内质网应激在纳米材料毒性效应中的作用研究进展

活性氧生成和氧化应激是纳米材料引发细胞毒性的主要作用机制之一。内质网作为细胞内蛋白质合成、加工以及钙储存的重要场所,对细胞应激十分敏感并参与氧化应激诱导的细胞损伤。氧化应激、钙稳态失衡等可诱导内质网应激(ERS),激活未折叠蛋白反应,从而促进细胞内稳态的恢复。但持续或严重的ERS可触发细胞凋亡信号通路,导致细胞死亡。已有研究表明,ERS是纳米材料毒性效应的早期、敏感指标。这一发现为纳米材料毒作用机制研究提供了新角度。此外,纳米材料诱导ERS的水平与颗粒理化性质、作用模式、细胞类型等有关。本文对ERS在纳米材料毒性效应中的作用及其机制进行简要综述。     

内质网应激与脑缺血/再灌注损伤

内质网是蛋白质合成、加工和转运的主要场所。内质网应激是指缺血缺氧、葡萄糖或营养物质缺乏、药物、毒素等因素破坏内质网的稳态,出现错误折叠与未折叠蛋白在腔内聚集以及Ca2+平衡紊乱的状态。内质网早期或未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)能提高细胞在有害因素下的生存能力。但剧烈或者持久的ERS,能诱发凋亡机制。研究表明,脑缺血/再灌注后发生ERS,导致神经细胞凋亡和坏死,是引起再灌注损伤的重要原因。本文对近年来ERS在细胞凋亡调控中的重要作用及脑缺血/再灌注损伤与ERS的关系进行综述,这对脑卒中的理论及临床研究具有重要意义,也给治疗脑卒中的药物发现提供新思路。     

内质网应激--肿瘤治疗的新靶点

内质网是蛋白质合成、折叠、组装、修饰、运输和储存钙离子（Ca2＋）等的场所。多种生理和病理条件下,如缺血、缺氧、氧化还原状态的改变等均可干扰内质网的功能,并引起折叠蛋白/未折叠蛋白在内质网中堆积,产生内质网应激（ERS）。ERS最初可诱导细胞的生存,然而长时间剧烈的ERS可诱导细胞凋亡,即ERS反应性凋亡。针对这一特性,ERS可以作为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

子痫前期中内质网应激的作用

子痫前期是妊娠期特有的疾病,其发病机制是产科学研究的重点和难点.然而子痫前期的病因和发病机制目前尚不清楚.氧化应激致滋养细胞凋亡是揭示子痫前期发病机制的重要线索之一.目前研究者多将注意力置于合体滋养细胞线粒体以及死亡受体在凋亡中的作用,而本文将重心置于内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS).因为内质网是合成和处理所有分泌蛋白和膜结合蛋白的场所,也是细胞内钙贮存场所,同时ERS与氧化应激有着错综复杂的联系,两者有共同的病因基础.     

活性氧与内质网应激

内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是细胞加工蛋白质和贮存Ca2+的主要场所,对应激极为敏感,其功能紊乱时出现错误折叠与未折叠蛋白在腔内聚集以及Ca2+平衡紊乱的状态,称为内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)。活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)作为第二信使,在细胞生物学功能的调节中起着重要作用。细胞内氧化还原状态的改变促进了ROS的产生和凋亡诱导因子的激活,致使细胞凋亡的同时又加剧了细胞内氧化还原状态的改变。研究发现细胞内氧化还原水平的改变在ERS介导的细胞凋亡过程中承担重要的角色,推测ROS可能是ERS介导的凋亡通路的上游信号分子,该文就ROS与ERS之间的关系作一综述。     

内质网应激在酒精诱导的中枢神经毒性中的作用

目的综述内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)在酒精诱导的中枢神经毒性中的作用。方法通过查阅相关文献对其进行归纳总结。从ERS诱导细胞凋亡的通路、酒精诱导ERS的机制、ERS在酒精所致脑损伤中与细胞凋亡、自噬和炎症反应的关系等几个方面进行介绍。结果系统总结了ERS诱导细胞凋亡的通路;酒精诱导ERS的作用机制与乙醛加合物的存在、钙离子的稳态和氧化应激等有关;酒精诱导ERS后可引起细胞凋亡、自噬和炎症反应。结论 ERS在酒精诱导中枢神经毒性中发挥重要作用。     

GRP78与 CHOP在缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

缺血再灌注（ischemia-reperfusion ,IR）过程中多种因素可导致内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress response,ERS）, ERS参与缺血再灌注（ ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI）的发展过程。总结ERS抗凋亡标志物GRP78与促凋亡标志物CHOP在IRI中的作用。 IRI时GRP78与CHOP表达的变化及其作用。明晰GRP78与CHOP参与IRI的机制。     

内质网应激凋亡通路中的耐药节点

内质网应激 (endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)介导的细胞凋亡是一种新的凋亡途径,ERS过长过强,可多途径诱导细胞凋亡.肿瘤化疗药物的作用机制是诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡,因此凋亡信号传导通路在肿瘤治疗中尤为关键.凋亡通路中任意环节缺陷都能导致肿瘤细胞对凋亡的耐受.该文就内质网中影响凋亡信号传导通路中发挥关键作用的一些重点耐药分子作一综述,包括P-gp分子、IAP家族、Bcl-2耐药家族中的关键蛋白以及内质网钙泵IP3R.     

miRNA-106通过调控内质网蛋白44调节妊娠期糖尿病内质网应激诱导的滋养细胞凋亡

<正>妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是一种妊娠期间常见的并发症,其发病率为1.5%~14%~([1]),可导致新生儿及成年后严重的不良后果,目前临床上已经进行了治疗,收到很好的效果,但病因学研究仍处于滞后状态,GDM发病机制未完全清楚,氧化应激导致滋养细胞凋亡是GDM发病机制之一,传统上细胞凋亡的途径主要是线粒体途径,近年来研究发现了氧化应激诱导凋亡的新途径,即氧化应激-内质网应激-细胞凋亡,ERp44     

内质网应激及其介导的凋亡在锰致神经毒性中的作用

目的探讨内质网应激(ERS)及其介导的细胞凋亡在锰引起的神经毒性中的作用。方法以人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞为细胞模型,通过MTT比色法检测MnCl2对细胞存活的影响,流式细胞技术(FCM)检测MnCl2对细胞凋亡的影响,Western blot检测MnCl2作用后,细胞ERS分子伴侣BiP、Sigma-1受体(Sig-1R)、CHOP及凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-4表达的变化。结果 MnCl2可呈时间、剂量依赖性地降低细胞存活率,并诱导SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡;MnCl2上调ERS分子伴侣Bip、Sig-1R、CHOP及Caspase-4的表达。结论 MnCl2可诱导SH-SY5Y细胞发生ERS,早期的ERS对细胞具有保护性效应,持续的ERS通过上调CHOP和Cappase 12的表达介导细胞凋亡,这可能是锰神经毒性机制之一。     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel mechanism and therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases

Endoplasmic reticulum is a principal organelle responsible for folding, post-translational modifications and transport of secretory, luminal and membrane proteins, thus palys an important rale in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a condition that is accelerated by accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins after endoplasmic reticulum environment disturbance, triggered by a variety of physiological and pathological factors, such as nutrient deprivation, altered glycosylation, calcium depletion, oxidative stress, DNA damage and energy disturbance, etc. ERS may initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore cellular homeostasis or lead to apoptosis. Numerous studies have clarified the link between ERS and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on ERS-associated molecular mechanisms that participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes of heart and blood vessels. In addition, a number of drugs that regulate ERS was introduced, which may be used to treat cardiovascular diseases. This review may open new avenues for studying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and discovering novel drugs targeting ERS.     

Inhibition of Ca2+ influx is required for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-induced endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ depletion and cell death in leukemia cells

Disturbances of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ homeostasis or protein processing can lead to ER stress-induced cell death. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in a variety of cell death mechanisms. To investigate the role of OS in ER stress, we measured OS in response to three ER stress agents: econazole (Ec), which stimulates ER Ca2+ release and blocks Ca2+ influx; thapsigargin (Tg), a sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor that releases ER Ca2+ and stimulates Ca2+ influx; and tunicamycin (Tu), a glycosylation inhibitor that causes protein accumulation in the ER. Ec, but not Tg or Tu, caused a rapid increase in OS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was observed within mitochondria immediately after exposure to Ec. Furthermore, Ec hyperpolarized the mitochondrial membrane and inhibited adenine nucleotide transport in cell-free mitochondria, suggesting a mitochondrial target. Antimycin A, an inhibitor of complex III in electron transport, reversed mitochondrial hyperpolarization, OS generation, ER Ca2+ depletion, and cell death by Ec, suggesting complex III dependence for these effects. Antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine prevented ER Ca2+ depletion and cell death by Ec. However, inhibition of Ca2+ influx by Ec was unaffected by either antimycin A or the antioxidants, suggesting that this target is distinct from the mitochondrial target of Ec. Atractyloside, an adenine nucleotide transport inhibitor, generated ROS and stimulated ER Ca2+ release, but it did not block Ca2+ influx, deplete the ER or induce cell death. Taken together, these results demonstrate that combined mitochondrial ROS generation and Ca2+ influx blockade by Ec is required for cell death.     

基于内质网应激的抗肿瘤药物研发

在缺氧、钙代谢紊乱、氧化应激等条件下,细胞内质网功能受到干扰,未折叠或错误折叠蛋白积聚,将产生内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)效应。早期ERS可促使肿瘤细胞存活,但长时间或严重的ERS可诱导肿瘤细胞产生凋亡等效应,这使得基于ERS的抗肿瘤药物研发成为可能。该文主要介绍当前基于ERS的抗肿瘤药物研发概况,总结具有诱导ERS效应的天然产物,并在此基础上对基于ERS的抗肿瘤药物研发进行分析,以期为相关领域的发展提供参考。     

转录激活因子6：潜在的抗2型糖尿病药物新靶点

真核细胞中的内质网是蛋白质合成、翻译和转运的场所,当内质网稳态被打破,出现蛋白质折叠障碍或错误折叠,并导致蛋白质过度积累时,便会引发内质网应激反应,即未折叠蛋白反应。大量的研究表明,内质网应激与2型糖尿病的病理特征有一定的关系,而转录激活因子6通路作为未折叠蛋白反应中3条信号通路之一,调控着蛋白质的重折叠过程,对缓解内质网应激以及在糖脂代谢和胰岛素敏感性方面起着重要作用。简介内质网应激反应及相关信号通路和转录激活因子6．着重综述转录激活因子6在肝脏糖脂代谢和胰岛素抵抗中的作用及相应机制,探讨其成为抗2型糖尿病药物新靶点的可能性,为抗2型糖尿病药物的研发提供新思路。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与钙稳态关系的研究进展

钙离子（Ca²⁺）是细胞内重要的第二信使,其主要储存在内质网和线粒体中,参与调控细胞多种生理功能及维持内质网、线粒体功能。内质网和线粒体对钙离子的摄取与释放直接影响胞内钙离子水平的变化,继而影响细胞正常生理功能。病理条件下,细胞内钙离子稳态失衡,可引发细胞生理功能异常并进一步影响内质网、线粒体功能。非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）是临床常见病和多发病,其主要病理特征是：肝脏脂肪样变性、内质网应激、线粒体损伤和非特异性炎性反应等。其中持续的内质网应激及线粒体功能障碍是NAFLD发生发展的重要诱因。而细胞内钙稳态的变化可直接导致内质网及线粒体功能异常,继而影响NAFLD的发生发展。本文主要从钙稳态的主要影响因素以及钙稳态变化与NAFLD的关系两方面进行阐述,为寻求和研发防治NAFLD的药物提供新的方向。     

内质网应激和自噬在骨骼肌再生中的作用研究进展

骨骼肌卫星细胞(muscle satellite/stem cells, MuSCs)介导的再生和修复对骨骼肌损伤后完整肌肉功能的恢复至关重要。在多种病理生理过程中,内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)诱导的未折叠蛋白质反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)和自噬能够清除积累的错误折叠的蛋白质,是细胞维持稳态的重要机制。近年来,越来越多的研究发现在骨骼肌再生过程中内质网应激和自噬被激活,且在肌再生过程中发挥重要的调控作用,对损伤后肌肉的修复至关重要。本文主要针对近年来内质网应激和自噬在肌再生过程中的作用的研究进展做一综述,旨在为研发以内质网应激和自噬为靶点改善骨骼肌再生的药物提供理论依据。     

枸杞多糖对泡沫细胞泡沫化与胆固醇酯流出的影响及内质网应激作用机制的研究

目的研究枸杞多糖(LBP)对单核细胞源性泡沫细胞泡沫化与胆固醇酯流出的影响及内质网应激的作用机制。方法原代培养单核细胞源性泡沫细胞后,用50、100、200μg.mL-1 LBP孵育72 h,油红O染色法检测泡沫细胞的数量;用荧光分光光度法分析细胞内总胆固醇(TC)、游离胆固醇(FC)和胆固醇酯(CE)的含量;用酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞中氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)及内质网应激蛋白(Grp78,CHOP,Xbp-1)的含量。结果 LBP可减少泡沫细胞的形成和细胞内TC、FC、CE的含量,同时可降低细胞内ox-LDL与内质网应激蛋白的含量(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 LBP通过降低ox-LDL及内质网应激蛋白的含量引起泡沫细胞内胆固醇的含量下降从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

The endoplasmic reticulum as an integrating signalling organelle: from neuronal signalling to neuronal death

The endoplasmic reticulum is one of the largest intracellular organelles represented by continuous network of cisternae and tubules, which occupies the substantial part of neuronal somatas and extends into finest neuronal processes. The endoplasmic reticulum controls protein synthesis as well as their post-translational processing, and generates variety of nucleus-targeted signals through Ca(2+)-binding chaperones. The normal functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum signalling cascades requires high concentrations of free calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen ([Ca(2+)](L)), and severe alterations in [Ca(2+)](L) trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress response, manifested by either unfolded protein response (UPR) or endoplasmic reticulum overload response (EOR). At the same time, the endoplasmic reticulum is critically involved in fast neuronal signalling, by producing local or global cytosolic calcium signals via Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca(2+) release (IICR). Both CICR and IICR are important for synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Several special techniques allowing real-time [Ca(2+)](L) monitoring were developed recently. Video-imaging of [Ca(2+)](L) in neurones demonstrates that physiological signalling triggers minor decreases in overall intraluminal Ca(2+) concentration due to strong activation of Ca(2+) uptake, which prevents severe [Ca(2+)](L) alterations. The endoplasmic reticulum lumen also serves as a "tunnel" which allows rapid transport of Ca(2+) ions within highly polarised nerve cells. Fluctuations of intraluminal free Ca(2+) concentration represent a universal mechanism, which integrates physiological cellular signalling with protein synthesis and processing. In pathological conditions, fluctuations in [Ca(2+)](L) may initiate either adaptive or fatal stress responses.