells, clusters of amorphous or finely granular inorganic substance are found in both mitochondria and myofibrils. Both structures show signs of advanced degeneration. Inorganic substance has only occasionally been found within the structures of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These structures do not seem to be involved in myocardial calcification under the present experimental conditions. Calcification of myocardial cells gives rise to a cellular reaction. Many macrophagic cells surround the calcified areas, which are rapidly reabsorbed. The present results show that myocardial mitochondria are actively engaged in controlling the intracellular concentration and movement of calcium ions. Their role in the myocardial contraction-relaxation cycle and the possible mechanism of myocardial calcification are discussed.     

Mesenchymal polyps

Most mesenchymal polyps are encountered in the colorectum but some characteristically arise in the oesophagus and stomach. Small bowel polyps are not often sampled but many of the types found in the other locations can be found in the small intestine and are covered elsewhere in this volume. Generally mesenchymal lesions of the tubular gastrointestinal tract that present as polyps are centred in the mucosa or submucosa. However, some lesions that are typically centreed in the muscularis propria are included since they are often confused with superficial lesions. Often the issues in interpreting such lesions revolve around whether the tumour is a gastrointestinal stromal tumour and whether it is a syndromic or sporadic, which has been addressed particularly for neural lesions.     

HLA and Disease Susceptibility: Comparative Study Between Japanese and Americans

Development of information about the HLA system, although still incomplete, has been greatly accelerated by international workshops. Some of these are bench type, some involve scientists from many countries and some are regional. This report summarizes a workshop-type conference of a different kind—between scientists of two major racial groups, Caucasian and Oriental. Some specificities are common to both groups, as are the diseases they are associated with. Some diseases are associated with given specificities in Caucasians and with other specificities in Japanese, while in other instances neither diseases nor specificities are shared. The principal features of disease associations in the two groups are contrasted here. Both similarities and differences offer new approaches to studies of the nature of disease association.     

The neonatal porcine lung: ultrastructural morphology and postnatal development of the terminal airways and alveolar region

Morphology and postnatal development of the porcine lung are described in animals ranging in age from newborn through 60 days. Standardized fixation was accomplished by intratracheal instillation of glutaraldehyde under constant pressure. Light microscopic, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic investigations revealed that the porcine lung follows the common architecture of mammalian lungs, but has certain peculiarities as well: intravascular macrophages, ultrastructurally similar to Kupffer cells, are attached to endothelial cells in pulmonary capillaries and are involved in erythrophagocytosis during the first postnatal weeks. Type II pneumocytes of newborn pigs exhibit signs of cell activation, mainly complex nuclear bodies in the cell nuclei. At the same time high levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids are observed in the newborn blood plasma. Terminal airways of the porcine lung are nonalveolarized and are, therefore, of purely conductive function. At birth the porcine lung exhibits a high degree of maturity, and thick-walled primary saccules, as described in newborn rodents, are not seen. Septa appear straight and smooth, owing to rare ramification. Septal buds are discernible, and two capillary networks visible on both sides of septal cross sections are seen. Further subdivision of the airspaces occurs in the first two postnatal weeks. Precociousness and fast postnatal growth of the porcine species are assumed to be the reason of this advanced degree of lung maturity at birth and the following rapid pulmonary development.     

Clinical and anatomo-histopathological features of experimental infection by DF-2 in rabbits

Clinical and anatomo-histopathological features of experimental infection by DF-2 in rabbits are described. Hyperthermy, sensory reduction, diarrhoea, weight loss and catarrhal nasal discharge are reported. PTT and PT are shown to increase and number of platelets diminish markedly. Considerable haemorrhagic diathesis is reported for several organs. Several clots (especially in pulmonary vessels), serious alterations in kidney glomeruli, degeneration of hepatocytes and disseminated necrosis foci are also reported. Lesions are stated as being very similar to those observed in man.     

Combined and Multimodal Treatments in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Issues, Challenges, and Research Directions

Combinations of treatment are used increasingly in child and adolescent therapy research, following a pattern long evident in clinical practice. The present article evaluates the multiple influences leading to the use of combined treatments, different ways in which treatments are combined, and challenges that combined treatments raise for research and practice. The central thesis is that combined treatments are unlikely to contribute to treatment outcome unless there are significant changes in the way research is conceptualized and conducted. Limitations in methods of combining treatment, the absence of explicit and empirically defensible decision rules for individually tailored treatments, perpetuation of current limitations in the ways treatments are tested and delivered, and methodological obstacles for evaluating combined treatments are used to bolster the thesis. Recommendations are made for Improving research on combined treatments, such as investigating the decision-making process guiding the combinations of treatment, the constituent techniques that are used to form combinations, novel models of delivering services to bolster outcome, and processes and mechanisms of therapeutic change.