Determinants of incidence of osteoporotic fractures in the female Spanish population older than 50

It is well known that the adoption of preventive measures for osteoporosis may contribute to minimizing its impact as a result of bone fractures. However, there are well-recognized risk factors involved in the onset of osteoporosis that are not possible to modify. Better knowledge of these non-modifiable factors could aid prevention in subjects at high risk of fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the likely association between gynecological, reproductive and family history of hip fracture with the incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures in women older than 50. We studied 255 women aged 50 and over, randomly selected from a Spanish population that had participated in a study of prevalence of vertebral fractures (EVOS study). This cohort was prospectively followed for 8 years by means of four postal questionnaires, in order to find out the incidence of nonvertebral fractures. Concerning the incidence of vertebral fractures, participants were invited to repeat the lumbar spine X-rays 4 years after the initial study. A total of 31 women had incident osteoporotic fractures. The analysis of gynecological variables showed that an increase in the age at menarche was a risk factor for all incident osteoporotic fractures [OR=1.57 (1.04–2.37)]. The presence of amenorrhea at any age during the fertile period was associated with higher incidence of all osteoporotic fractures [OR=6.30 (1.61–24.70]. Among all the reproductive variables analyzed (pregnancy, number of live births and breast-feeding) only pregnancy was an important protective factor in preventing incident Colles fracture [OR=0.15 (0.03–0.62)]. A family history of hip fracture was associated with a higher incidence of all osteoporotic fractures [OR=3.59 (1.01–12.79)]. In summary, a late age at menarche, the presence of amenorrhea and having close relatives with hip fracture were all risk factors which, independently of bone mineral density (BMD) and age, were associated with higher incidence of all osteoporotic fractures. Pregnancy was an important protective factor for the incidence of Colles fractures.     

经皮单侧椎弓根穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(长期随访结果)

目的观察单侧穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的近、长期疗效。方法 22例新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折行单侧椎弓根穿刺椎体后凸成形术患者,平均随访时间2.3年;进行术前VAS评分、出院时VAS评分,测量术前压缩椎体前、中、后缘椎体高度及Cobb's角;记录穿刺侧别、应用器械种类、骨水泥注入量及并发症情况;随访时进行VAS评分,测量随访时X线片治疗椎体前、中、后缘椎体高度及Cobb's角,骨水泥位置,相邻椎体情况,是否发生其他椎体骨折。结果疼痛缓解率术后是91%,术后平均2.3年是95%;术前与术后,术后到随访时VAS评分有显著统计学差异;应用Kyphon球囊和SKY;经左、右侧椎弓根穿刺;注入骨水泥量、骨水泥位置之间VAS评分无差异。术前、术后椎体前、中、后缘高度、Cobb's角,均无统计学差异;渗漏率是23%;其他椎体骨折发生率是13.6%。结论 1.单侧穿刺止痛效果明显、长期效果肯定;2.何侧穿刺、器械种类、骨水泥注入部位、注入量,与止痛效果无关;3.对于右手操作者,左侧穿刺更容易达到理想位置。4.骨水泥椎间隙渗漏不影响长期疗效;5.术后1～12个月是再骨折高发阶段。6.PKP总体未达到使骨折部分复位,改善后凸目的 。     

Functional outcomes of kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic and osteolytic vertebral compression fractures

Introduction Vertebral body compression fractures secondary to osteoporosis or malignant osteolysis are an increasingly common problem. The primary purpose of our study was to assess functional outcomes of kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic and osteolytic vertebral compression fractures. Our secondary purpose was to compare such functional outcomes in patients with osteoporosis versus multiple myeloma. Methods The 314 consecutive patients prospectively included in our study had progressive and painful compression fractures as a result of osteoporosis or multiple myeloma that were refractory to nonoperative modalities. Of those 314 patients, the 211 (67.2%) patients (155 with osteoporosis and 56 with multiple myeloma) who had complete preoperative and postoperative data formed our final study group. All patients tolerated the kyphoplasty procedure well (that is, there were no adverse events in terms of perioperative patient condition). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 235 weeks (mean 55.0 weeks). Functional outcomes were assessed by the SF-36 and Oswestry Disability Index at baseline and at follow-up examinations. Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test and the level of significance was set at P≤0.05. Results The average Owestry Disability Index score decreased by 12.6 points (P<0.001) in the overall group, by 11.8 points (P<0.001) at short-term follow-up, and by 8.6 points (P<0.001) at long-term follow-up. All SF-36 sub-scores except for general health and role-emotional showed statistically significant improvement from baseline values at the same time points. There was no statistically significant difference with regard to functional outcome in the osteoporosis and multiple myeloma sub-groups. Conclusions Kyphoplasty provided a safe and effective treatment for pain and disability in patients with verterbral compression fractures secondary to osteoporosis and multiple myeloma. In addition, we found no statistically significant difference with regard to functional outcome between patients with osteoporosis and multiple myeloma. Dr. Khanna and Dr. Lieberman have disclosed their relationship as consultants to Kyphon.     

Bone mass, size and previous fractures as predictors of prospective fractures in an osteoporotic referral population

The influence of bone mass, bone size and previous low energy fractures upon prospective fractures has not been investigated in a referral osteoporotic population. We investigated the association between bone mass, bone size, previous fractures, body constitution, and prospective validated fractures in 5701 women and 1376 men, aged 30 years and older. Bone mass measurements of the femoral neck were collected at a single study center in Sweden. Most of the subjects were measured on suspicion of osteoporosis. Data on validated low energy retrospective and prospective fractures in the cohort were collected from the corresponding health care district. Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm²) and estimated volumetric BMD (vBMD, g/cm³) were shown to be good independent predictors for fracture in both women and men (Hazard ratio per standard deviation decrease (HR) = 1.27–1.52, p < 0.05). Bone size did not predict prospective fractures in either sex (HR = 0.91–0.99, p > 0.05), and bone size completely explained the higher BMD in men than in women. In women, retrospective low energy fractures (HR = 1.78, p < 0.001) and height (HR = 1.02, p = 0.006) were additional independent predictors of osteoporotic fractures after adjusting for age and BMD. In conclusion, we show that in a large osteoporotic referral population, age, BMD and previous fractures are independent predictors of prospective low energy fractures. These results add additional strength to the recent change in focus towards a multivariate analysis when assessing the future risk of fracture.     

beta-Blocker use, BMD, and fractures in the study of osteoporotic fractures.

A role for osteoblastic beta-adrenoreceptors in bone regulation is suggested by the finding that beta-blockers increase bone mass in mice. We studied the association of beta-blocker use with BMD and fractures in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. beta-blocker use and BMD are unrelated in this cohort, and associations with fracture risk are inconsistent. INTRODUCTION: The central nervous system has been shown to regulate bone mass in mice, possibly by way of the beta(2)-adrenoreceptors on osteoblasts. beta-blockers have been shown to increase bone mass in mice. Because these agents are widely used therapeutically, it is possible that they may influence fracture epidemiology in humans, and they are a potential therapy for osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have studied the association of beta-blocker use with BMD and fracture rates in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. beta-blocker use was recorded at the fourth visit, in 8412 women, of whom 1099 were users, and these women were followed for 7 years. RESULTS: Users had significantly higher weight, more thiazide use, more estrogen use, less glucocorticoid use, more statin use, and more hypertension than nonusers, and they smoked less. Total hip BMD at the fourth visit was higher in the beta-blocker users (0.746 versus 0.735 g/cm(2), p = 0.02), but adjustment for weight alone, or together with these other variables, eliminated this difference (p = 0.62). There was no effect of beta-blocker use on loss of hip BMD over a mean follow-up of 4 years (p = 0.48). Os calcis BMD at visit 4 was also higher in those taking beta-blockers (0.385 versus 0.375 g/cm(2), p = 0.005), but weight adjustment eliminated this difference (p = 0.14). The frequencies of hip or any fracture (since age 50) were similar in users and nonusers (p = 0.80 and p = 0.51, respectively). Over a mean follow-up of 7 years, there were 2167 total fractures, including 431 at the wrist and 585 at the hip. Among beta-blocker users, hazards ratios were 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) for any fracture, 0.74 (0.54, 1.01) for wrist fracture, and 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) for hip fracture. Adjustment for weight and other factors previously shown to influence hip fracture incidence in this cohort made little difference to the outcome. When fracture data were analyzed for nonselective and beta(1)-selective agents separately, trends toward fewer fractures were confined to the users of selective beta(1)-blockers. CONCLUSIONS: beta-Blocker use and BMD are unrelated in this cohort, and associations with fracture risk are inconsistent. Therefore, a history of use of these drugs is not useful in assessing fracture risk, nor do they have a role in osteoporosis management at this time. The relationship between beta-blocker use and hip fracture deserves further study.     

四肢骨质疏松性骨折的治疗

Thomas A.Russell是国际著名创伤骨科专家．目前担任美国田纳西大学骨科教授。2008年他应邀参加于珠海举办的第四届“创伤骨科国际研讨会”，并就四肢骨质疏松性骨折的治疗作精彩演讲。演讲资料翔实，内容丰富．加上他丰富的临床经验，使与会者对骨质疏松性骨折治疗的理念和技术有了更深入的认识。作者有幸为他翻译，受益匪浅。现将他的演讲整理成文，介绍给同道分享。     

经皮闭合复位微创固定治疗高龄患者肱骨近端骨质疏松性骨折

目的 评估经皮闭合复位微创固定在高龄患者肱骨近端骨质疏松性骨折临床治疗中的价值。方法通过对经皮闭合复位微创固定和传统的切开复位内固定两种不同方法治疗37例高龄肱骨近端有明显移位的NeerⅢ或Ⅳ型患者骨折的比较,分析两种不同治疗方法手术并发症的发生率、住院及出院后3个月内的死亡率、住院时间和手术时间、术中输血量以及肩关节功能的恢复情况。结果经皮闭合复位微创治疗组术后早期全身并发症发生率和出院后3个月内的死亡率较传统的切开复位内固定组低,肩关节功能恢复及住院期间的死亡率两种不同治疗方法差异无统计学意义。经皮闭合复位微创治疗组的手术时间、术中输血量和平均住院时间较传统的切开复位内固定组明显缩短和减少。结论经皮闭合复位微创固定的最大优点在于提高高龄患者手术的安全性和减少术后全身性并发症的发生,术后康复较快。     

Biomechanics of osteoporotic fractures

The objective of this review article is to present biomechanics concepts and data relevant to osteoporotic fractures. Fractures are mechanical events that occur when the applied load exceeds the fracture load (bone strength); both loading and strength must be considered to understand fracture risk. Hip fractures are almost always due to a fall, but only 5% of falls result in fracture. Hip fracture risk is greatest for a sideways fall that impacts on the greater trochanter. The loading events that cause vertebral fractures are poorly understood but include falls and heavy lifting. Activities that involve forward flexion and lifting generate the largest forces on the spine. Factors that affect bone strength include bone size (geometry) and bone density (vBMD). Men have larger bones at all ages compared to women and this is the main factor in the gender difference in whole-bone strength. Both men and women lose trabecular bone density and thus bone strength with aging, which is the main reason for the age-related loss of bone strength at the hip and spine, although dramatic decreases in the toughness of cortical bone may also contribute to osteoporotic fragility. The factor of risk (applied force/fracture force) is a useful concept for considering both the injury and the disease component of osteoporotic fractures. Within this article, I will review data on age-related changes in factors that affect fracture risk. Advanced engineering concepts will not be presented, but a familiarity with basic mechanical principles is assumed.     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效及伤椎影像学变化

<正>骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)在老年人群中十分普遍~([1])。OVCFs导致的疼痛和矢状位失衡严重影响患者的生活质量,亦会增加死亡率~([2])。经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)通过球囊扩张椎体后注入骨水泥,能够有效加固椎体,恢复椎体高度,减小后凸畸形,同时能够缓解疼痛症状,成为OVCFs主要的治疗方法。2014年1月~2014年12月在我院骨科行PKP手术且随访1年     

解剖学锁定钢板治疗股骨近端骨质疏松性骨折的疗效分析

[目的]探讨解剖学锁定钢板治疗股骨近端骨质疏松性骨折的疗效。[方法]回顾分析自2009年2月~2012年11月120例采用解剖学锁定钢板治疗的股骨近端骨质疏松骨折患者病例资料。其中,男46例,女74例;平均年龄73岁(19~94岁)。新鲜骨折118例,陈旧骨折2例。左侧86例,右侧34例。转子间骨折90例,转子下骨折30例。76例存在内科合并症,手术距受伤时间平均10.7 d(5~134 d)。[结果]平均随访25.5个月(12~55个月)。平均手术时间2.1 h(1~5.5 h),术中平均出血量567 ml(100~4 500 ml)。术后离床逐步负重时间平均5.5周,完全负重活动时间平均12.2周。骨折愈合时间平均17.6周(10~150周)。Sanders评分平均51分(21~58分),优良率83.3%。闭合复位75例,切开复位45例。切开复位组比闭合复位组手术时间明显延长,术中失血量显著增加。并发症共计43例,其中,大转子部位疼痛38例,骨折愈合问题11例,内固定失败2例,感染3例。[结论]股骨近端锁定钢板固定可靠、愈合率高,是治疗股骨近端骨质疏松骨折的有效方法之一。良好复位、准确放置钢板及抗骨质疏松治疗是获得满意临床疗效,降低并发症的前提。     

Vertebral augmentation in osteoporotic fractures

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures result in an enormous medical, social and economic burden to society. Here, we review osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, focusing on both their diagnosis and the treatment options, particularly vertebral augmentation.     

Preliminary outcomes and efficacy of the first 360 consecutive kyphoplasties for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity in worldwide elderly populations. Patients may become susceptible to vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) from low-impact situations. For patients who have failed conventional, palliative medical therapy, kyphoplasty not only reduces pain associated with vertebral fractures, but also offers a minimally invasive procedure with the potential to address fracture reduction and spinal sagittal alignment. Kyphoplasty involves expanding an inflatable balloon tamp to create a cavity within a vertebral body before cement deposition. PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of kyphoplasty to reduce and fix painful osteoporotic VCFs. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A retrospective, single-arm cohort study of consecutive kyphoplasty patients treated at a single center. PATIENT SAMPLE: Three hundred sixty VCFs were treated during 254 kyphoplasty procedures on 222 osteoporotic patients (mean age, 76 years [range, 28-98]; 28% male and 72% female). OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient-reported pain ratings were examined. Cement extravasation was monitored by intraoperative fluoroscopy and on postoperative radiographs. Anterior and midline vertebral height were assessed from standing, lateral radiographs obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. The number of patients who returned with symptomatic, new fractures was monitored. Perioperative complications were recorded. Mean follow-up occurred 21 months after kyphoplasty (range, 6 months through 36 months). RESULTS: Immediate pain relief was reported by 89% of patients by the first follow-up visit. One patient experienced postoperative pain as a result of radiculopathy related to bone filler leakage into the foramen. The remaining patients had persistent pain and were diagnosed with either a new fracture or underlying degenerative disc disease. Greater than or equal to 20% restoration of lost vertebral height (anterior) was observed in 63% of fractures with an overall mean restoration of 30%, and > or = 20% restoration of lost vertebral height (midline) was detected in 69% of fractures with an overall mean restoration of 50%. In this cohort, 12% (30/254) of the patients required additional kyphoplasty procedures to treat 36 symptomatic, new adjacent and remote fractures. No device-related complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Kyphoplasty is a safe and effective, minimally invasive procedure for relief of pain associated with VCF. In our series we also demonstrated some restoration of vertebral height and partial correction of sagittal alignment.     

Polymorphisms in the osteoprotegerin gene are associated with osteoporotic fractures.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble receptor for RANKL and therefore a competitive inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and activity. With this key role in the control of resorptive activity, we found that OPG is a candidate gene for genetic control of bone mass. We examined the promoter and the five exons with surrounding intron sequences of the OPG gene for polymorphisms in 50 normal patients and 50 patients with osteoporosis. We found 12 polymorphisms. Two sets of four and five polymorphisms, respectively, were in complete linkage. Subsequently, we examined the effect of the informative polymorphisms A163-G (promoter), T245-G (promoter), T950-C (promoter), G1181-C (exon 1), and A6890-C (intron 4) on the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures, bone mass, and bone turnover in 268 osteoporotic patients and 327 normal controls. In A163-G the variant allele G was more common among fracture patients: 34.0% versus 26.3% in normal controls (p < 0.05) and the odds ratio (OR) for a vertebral fracture, if an individual has the G allele, was 1.44 (1.00-2.08). In T245-G the variant allele G was more common in osteoporotic patients: 12.4% versus 6.5% (p < 0.02) and the OR for vertebral fracture, if an individual has the G-allele, was 2.00 (1.10-3.62). G1181-C is located in the first exon and causes a shift in the third amino acid from lysine to asparagine. The CC genotype was less common among fracture patients: 26.3% versus 36.7% in the normal controls (p < 0.01). T950-C and A6890-C were not distributed differently among patients with osteoporosis and normal controls. None of the polymorphisms affected bone mineral density (BMD) or biochemical markers of bone turnover in the normal controls. In conclusion, we have examined the human OPG gene for polymorphisms and found 12. The rare alleles of the A163-G and T245-G were significantly more common among patients with vertebral fractures.     

骨质疏松性骨折愈合过程中的骨重建因子

一般性骨折愈合过程分为血肿机化演进期、原始骨痂形成期和骨痂改造塑形期;而骨质疏松性骨折愈合过程分为纤维骨痂期、软骨骨痂期和骨性骨痂期。骨质疏松性骨折愈合的组织学观察表明,纤维骨痂期主要是成纤维细胞合成Ⅲ型胶原;软骨骨痂期主要是成软骨细胞合成、分泌Ⅱ型胶原;骨性骨痂期主要是随着软骨内成骨的出现和发展,Ⅱ型胶原消失,逐渐由抗张力性能较强的Ⅰ型胶原所取代。一般来说,实验性骨质疏松性骨折的愈合方式与一般性骨折愈合方式相似,软骨内成骨和膜内成骨共同参与了骨质疏松性骨折的修复过程,但以软骨内成骨为主。     

Cost-equivalence of different osteoporotic fractures

METHODS: Among 985 Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents who experienced an osteoporotic fracture (distal forearm, humerus, clavicle/scapula/sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, hip, other femur or tibia/fibula [the latter in women only]), we estimated the incremental cost of direct medical care in the following year compared with age- and sex-matched controls without a fracture randomly sampled from the same community. RESULTS: The overall median incremental (case minus control) cost in the succeeding year was $2,390, with a particularly high incremental cost for hip fractures ($11,241). There was fair concordance between the incremental cost of the different fractures, relative to hip fracture alone, and the previously published disutility associated with each fracture type relative to hip fracture. Overall, the incremental cost for all osteoporotic fractures combined was 46% greater than that for hip fractures alone in women and 47% greater in men. This is consistent with the earlier report that overall morbidity from all osteoporotic fractures combined is 47% and 39% greater in women and men, respectively, than the morbidity attributable solely to hip fractures. CONCLUSION: These data lend support to the notion that other osteoporotic fractures can be quantified relative to hip fracture on the basis of their cost, as well as their morbidity and mortality. This may simplify health economic analyses by allowing all fracture outcomes to be modeled relative to hip fractures (i.e., hip fracture 'equivalents') and will provide a more comprehensive assessment of osteoporosis outcomes than is possible by focusing only on hip fractures.