纳米级雄黄制备工艺的优化研究

目的对纳米级雄黄制备工艺进行优化研究。方法利用温度可控惰性气氛高能球磨机来制备纳米级雄黄粉体;采用正交设计实验方法,对球料比、球磨转速、球磨时间、球磨介质去离子水量、球磨温度等球磨参数进行五因素四水平的实验安排;利用激光光散射法和原子力显微镜对纳米级雄黄颗粒的粒度分布和表观形貌进行观察分析测定。结果制备纳米级雄黄的最佳工艺参数为球料比16：1、球磨转速38Hz、球磨温度-20℃、球磨时间12h、去离子水量取50ml。结论在纳米级雄黄的最佳制备工艺条件下,可以得到粒径小于100纳米的雄黄颗粒达90％。     

纳米级雄黄粉体药代动力学研究

目的　制备纳米级雄黄粉体 ,比较传统雄黄与纳米级雄黄的药代动力学行为。方法　两组家兔分别单剂量口服5 0mg ,比较纳米级雄黄粉体和传统雄黄在兔体内的药代动力学参数。结果　传统雄黄组家兔的药动学参数为 :A =0 .0 96 2±0 .0 0 93mg·L-1,Ke =0 .0 70 2± 0 .0 0 74l/h ,Ka =0 .4 72 3± 0 .0 712l/h ,Lagtime=0 .0 30 0± 0 .0 0 0 0H ,T1/ 2　 (Ka) =0 .15 1± 0 .2 38H ,T1/ 2　 (Ke) =10 .0 5 6± 0 .895H ,T(peak)　　 =4 .80 6± 0 .4 0 1H ,C(max)　 =0 .0 6 0± 0 .0 0 0mg·L-1,AUC =1.16 8± 0 .0 84 (mg·L-1)h ,CL/F(s) =4 3.0 78± 3.4 95L/h ,V/F(c) =6 2 0 .6 96± 2 9.6 4 9L ;纳米雄黄组家兔的药动学参数为 :A =0 .2 4 4 3± 0 .0 0 5 2mg·L-1,Ke =0 .0 2 2 7±0 .0 0 5 2l/h ,Ka =0 .92 2 5± 0 .0 5 93l/h ,Lagtime =0 .0 30 0± 0 .0 0 0 0H ,T1/ 2　 (Ka) =0 .75 4± 0 .0 4 9H ,T1/ 2　 (Ke) =2 8.74 6± 1.0 0 7H ,T(peak)　 =4 .0 6 6± 0 .174H ,C(max)　 =0 .2 16± 0 .0 0 5mg·L-1,AUC =9.82 2± 0 .394 (mg·L-1)h ,CL/F(s) =5 .10 8± 0 .2 0 8L/h ,V/F(c) =2 11.5 6 6± 3.2 97L。结论　纳米级雄黄粉体与传统雄黄比较 ,其药代动力学发生显著变化 ,吸收相增大而消     

纳米雄黄对大鼠血液及生化指标的影响研究

目的通过实验探讨纳米雄黄对大鼠血液理化参数及生化指标的影响。方法设纳米雄黄低、中、高(10、20、40 mg·kg^-1)剂量组、雄黄(0.2 mg·kg^-1)组和阴性对照组。每日灌胃给药1次,连续24周,停药2周。抽取各组大鼠腹主动脉血,测定凝血时间、血液学指标和生化指标参数。结果给药24周大鼠血液学指标与对照组比较:中、高剂量组中性粒细胞分别为（29.33±5.66）%、（28.53±5.01）%,高剂量组血红蛋白为（98.6±3.2）g·L^-1,有显著性差异（P<0.05）。血清生化指标与对照组比较,停药2周低剂量组血糖为（3.17±0.58）mmol·L^-1,有显著性差异（P<0.05）。其余指标参数经统计学检验无显著性差异。结论在治疗剂量时纳米雄黄中砷对大鼠血液的理化参数及生化指标影响较小。     

纳米雄黄的急性毒性实验

目的探索纳米雄黄对小鼠的急性毒性作用,为其临床应用提供依据。方法将60只小鼠随机分6组,每组10只。均采用灌胃给药:对照组给予0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠,其他组分别给予1031、515.5、257.8、128.8、64 mg·kg-1的纳米雄黄混悬液;灌胃容积为25 ml·kg-1。观察小鼠灌胃后毒性反应及死亡情况,Bliss法计算半数致死量(LD50)。对各组死亡小鼠及时解剖,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾进行病理检查。结果给药后,各组小鼠活动减少,不进食水,耳缘颜色变暗,呼吸急促,精神萎靡,眼球分泌物增加,粪便呈灰黑色。1031 mg·kg-1组全部死亡,515.5 mg·kg-1组死亡9只,257.8 mg·kg-1组死亡2只,128.8 mg·kg-1组死亡1只,64 mg·kg-1组无死亡。用Bliss法计算LD50为309.72 mg·kg-1,LD50(Feiller校正)的95%可信限为226.97~422.93 mg·kg-1,LD5=137.36 mg·kg-1,LD95=698.35 mg·kg-1。死亡小鼠尸检观察,双肺、肝脏弥漫性充血,脾脏肿大发黑,小肠壁弥漫性充血,小肠胀气,部分肠道肿胀,发黑坏死。未死亡小鼠未见异常。结论小鼠灌胃给予纳米雄黄在64.4 mg·kg-1时未见明显急性毒性反应;当剂量大于64.4 mg·kg-1时,小鼠中毒现象会随着剂量的增大而增强。     

纳米级全氟碳化合物抗失血性休克和脑保护作用的实验研究

全氟碳化合物最初是作为一种血液代用品，经历了第一代和第二代产品的研究，应用涉及到医学的各个方面。氟碳对脑组织的保护作用，尚无实验明确证实；对于本实验采用新型第三代携氧型纳米级全氟碳化合物的研究，尚未见报道。笔者旨在通过建立新西兰兔失血性休克模型，观察评价纳米级全氟碳化合物抗失血性休克作用的有效性和安全     

氟尿嘧啶纳米乳剂的制备与性质

目的研究氟尿嘧啶大豆油纳米乳剂的相图、稳定性、载药量及药物的体外释放特点。方法在三元相图的基础上优选出制备纳米乳剂的最佳处方,用透射电子显微镜观测纳米乳剂粒径的大小,HPLC法测定纳米乳剂中氟尿嘧啶的含量及体外释放性能。结果纳米乳剂颗粒为圆形或椭圆形,粒径范围20±10nm,药物包裹率85.06%,体外11h药物释放50%,50h缓释95%。结论本实验制备的纳米乳剂性质稳定,与游离的药物相比有明显的缓释性能。     

纳米烧(烫)伤敷料对海水浸泡兔软组织伤愈合的实验研究

目的 研究纳米烧（烫）伤敷料对海水浸泡兔软组织伤的治疗效果。方法 分两次实验进行。实验一：10只家兔致背部切口伤60个切口，海水浸泡3h后，分3组治疗：（1）纳米敷料组；（2）1%磺胺嘧啶银（1％AgSD)组；（2）凡士林纱布组。治疗前及每次换药各组均随机选取2个切口取活检及细菌培养，比较海水浸泡后不同处理组的病理变化，伤口感染情况及愈合速度。实验二：15只家兔致背部切口伤90个切口，分为3组，伤口分别海水泡6h，自来水浸泡6h，中暴露6h，海水浸泡伤口用纳米敷料治疗；自来水浸泡伤口用1％AgSD治疗作为药物对照；空气暴露伤口用凡士林纱布治疗为空白对照。将损伤重的伤口采用纳米敷料治疗，以观察其疗效。结果 海水浸泡3或6h后伤口裂开1-1.5cm，肌肉肿胀，渗出较其它两组明显。各组病理检查有炎细胞浸润，组织间隙水肿，肌纤维变性，以海水浸泡组最明显；伤口细菌培养海水浸泡组的细菌阳性率最高，细菌种类最多，但经用纳米烧（烫）伤敷料治疗后，细菌逐渐减少，伤口感染发生少且轻。两次实验平均愈合时间分别为；纳米敷料组为6.4d和15.3d;1%AgSD组为8.6d和16.6d；凡士林纱布组为11．2d和16．4d。结论 纳米烧伤敷料能控制或减少感染，加速创面愈合。     

肺通气显像剂Technegas与99Tcm-GP的对比观察

Technegas是^99Tc^mO4^-通过Technegas发生器产生的纳米级颗粒的气体显像剂。本研究将其与^99Tc^m-葡糖磷酯(GP)进行肺通气显像自身对比观察，评价前者的临床价值。     

PLGA微米与纳米载药颗粒用于药物携带与递送的比较研究

 

目的 通过评价聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer,PLGA)微米颗粒(micron particle,MP)与纳米颗粒(nanoparticle,NP)的表面特征、载药能力、药物缓释能力及细胞吞噬能力等方面来比较阐述PLGA纳米与微米颗粒在细胞预处理与修饰中的合理应用。方法 分别制备PLGA纳米颗粒与微米颗粒,并进行表征;随后,比较其载药能力,并对药物的释放特征进行测定;最后,在不同时间点通过荧光强度评价两种颗粒与细胞结合或进入细胞的能力。结果 所制备的纳米粒与微米颗粒粒径分别分布在200~300 nm和2~4 μm;两种颗粒载药量相当,分别为14.3%和14.1%;在药物缓释方面,纳米颗粒存在显著的早期突释现象;微米颗粒释放缓慢,持续缓释可达一周左右;粒径相对小的纳米粒更容易进入或与细胞结合,共孵育12 h即达到最大值,微米颗粒相对较慢,最大值出现在共孵育24 h后。结论 PLGA纳米颗粒作为药物载体更适合于急性组织或细胞保护,微米颗粒更适合于慢性持续性保护。

     

金纳米颗粒修饰及其对肝癌细胞生长和辐射损伤的影响

目的：用巯基-聚乙二醇（SH-PEG）对金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）进行化学修饰（PEG-AuNPs）并分析其对肝癌细胞存活率和辐射对肝癌细胞作用的影响。方法制备的AuNPs用SH-PEG进行化学修饰,用透射电子显微镜观测PEG-AuNPs的大小及肝癌细胞对其的摄取,应用Cell Titer-Glo发光法和克隆形成实验分别分析PEG-AuNPs对肝癌细胞的生长抑制作用和辐射对肝癌细胞作用的影响。结果制备的PEG-AuNPs的尺寸分别为14．4 nm和30．5 nm。30．5 nm PEG-AuNPs更容易被肝癌细胞摄取,表现出明显地抑制肝癌细胞生长的作用和提高辐射对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用。结论 AuNPs经过SH-PEG化学修饰,30．5 nm PEG-AuNPs对肝癌细胞的生长抑制作用和提高辐射杀伤肝癌细胞的作用强于14．4 nm PEG-AuNPs。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.