儿童过敏性紫癜脑电图分析

过敏性紫癜（AP）是一种累及全身毛细血管的变态反应性疾病。，有关本病的临床及实验检查屡有报道，但有关过敏性紫癜的脑电罔改变和神经系统损害报道较少，如果及时行脑电图检查，能及早地发现神经系统的变化，同时对脑电图进行分析，从而指导临床疗效判定，现将我们收集的资料报道如下。     

水合氯醛对儿童睡眠脑电图的影响

目的 探索水合氯醛对儿童睡眠脑电图的影响。方法 研究纳入2019年11月8日—2021年9月1日于四川大学华西第二医院进行脑电图检查的5岁以下儿童共计250例,根据检查前是否服用水合氯醛分为服药组和未服药组,其中服药组167例,男女比例113∶54,平均年龄（30.78±17.43）月龄;未服药组83例,男女比例60∶23,平均年龄（33.12±17.10）月龄,两组年龄、性别无统计学差异。采用定量脑电图方法分别对两组脑电图各种波形功率所占的百分比进行比较分析。结果 服药组脑电图β波占比（2.76±4.03）%,未服药组脑电图β波占比（1.59±1.21）%,两组间具有显著性差异,服药组睡眠脑电图β波占比更大。结论 水合氯醛可能会引起睡眠脑电图β快波增多,可能会影响脑电图的判读、影响疾病的诊断。     

儿童过敏性紫癜脑电图分析

过敏性紫癜(AP)是一种累及全身毛细血管的变态反应性疾病。有关本病的临床及实验检查屡有报道,但有关过敏性紫癜的脑电图改变和神经系统损害报道较少,如果及时行脑电图检查,能及早地发现神经系统的变化,同时对脑电图进行分析,从而指导临床疗效判定,现将我们收集的资料报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料临床确诊52例,男29例,女23例;年龄5～12岁,平均8.5岁。临床表现除典型皮疹外,伴有胃肠道症状19例,关节症状22例,两者同时受累者8例,有肾脏症状者29例,其中4例有神经系统损害,与关节和胃肠道同时受累者分别为3例和5例。1.2方法采用日本三荣I…     

儿童孤独症80例的脑电图分析

观察儿童孤独症的脑电图变化。对８０例儿童孤独症患儿的临床和脑电图资料进行分析。本组异常脑电图有２３例，其脑电图异常与患儿性别，起病年龄，围产期情况及智商均无显著性差异，但与阳性家庭史及头颅ＣＴ或颅片正常与否有显著差异。结论儿童孤独症的脑器质性与脑功能障碍密切有关。     

儿童头痛120例脑电图及临床分析

头痛是小儿神经科常见病之一，为了解儿童头痛的病因及特点，我们对2005-01～2006—12间我院门诊及病房收治的120例头痛患儿，经过详细询问病史、临床检查、脑电图（EEG）分析，现总结报告如下。     

儿童癫痫脑电图及相关问题研究进展

本文结合有关文献对儿童癫痫EEG变化、药物睡眠EEG、24小时EEG监测结果进行了分析,对其EEG纵向研究及脑电地形图在儿童癫痫诊断中的作用做了介绍。     

38例儿童颞叶癫痫脑电图分析

目的 探讨儿童颞叶癫痫的脑电图特征,方法 分析３８例颞叶癫痫患儿发作间歇期的脑电图资料。结果 尖波棘波,棘慢波综合３６例（９４．７％）能定位于颞区的３３例（８４．８％）大多表现为非同步灶性阵发（６３．２％）结论儿童颞叶癫痫患者间歇期脑电图国明显的特征是颞区的阵发,高电位尖波,棘波。     

Evidence of a faster posterior dominant EEG rhythm in children with autism

Multiple electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities have been associated with autism. In the course of clinical work, we have observed a posterior dominant EEG rhythm at higher frequency in children with autism. To test this observation, 56 EEG tracings of children with autism were compared to the EEGs of age-matched controls. Children with autism showed a posterior dominant EEG rhythm (PDR) of 9.00 Hz versus 8.60 Hz for controls (p = 0.014). This difference was greater at younger ages. Neural correlates of an increased alpha frequency are unclear. This may represent pathology in cortical-thalamic circuits, default mode network, dorsal attention network and/or occipital visual networks. Examination of changes in these circuits in autism may be a worthwhile area for future research.     

Resting state EEG abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of complex and heterogeneous developmental disorders involving multiple neural system dysfunctions. In an effort to understand neurophysiological substrates, identify etiopathophysiologically distinct subgroups of patients, and track outcomes of novel treatments with translational biomarkers, EEG (electroencephalography) studies offer a promising research strategy in ASD. Resting-state EEG studies of ASD suggest a U-shaped profile of electrophysiological power alterations, with excessive power in low-frequency and high-frequency bands, abnormal functional connectivity, and enhanced power in the left hemisphere of the brain. In this review, we provide a summary of recent findings, discuss limitations in available research that may contribute to inconsistencies in the literature, and offer suggestions for future research in this area for advancing the understanding of ASD.     

Absence of seizures despite high prevalence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with autism monitored in a tertiary care center

PURPOSE: Children with autism are commonly referred for video-EEG monitoring to determine the precise nature of their seizure-like events. METHODS: We studied 32 children with autism by using continuous video-EEG telemetry (VEEG) monitoring at a tertiary care referral center. RESULTS: Of the 32 total patients, 22 were primarily referred for seizure evaluation and 10 for 24-h interictal EEG recording. Studies in two additional patients were prematurely terminated because of intolerance (they are not included in the analyses). The median monitoring duration was 1 day (range, 1-7 days). Of 22 patients referred for seizure evaluation, 15 had recorded events, but none was an epileptic seizure; the other seven patients had no recorded events. Interictal epileptiform EEG abnormalities were detected in 19 (59%) of 32 patients. These abnormalities included focal sharp waves (in eight patients), multifocal sharp waves (in six patients), generalized spike-wave complexes (in 11 patients), and generalized paroxysmal fast activity/polyspikes (in two patients). Focal/multifocal and generalized epileptiform abnormalities coexisted in six patients. Notably, 11 (73%) of the 15 patients with nonepileptic events had interictal epileptiform EEG abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Video-EEG evaluation of children with autism reveals epileptiform EEG abnormalities in the majority. However, many recorded seizure-like events are not epileptic, even in children with epileptiform EEG abnormalities.     

Epilepsy and EEG paroxysmal abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders

The occurrence of epilepsy in autism is variable; nevertheless, EEG paroxysmal abnormalities (PA) are frequently recorded in patients with autism, although the influence of epilepsy and/or EEG PA on the autistic regression has not been clarified yet. We examine a large sample of 345 inpatients with autism, divided into three groups: (1) patients without epilepsy and EEG PA; (2) patients with EEG PA but no seizures; (3) patients with epilepsy including febrile convulsions. The prevalence of epilepsy (24.9%) and EEG PA (45.5%) was higher than that reported in the general population. The significant differences among the three groups concerned autistic regression (comparison between groups 1 and 2, p < 0.05; comparison between groups 1 and 3, p < 0.01), cerebral lesions (comparison between groups 1 and 2, p < 0.05; between groups 1 and 3, p < 0.001), and symptomatic autism (comparison between groups 1 and 2 as much as comparison between groups 1 and 3, p < 0.001), which were prevalent in groups 2 and 3; while severe/profound mental retardation was more frequent in group 3 compared to group 1 (p < 0.01). Focal epilepsy (43.0%) and febrile convulsions (33.7%) were frequent in the third group with epilepsy. EEG PA were mainly localized in temporal and central areas (31.4%). Only 2.6% of patients had subcontinuous/continuous EEG PA during sleep. Seizures and EEG PA were not related to autistic regression. EEG PA occurred mainly in childhood, while epilepsy tended to occur (p < 0.001) as age increased. The age at onset of seizures had two peaks: between 0 and 5 and between 10 and 15 years with no difference between idiopathic and symptomatic cases. In 58.5% of subjects aged ?20 years, epilepsy including febrile seizures occurred at some point of their lives, while cases with only EEG PA were less frequent (9.7%). The relationship among autism, EEG PA and epilepsy should be clarified and investigated. In autism, seizures and EEG PA could represent an epiphenomenon of a cerebral dysfunction independent of apparent lesions.     

Long-term effects of theta/beta neurofeedback on EEG power spectra in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ObjectiveNeurofeedback has been proposed as an effective alternative for pharmacological treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with potentially long-term and delayed benefits. However, the specificity of such long-term behavioral improvements remains inconclusive and therefore additional research into the neurophysiological effects of neurofeedback is needed. We compared long-term effects of theta/beta neurofeedback (NFB) to methylphenidate (MPH) and physical activity (PA, semi-active control intervention) on electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra. Based on the vigilance stabilization model, we hypothesized further reductions in theta and alpha power in the NFB compared to the control groups.MethodEEG power spectra (theta, alpha and beta) during resting and task conditions were recorded at pre-, post-intervention and 6-months follow-up in 67 children, aged 7–13 (NFB: n = 24, MPH: n = 23, or PA: n = 20).ResultsAnalyses revealed no power spectra differences at follow-up between MPH and NFB (range p = .165–.905) and PA and NFB (range p = .172–.822).ConclusionsNo evidence was found for the specificity of theta/beta NFB at follow-up.SignificanceThis was the first study into long-term neurophysiological effects of theta/beta NFB. Future studies are encouraged to explore both specific and non-specific mechanisms of NFB.Clinical trials registration: Train Your Brain? Exercise and neurofeedback intervention for ADHD, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01363544, Ref. No. NCT01363544.     

儿童注意缺陷与多动障碍伴学习困难的脑电图分析

目的探讨儿童注意缺陷与多动障碍伴学习困难的脑电图改变及波形特点。方法病例均系依据CCMD-3确诊,采用日本光电4418K型脑电图机对180例注意缺陷与多动障碍伴学习困难儿童进行脑电图分析。结果脑电图异常者117例,占65％;主要特点为慢波增多、波形不佳,并伴有不典型尖波。结论注意缺陷与多动障碍伴学习困难儿童大多有脑电图异常,其波形特点提示患儿大脑发育不良。     

The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism

The sleep patterns of two groups of children with autism, one with moderate to severe intellectual handicap, and one with mild handicap to normal IQ level, were compared with those of children without autism. Parents completed 14 day sleep diaries and questionnaires. Results suggested that at some stage during childhood, particularly under 8 years of age, the majority of children with autism will experience sleep problems. These problems are likely to be severe in many cases and will generally include one or more of: extreme sleep latencies; lengthy periods of night waking; shortened night sleep; and early morning waking. Such problems may have some specificity for autism as they appear to be rare in non-handicapped children and in children with mild degrees of intellectual handicap. It is likely that sleep problems in early childhood are related to the severe social difficulties present in autism and the consequent inability of these children to use social cues to synchronise their sleep/wake cycle. Continued sleep difficulties at older ages and with higher IQ may also be related to arousal and anxiety factors.

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Zusammenfassung Die Schlafmuster zweier Gruppen von Kindern mit Autismus wurden verglichen mit den Mustern von Kindern ohne Autismus. Die eine Gruppe mit Autismus umfaßte Kinder mit mäßiger bis hin zu schwerer intellektueller Beeinträchtigung, die andere hingegen Kinder mit leichter intellektueller Beeinträchtigung oder einem IQ im Durchschnittsbereich. Die Eltern füllten Schlaftagebücher und Fragebögen über einen Zeitraum von 14 Tagen aus. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß die Mehrzahl der Kinder mit Autismus in irgendeiner Entwicklungsphase während der Kindheit (besonders im Altersbereich von unter 8 Jahren) Schlafstörungen aufweisen. Diese Schlafstörungen sind in vielen Fällen schwerwiegend und umfassen in der Regel eines oder mehrere der folgenden Merkmale: extreme Schlaflatenzen, lang anhaltende Wachperioden, verkürzter Nachtschlaf und frühes morgendliches Erwachen. Solche Störungen könnten in gewisser Weise spezifisch für Autismus sein, da sie nur selten bei nicht-behinderten Kindern bzw. bei Kindern mit leichten intellektuellen Beeinträchtigungen vorzukommen scheinen. Es erscheint wahrscheinlich, daß Schlafstörungen in der frühen Kindheit im Zusammenhang mit den schwerwiegenden sozialen Auffälligkeiten stehen, die beim Autismus vorkommen und mit der Unfähigkeit dieser Kinder, sich bei der Synchronisation ihres Schlaf-Wachzyklus an Hinweisen aus ihrem sozialen Umfeld zu orientieren. Fortbestehende Schlafstörungen bei älteren Individuen, die zugleich einen höheren IQ haben, können auch auf Angst- bzw. Erregungsfaktoren zurückgeführt werden.

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Résumé On a comparé les cycles veille-sommeil de deux groupes d'enfants autistes, l'un avec des handicaps intellectuels de modérés à sévères et l'autre avec des handicaps de léger à un QI normal, avec d'enfants non-autistes. Les parents ont tenu des relevés quotidiens et des questionnaires sur 14 jours de sommeil. Les résultats ont suggéré qu'à certaines périodes de l'enfance, surtout à l'âge de 8 ans, la majorité des enfants autistes souffrent des troubles de sommeil. Ces troubles apparaissent sévères dam de nombreux cas et sont faits le plus souvent d'un ou plusieurs troubles tels que: latences extrêmes du sommeil; périodes de réveils nocturnes prolongées; sommeil nocturne plus bref et réveil matinal très tôt; de tels problèmes peuvent être particuliers à l'autisme, parce qu'ils semblent être rares chez les enfants non-handicapés et chez les enfants avec des handicaps intellectuels légers. Les troubles du sommeil qui apparaissent tôt dans l'enfance sont probablement liés aux difficultés sociales sévères qu'on trouve dans l'autisme et à l'incapacité consécutive de ces enfants à utiliser les signaux sociaux afin de synchroniser leurs cycles veille-sommeil. Les troubles du sommeil continus chez les plus âgés et avec un QI plus élevé peuvent aussi être liés à des facteurs de vigilance et d'anxiété.

     

EEG hyper-connectivity in high-risk infants is associated with later autism

Background

It has been previously reported that structural and functional brain connectivity in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is atypical and may vary with age. However, to date, no measures of functional connectivity measured within the first 2 years have specifically associated with a later ASD diagnosis.

Methods

In the present study, we analyzed functional brain connectivity in 14-month-old infants at high and low familial risk for ASD using electroencephalography (EEG). EEG was recorded while infants attended to videos. Connectivity was assessed using debiased weighted phase lag index (dbWPLI). At 36 months, the high-risk infants were assessed for symptoms of ASD.

Results

As a group, high-risk infants who were later diagnosed with ASD demonstrated elevated phase-lagged alpha-range connectivity as compared to both low-risk infants and high-risk infants who did not go on to ASD. Hyper-connectivity was most prominent over frontal and central areas. The degree of hyper-connectivity at 14 months strongly correlated with the severity of restricted and repetitive behaviors in participants with ASD at 3 years. These effects were not attributable to differences in behavior during the EEG session or to differences in spectral power.

Conclusions

The results suggest that early hyper-connectivity in the alpha frequency range is an important feature of the ASD neurophysiological phenotype.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-40) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Electroencephalographic studies in children with autism spectrum disorders

An important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is prescribed Electroencephalography (EEG). EEG changes may show the following: slowing, asymmetry, sharp waves or spikes, sharp and slow waves, generalized sharp and slow waves, or generalized polyspikes in a distributed or general area, multifocal or focal, unilateral or bilateral, and they may be located in many different areas of the brain. There is a need to look for a EEG phenotype typical of patients with ASD. The importance of gamma waves, rhythm mu, mirror neurons, and their role in patients with ASD was discussed. Epilepsy is reported to occur in one third of ASD patients. In ASD, seizures and EEG paroxysmal abnormalities could represent an epiphenomenon of a cerebral dysfunction independent of apparent lesions. This article reviews ASD and EEG abnormalities and discusses the interaction between epileptiform abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction.     

孤独症和Asperger综合征儿童的心灵理论对照研究

目的探讨孤独症和Asperger综合征(AS)儿童的心理推测能力。方法应用表情识别和虚假信念课题分别对21例高功能孤独症(HFA)儿童、54例AS儿童和70名正常健康儿童进行测试。结果表情识别题中, HFA组通过率明显低于正常组(P<0．01),AS组与正常组无显著差异;虚假信念题通过率为正常儿童组>AS组> HFA组(P<0．01)。结论 HFA和AS儿童基本能识别简单表情,但存在理解虚假信念的缺陷,说明他们的心理推测能力低下。