利奈唑胺滴眼液在兔眼角膜内的药动学

目的探讨利奈唑胺滴眼液单次滴兔眼后在角膜中的药动学特征。方法 40只新西兰大白兔,局部滴入利奈唑胺滴眼液50μL,采用高效液相色谱法测定兔眼角膜中利奈唑胺的药物浓度,用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药动学参数。结果给药后0～120 h,利奈唑胺在兔眼角膜中的最高浓度为(58.62±15.48)μg.g 1,消除半衰期t1/2为(38.09±11.59)h,药时曲线下面积AUC0 t为(2 459.02±508.95)μg.h.g 1,AUC0∞为(2 834.13±578.96)μg.h.g 1。结论利奈唑胺滴眼液单次滴兔眼后在角膜中具有良好的药代动力学特征和组织通透性。     

利奈唑胺滴眼液在家兔房水中的浓度及其药代动力学特征

目的探讨利奈唑胺滴眼液单次滴兔眼后在房水中的浓度及其药代动力学特征。方法 54只新西兰家兔,局部滴入利奈唑胺滴眼液50 ml,采用高效液相色谱法测定兔眼房水中利奈唑胺的药物浓度,计算其药代动力学参数。结果给药后0～120 h,利奈唑胺在兔眼房水中的达峰浓度为(84.92±67.04)μg/ml,消除半衰期t1/2为(43.28±38.11)h,药时曲线下面积AUC0～t为(1 747.44±871.36)μg.h.ml-1,AUC0～∞为(2 335.25±1 102.42)μg.h.ml-1。空白房水不干扰利奈唑胺的含量测定。结论利奈唑胺滴眼液单次滴兔眼后在房水中具有良好的药动学特征和组织通透性。     

Formulation,in Vitro Dissolution,and Ocular Bioavailability of High- and Low-Melting Phenylephrine Oxazolidines

The in vitro dissolution and the relative ocular bioavailability of high- and low-melting phenylephrine oxazolidines (HMP and LMP) from a nonaqueous suspension (silicone fluid) were compared. Stability-indicating HPLC assays were developed for evaluation of the prototype formulations, in which a normal-phase HPLC method was necessary for analysis of PO, while a reverse-phase HPLC method was required for analysis of the primary degradation product, phenylephrine (PE), following its separation from the formulation using a short silica gel column. PO was formulated as an ophthalmic suspension in silicone fluid (20 cs) because of its property of undergoing rapid hydrolysis in aqueous media. An experimental test system for measuring the dissolution characteristics of a water-immiscible multiparticulate suspension was designed to obtain the dissolution profiles of suspensions of HMP and LMP. The dissolution rates, which were nearly identical for LMP and HMP, were obtained assuming a quasi-infinite reservoir. A reverse-phase HPLC assay with fluorescence detection was used for measuring the concentrations of PE in aqueous humor and corneal samples. Statistical analysis of the bioavailability data showed that suspensions containing HMP and LMP were equal in extent of absorption following a single topical application to the rabbit eye. The results correlated well with the in vitro dissolution rates of the suspensions of HMP and LMP.     

Volterra Series in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Nonparametric black-box modeling has a long successful history of applications in pharmacokinetics (PK) (notably in deconvolution), but is rarely used in pharmacodynamics (PD). The main reason is associated with the fact that PK systems are often linear in respect to drug inputs, while the reverse is true for many PK/PD systems. In the PK/PD field existing non-parametric methods can deal with linear systems, but they cannot describe non-linear systems. Our purpose is to describe a novel implementation of a general nonparametric model which can represent non-linear systems, and in particular non-linear PK/PD systems, The model is based on a Volterra series, which is an integral series expansion of the response of a system in terms of its kernels and the inputs to the system. In PK we are familiar with the first term of the Volterra series, the convolution of the first kernel of the system (the so-called PK disposition function) with drug input rates. The main advantages of higher order Volterra representations is that they are general representations and can be used to describe and predict the response of an arbitrary (PK/ PD) system without any prior knowledge on the structure of the system. The main problem of the representation is that in a non-parametric representation of the kernels the number of parameters to be estimated grows geometrically with the order of the kernel. We developed a method to estimate the kernels in a Volterra-series which overcomes this problem. The method (i) is fully non-parametric (the kernels are represented using multivariate splines), (ii) is maximum-likelihood based, (iii) is adaptive (the order of the series and the dimensionality of each kernel is selected by the method), and (iv) allows for non-equispaced observations (thus allowing a reduction of the number of parameters in the representation, and the analysis of, e.g., PK/PD observations). The method is based on an adaptation of Friedmans's Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline method. Examples demonstrate the possible application of the approach to the analysis of different PK/PD systems.     

吉西他滨的药效学与药动学及其节拍化疗研究进展

目的综述吉西他滨的药效动力学(简称药效学)与药物代谢动力学(简称药动学)及其在节拍化疗中的研究进展,为临床制定安全有效的给药方案提供借鉴。方法以"gemcitabine""pharmacodynamics""pharmacokinetics""metronomic chemotherapy"为关键词,查询PubMed及Web of Science等数据库中收录的相关文献,并从药效学作用、药动学过程、节拍化疗中的研究进展3个方面进行综述。结果与结论吉西他滨属胞嘧啶核苷类抗肿瘤药物,用于多种实体肿瘤尤其是胰腺癌与肺癌的治疗。吉西他滨是最早应用于节拍化疗的抗肿瘤药物之一,单用或与顺铂、紫杉醇等多种细胞毒类药物联用化疗效果良好,临床疗效显著。     

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Sotalol in Pediatric Patients with Supraventricular or Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia

Aims: To derive useful pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) information for guiding the clinical use of sotalol in pediatric patients with supraventricular (SVT) or ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT).Methods: Two studies were conducted in-patients with SVT or VT in the age range between birth and 12 years old. Both studies used an extemporaneously compounded formulation prepared from sotalol HCl tablets. In the PK study, following a single dose of 30 mg/m² sotalol, extensive blood samples (n=10) were taken. The PK–PD study used a dose escalation design with doses of 10, 30, and 70 mg/m², each administered three times at 8-hr intervals without a washout. Six ECG recordings for determination of QT and RR were obtained prior to the initial dose of sotalol. Four blood samples were collected six ECG's were determined during the third interval at each dose level. Plasma concentrations of sotalol (C) were assayed by LC/MS/MS. The data analysis used NONMEM to obtain the population PK and PD parameter estimates. The individual PK and PD parameters were estimated with empirical Bayes methodology.Results: A total of 611 C from 58 patients, 477 QTc and 499 RR measurements from 23 and 22 patients, respectively, were available for analysis. The PK of sotalol was best described by a linear two-compartment model. Oral clearance (CL/F) and volume of central compartment (Vc/F) were linearly correlated with body surface area (BSA), body weight or age. CL/F was also linearly correlated with creatinine clearance. The best predictor for both CL/F and Vc/F was BSA. The remaining intersubject coefficients of variation (CV's) in CL/F, and Vc/F were 21.6% and 20.3%, respectively. The relationship of QTc to C was adequately described by a linear model. The intersubject CV's in slope (SL) and intercept (E0) were 56.2 and 4.7%, respectively. The relationship of RR to C was also adequately described by a linear model in which the baseline RR and SL were related to age or BSA. The intersubject CV's for SL and E₀ were 86.7 and 14.4%, respectively.Conclusions: BSA is the best predictor for the PK of sotalol. Both QTc and RR effects are linearly related to C. No covariates are found for the QTc–C relation, while the RR–C relation shows age or BSA dependency.     

Myocardial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dipyridamole in the Isolated Rabbit Heart

Abstract: The myocardial accumulation and disposition pharmacokinetics of the antithrombotic drug dipyridamole were investigated in isolated perfused and spontaneously beating rabbit hearts. The rabbit myocardium behaved pharmacokinetically as a two-compartment system with regard to the drug. The half-lives of the α-phase of distribution and of the β-phase of disposition were about 1.4 and 6.3 min., respectively. Perfusion with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 5.1 μg ml^?1 of dipyridamole caused an accumulation of about 140 ug g^?1 of myocardial tissue at steady state. The initial measured pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged after perfusion with the drug for 60 min. The accumulating dipyridamole in the rabbit heart caused a progressive decrease in myocardial contractility to about 65 %. This was accompanied by a decrease in the ratio of contraction rate to oxygen consumption to about 0.7 as an expression of reduced myocardial efficiency. The coronary flow rate was not significantly increased. The heart beating frequency decreased only slightly and no dromotropic effects were observed.     

Facilitation of Pulmonary Insulin Absorption by H-MAP: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Rats

Purpose. Several low molecular weight amino acids have previously been reported to enable the oral delivery of proteins. In the present studies, the effect of H-MAP (hydroxy methyl amino propionic acid) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of porcine insulin delivered to the lungs of rats by spray-instillation (SI) has been determined. Methods. Aliquots (100 l) of increasing doses of porcine insulin alone (0.26, 1.3, 2.6, 13, and 26 U/kg) or combined with increasing doses of H-MAP (5, 10, 16, and 25 mg/kg), at pH 7.2-7.6 were administered intratracheally to fasted anesthetized rats using a micro spray-instillator. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at specified intervals and the plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose were determined. The PK and PD of porcine insulin alone following subcutaneous (SC) administration of increasing doses were also determined. Results. The PK of insulin administered either by SI to the lungs or SC injection were absorption rate dependent, resulting in post-peak half-lives 10 to 25-fold greater than the reported intravenous elimination half-life (3 min). The relative bioavailability (F') of insulin administered alone by SI varied from 23.8 to 80% for the lowest and highest insulin dose, respectively. Co-administration of H-MAP and insulin to the lungs significantly changed the PK and PD of insulin in a dose dependent fashion. Maximum PK and PD responses were obtained at an H-MAP dose of 16 mg/kg and an insulin dose of 1.3 U/kg. At this combination, the relative bioavailability of insulin was increased more than 2.5 fold, maximum concentration (C_max) increased 2-fold and the minimum plasma glucose concentration (%MPGC) was reduced more than 2-fold with respect to same dose of insulin alone. A greater total reduction in plasma glucose (%TRPG_0t) was achieved for H-MAP/insulin combination (66 ± 5 %) compared to insulin alone (47 ± 10 %). Conclusion. H-MAP has potential for increasing the pulmonary bioavailability of insulin administered through the lungs.     

Myocardial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nifedipine in the Isolated Rabbit Heart

Abstract: The myocardial accumulation and disposition pharmacokinetics of the antianginal and antihypertensive calcium-antagonistic drug nifedipine were investigated in isolated, perfused and spontaneously beating rabbit hearts. The myocardium behaved pharmacokinetically as a two-compartment system with regard to the drug. The mean half-lives of the α-phase of distribution and of the β-phase of disposition were about 1.2 and 6.5 min., respectively. Perfusion with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing nifedipine in a concentration of 50 ng ml^?1 caused an accumulation of about 1277 ng g-1 in the myocardium at steady state. Stepwise increased concentrations of nifedipine from 3 to 60 ng ml^?1 in the liquid used in perfusions for 25 min. periods produced a pronounced progressive decrease in myocardial contractility to about 8%. The heart beating frequency simultaneously decreased gradually to about 76%. The mean coronary flow rate increased initially to 135% and then gradually decreased to 94%. These effects were accompanied by a decrease to about 0.27 in the ratio of the product of contraction amplitude and frequency to the oxygen consumption, a finding that was evaluated as an expression of reduced myocardial efficiency. No significant dromotropic effects were observed.     

Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Nondepleting Anti-CD4 Monoclonal Antibody (TRX1) in Healthy Human Volunteers

Purpose TRX1 is a nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal IgG1 antibody being developed to induce tolerance by blocking CD4-mediated functions. The purpose of this study is to describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TRX1 and to develop a receptor-mediated PK/PD model that characterizes the relationships between serum TRX1 concentration and total and free CD4 expression in healthy male volunteers. Methods Nine subjects from three dosing cohorts in double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase I clinical study was included in the analysis. Serum TRX1 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood total and free CD4 receptor levels were determined by using flow cytometric analyses. The receptor-mediated PK/PD model was developed to describe the dynamic interaction of TRX1 binding with CD4 receptors. Results and Conclusions TRX1 displayed nonlinear pharmacokinetic behavior and the CD4 receptors on T cells were saturated and down-modulated following treatment with TRX1. Results from in vitro studies using purified human T cells suggested that CD4-mediated internalization may constitute one pathway by which CD4 is down-modulated and TRX1 is cleared in vivo. The developed receptor-mediated PK/PD model adequately described the data. This PK/PD model was used to simulate PK/PD time profiles after different dosing regimens to help guide the dose selection in future clinical studies.     

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Emepronium Bromide (Cetiprin®) after Intravenous Administration in Man

Intravenous doses of 1, 5, 10 and 15 mg of emepronium bromide were given to three healthy volunteers. Emepronium serum concentration declined in a triexponential manner with half-lives between 2.2–3.0 min., 1.0–1.6 hours and 5.1–13 hours, respectively. The initial dilution space (volume of the central compartment) varied between 4.1–7.51. The area under the serum concentration time curve increased linearly with dose, indicating constancy of total serum clearance (range: 24–38 1/hr) with dose. The renal clearance of emepronium varied with serum concentration; secretion in addition to glomerular filtration was evident. Tubular secretion of emepronium was half-saturated at serum concentrations of ～ 50 nmol/l. No obvious drug-related effect on blood pressure was noted, whereas salivary secretion decreased and heart rate increased with 10–15% at emepronium serum concentrations of about 200 nmol/l. ECG recordings were without abnormalities after slow intravenous injections of emepronium bromide in doses of up to 15 mg. Since no adverse effects were noted, intravenous administration of emepronium bromide may be an alternative in situations where the drug is now used intramuscularly e.g. severe tenesmus in the urinary bladder.     

独活凝胶贴膏穴位贴敷治疗类风湿关节炎模型家兔的药动学与药效学研究

目的 研究独活凝胶贴膏穴位贴敷治疗类风湿关节炎(RA)模型家兔的药物代谢动力学(PK)与药物效应动力学(PD).方法 取10只健康新西兰雌性家兔,2只作为正常对照组;其余8只家兔肩胛区注射卵清蛋白佐剂构建RA模型,随机分为模型组(空白凝胶贴膏)和穴位给药组(独活凝胶贴膏),各4只.采用微透析取样技术对模型家兔的关节腔液...     

A Compartmental Model for the Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Cyclosporine in Rabbits

Studies were conducted in rabbits to determine the ocular distribution and elimination of cyclosporine, with the objective of developing a comprehensive pharmacokinetic model. Following a bolus dose into the anterior chamber, drug levels were measured in the aqueous humor, cornea, iris/ciliary body, lens, sclera, and conjunctiva. Cyclosporine was rapidly eliminated from the aqueous, but drug levels in ocular tissues persisted for in excess of 48 hours, particularly in the cornea and iris/ciliary body. The terminal elimination half life from these tissues was 45 hr and 30 hr, respectively, providing evidence that these tissues could act as a reservoir for the drug. It was found that a compartmental model accurately described the experimental data. A single compartment was used for each of the tissues and fluids sampled, except for the cornea, which was subdivided into two compartments, representing its tissue and aqueous regions.     

Uncertainty Analysis in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Application to Naratriptan

Purpose The aim of the study was to predict pain relief of migraine in patients following naratriptan oral (tablet) administration by using uncertainty analysis. The analysis was based on phase I pharmacokinetic naratriptan data, sumatriptan pharmacodynamic data, and naratriptan preclinical (animal) potency information, together with general knowledge as to how migraine affects oral absorption. Methods A previously developed pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model for naratriptan disposition and effect was used. The uncertain parameters in the model, which were associated with absorption and scaling between first-in-class compound sumatriptan and naratriptan, were modeled using fuzzy sets theory. Global sensitivity analysis was then used to investigate the impact of each PK/PD parameter on the responses. Results Acknowledging parametric uncertainty did not improve prediction of the probability of pain relief. Global sensitivity analysis demonstrated that predictions were heavily influenced by interindividual variability in pharmacodynamics, as the dose response relationship was relatively insensitive to the pharmacokinetics. Conclusions To predict the probability of pain relief following oral (tablet) administration of naratriptan, a simple dose response, instead of the PK/PD model, would have yielded very similar predictions. The naratriptan PK/PD model may be improved by either refining the PD model or better still by specifying the interindividual error by additional data collecting with an improved design.     

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of L-703,014, a Potent Fibrinogen Receptor Antagonist,After Intravenous and Oral Administration in the Dog

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of L-703,014, a fibrinogen receptor antagonist, have been examined in the dog. An analytical method which utilizes methanol precipitation of dog plasma proteins followed by HPLC with an automated column switching technique using the chemical analogue L-704,326 as internal standard was developed for the determination of L-703,014 in dog plasma. The compound was not metabolized in the dog and was eliminated in the kidneys and into bile. Of the administered dose, 68.9 ± 1.3% (i.v.) and 80.5 ± 11.9% (p.o.) were recovered in the feces; 20.3 ± 3% (i.v.) and 2.2 ± 0.2% (p.o.) were recovered in the urine by 72 hr. L-703,014 was 23 ± 3.4% bound in dog plasma protein and the mean ratio of plasma/whole blood was 1.22 ± 0.05. The mean terminal half-life was 118 ± 36 min, the mean steady-state volume of distribution was 0.61 ± 0.22 L/kg, and the mean plasma clearance was 8 ± 2 mL/min/kg. Ex vivo platelet aggregation measurements were made by inducing platelet aggregation with 10 µg/ mL collagen in the presence of 1 µM epinephrine as an agonist. The mean C ₅₀ was 44.4 ± 6.0 ng/mL, and the mean Hill coefficient was 1.5 ± 0.3. The mean bioavailability was 4.9 ± 1.4% in dogs administered 2.0 mg/kg (p.o.).     

Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Adinazolam in Elderly Subjects

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of adinazolam (AD) were evaluated in 21 elderly subjects (mean age, 69 ± 4 years) at four dose levels during a placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose escalation regimen in which the oral dose was varied from 10 to 60 mg daily, in divided doses. Fifteen subjects received adinazolam mesylate; six received placebo. Plasma samples collected during a single dosing interval in each dosing period (3 days) were assayed for adinazolam and monodesmethyl adinazolam (NDMAD) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Urine samples were collected during a single interval during the 20- and 40-mg daily dose periods and assayed for NDMAD by HPLC. Pharmacologic effects of adinazolam were assessed using psychomotor performance tests and sedation ratings. Adinazolam pharmacokinetics were linear over the dosage range studied. Daily dose had no significant effect on dose-normalized AUC and C _max for AD. Dose-normalized NDMAD AUC values as well as values were not significantly affected by the daily dose of adinazolam. The ratio NDMAD/AD was not substantially affected by the dose. Renal clearance of NDMAD for the 20-and 40-mg daily doses were 5.6 ± 2.1 and 5.5 ± 2.2 liters/hr, respectively, and did not correlate with creatinine clearance. Adinazolam and NDMAD did not substantially accumulate in elderly subjects, even upon multiple dosing at 8-hr intervals. The dosing regimens in this experiment appeared to be well tolerated in the elderly, as performance tests and sedation scores indicated no substantial dose-related effects of adinazolam on psychomotor performance.     

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of an Investigational Antipsychotic Agent,CI-1007, in Rats and Monkeys

Purpose. To study the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of an investigational antipsychotic agent, CI-1007, in rats and monkeys. Methods. CI-1007 and a pharmacologically active metabolite, PD 147693 (Ml), were evaluated in animal antipsychotic tests (inhibition of dopamine neuron firing and spontaneous locomotor activity in rats, and inhibition of continuous avoidance in monkeys). Plasma concentrations of CI-1007 and Ml were determined using validated HPLC assays. Log-linear and link models were used for PK/PD analysis. Results. CI-1007 and Ml have shown similar effects on dopamine neuron firing (2.5 mg/kg i.p.), and produced dose-related effects on spontaneous locomotor activity in rats (0.3–30 mg/kg, p.o.) and on continuous avoidance in monkeys (0.6–1.2 mg/kg p.o.). After pharmacologically active CI-1007 doses, mean plasma CI-1007 C_max increased from 19 to 200 ng/ml in Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 3–30 mg/ kg, and from 8.1 to 34 ng/ml in squirrel monkeys at doses of 0.6–1.2 mg/kg, but corresponding plasma M1 C_max values were near or below the limit of quantitation (5 ng/ml). CI-1007 EC50 was 31.1 ng/ml in rats, calculated from a log-linear regression. In monkeys, CI-1007 EC_e50, , and K_eo at 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg were 4.8 and 4.5 ng/ml, 1.9 and 2.0, and 0.47 and 0.48 hr^–1, respectively, calculated by the link model. Conclusions. CI-1007 has shown dose-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats and monkeys. Although Ml produces anti-psychotic-like effects similar to CI-1007, the contribution of Ml to the activity of the parent drug may not be significant in rats and monkeys as based on plasma levels. CI-1007 plasma concentration correlates log-linearly with inhibition effect from the rat locomotor study. The counter-clockwise hysteresis relationship of CI-1007 plasma concentration and inhibition effect from the monkey avoidance test was described by a link model, and the resulting C_e (concentration in effect compartment) versus effect profile exhibits a sigmoidal curve.     

Influence of Different Fat Emulsion-Based Intravenous Formulations on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propofol

Purpose. The influence of different intravenous formulations on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol was investigated using the effect on the EEG (11.5-30 Hz) as pharmacodynamic endpoint. Methods. Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus infusion (30 mg/kg in 5 min) or as a continuous infusion (150 mg/kg in 5 hours) in chronically instrumented male rats. Propofol was formulated as a 1% emulsion in an Intralipid 10%^®-like fat emulsion (Diprivan-10^®, D) or as a 1%- or 6% emulsion in Lipofundin^® MCT/LCT-10% (Pl% and P6%, respectively). EEG was recorded continuously and arterial blood samples were collected serially for the determination of propofol concentrations using HPLC. Results. Following bolus infusion, the pharmacokinetics of the various propofol emulsions could adequately be described by a two-compart-mental pharmacokinetic model. The average values for clearance (Cl), volume of distribution at steady-state (V_d,ss) and terminal half-life (t_{1/2, 2}) were 107 ± 4 ml/min/kg, 1.38 ± 0.06 l/kg and 16 ± 1 min, respectively (mean ± S.E., n = 22). No significant differences were observed between the three propofol formulations. After continuous infusion these values were 112 ± 11 ml/min/kg, 5.19 ± 0.41 l/kg and 45 ± 3 min, respectively (mean±S.E., n = 20) with again no statistically significant differences between the three propofol formulations. Comparison between the bolus- and the continuous infusion revealed a statistically significant difference for both V_d,ss and t_{1/2, 2} (p < 0.05), whereas Cl remained unchanged. In all treatment groups infusion of propofol resulted in a burst-suppression type of EEG. A profound hysteresis loop was observed between blood concentrations and EEG effect for all formulations. The hysteresis was minimized by a semi-parametric method and resulted in a biphasic concentration-effect relationship of propofol that was described non-parametrically. For P6% a larger rate constant onset of drug effect (t,_{1/2, keo}) was observed compared to the other propofol formulations (p<0.05). Conclusions. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol are not affected by to a large extent the type of emulsion nor by the concentration of propofol in the intravenous formulation.     

复方丹参滴丸对华法林在人体内药动学和药效学的影响

目的研究复方丹参滴丸对华法林在人体内药动学和药效学的影响,以及单独服用复方丹参滴丸4周后对凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)的影响。方法采用随机、单盲、双周期交叉、安慰剂对照试验设计。12名男性健康志愿者随机分为2组(6人/组),连续5周每日分别服用复方丹参滴丸(10片,每天3次)或安慰剂(10片,每天3次);d29口服单剂量华法林5 m g;第2周期2组交叉服用安慰剂或复方丹参滴丸,其余给药方案不变。按要求收集志愿者血样,分别以高效液相色谱法(H PLC)测定华法林的血药浓度以及半自动血凝仪测定常见凝血指标。结果合用复方丹参滴丸后,华法林的药动学参数cmax、AUC0~144、AUC0~∞、t1/2显著增加(P<0.05),CL/F显著减小(P<0.05),tmax和V/F没有显著变化;华法林的药效学参数发生显著变化。单独服用复方丹参滴丸4周后,PT和APTT均发生显著变化。结论复方丹参滴丸可影响华法林的药动学和药效学;单独服用复方丹参滴丸4周对凝血功能有显著影响。