Numerical simulation of hemodynamics in membranous obstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava based on a subject-specific Budd-Chiari syndrome model

BackgroundThis study was performed to determine the hemodynamic changes of Budd-Chiari syndrome when the inferior vena vein membrane is developing.MethodsA patient-specific Budd-Chiari syndrome vascular model was reconstructed based on magnetic resonance images using Mimics software and different degrees (16%, 37%, and 54%) of idealized membrane were built based on the Budd-Chiari syndrome vascular model using Geomagic software. Three membrane obstruction Budd-Chiari syndrome vascular models were established successfully and fluent software was used to simulate hemodynamic parameters, including blood velocity and wall shear stress.FindingsThe simulation results showed that there is low velocity and a low wall shear stress region at the junction of the inferior vena cava and the branches of the hepatic veins, and swirl may occur in this area. As the membrane develops, the size of the low velocity and low wall shear stress regions enlarged and the wall shear stress was increased at the membrane region. There was a significant difference in the mean values of wall shear stress between the different obstruction membrane models (P < 0.05).InterpretationHemodynamic parameters play an important role in vascular disease and there may be a correlation between inferior vena cava wall shear force changes and the slow development process of the inferior vena cava membrane.     

布-加综合征合并上腔静脉阻塞诊治分析

目的探讨布一加综合征合并上腔静脉阻塞的诊断与治疗方法。方法本组3例布一加综合征术前均经腹部彩超及磁共振静脉成像检查确诊，上腔静脉阻塞经上腔静脉造影证实。3例下腔静脉均狭窄闭塞行球囊扩张成形术；例1上腔静脉入右房口处狭窄采用球囊单纯扩张，例2、3因无明显上腔静脉阻塞症状且上腔静脉完全闭塞导丝无法通过而未行介入处理。结果3例介入手术后下腔静脉压力分别由术前的23．33、25．88和17．55mmHg降至9．60、9．60和7．20mmHg。例1上腔静脉压力由术前16．58mmHg降至术后6．98mmHg。3例术后皆恢复顺利，出院。随访症状完全消失、肝肾功能恢复正常。结论对布一加综合征患者术前应充分了解上腔静脉通畅情况，避免漏诊上腔静脉阻塞。对上腔静脉阻塞症状较轻或无症状者可不予处理，症状较重者应根据病因进行治疗。     

布-加综合征的影像诊断及综合介入治疗

目的回顾性分析31例门诊疑诊为布加综合征患者的诊疗过程,探讨布加综合征的影像学诊断方法及影响介入疗效的因素。方法31例门诊疑诊为布加综合征的患者行DSA,17例证实为布加综合征,其中16例行介入治疗。结果16例行介入治疗的病人技术上均获成功。治疗采用单纯球囊扩张7例,放置下腔静脉支架4例(5枚),放置肝静脉支架1例,下腔静脉支架结合下腔静脉滤器1例,单纯溶栓1例,行TIPSS术2例。术后30天症状明显改善13例,无变化1例,死亡2例。结论超声可作为布加综合征的筛查手段,最终确诊要依靠DSA。介入术后开通的静脉血管再闭塞是影响布加综合征疗效的主要因素。     

微创时代下腔静脉开放手术的治疗机遇

因下腔静脉在解剖学及组织学方面的特性,治疗上具有特殊性。本文通过回顾既往文献报道,对下腔静脉综合征、平滑肌肉瘤及布加综合征等下腔静脉疾病外科治疗方式的进展进行论述。下腔静脉综合征为下腔静脉部分或完全阻塞所致的临床症候群,较常见且病因多样,占位性病变中下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤发病罕见,根治性切除是目前唯一有效的治疗手段,其中下腔静脉及肾静脉的处理为手术难点。布加综合征表现为肝后性门脉高压,外科治疗包括手术治疗及介入治疗。     

Relief of Budd-Chiari syndrome by primary placement of a metallic stent in the inferior vena cava: Case report

Summary. A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome with associated lower limb oedema due to concomitant inferior vena caval and hepatic venous thrombosis is presented. Percutaneous placement of a Wallstent through the occluded vena cava resulted in resolution of both the lower limb oedema and the hepatic vein thrombosis. In this instance recannalization of the inferior vena cava alone resulted in improvement of his liver function.     

双工多普勒超声对Budd—Chiari综合征血流动力学的研究

对１１例Ｂｕｄｄ—Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征患者病损血管的血流动力学改变状况应用双工多普勒超声进行了检测。结果显示；Ｂｕｄｄ—Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征病损血管的血流双工多普勒超声检测显示有血流方向、速度、血流性质以及频谱形态等一系列改变。双工多普勒超声可以无创地获取Ｂｕｄｄ—Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征血流动力学改变的信息，准确反映下腔静脉、肝静脉和门静脉内的血流循环状态，它对临床的病情分析、诊断、治疗和疗效判断均有重要的临床价值。     

FIESTA序列对Budd-Chiari综合征下腔静脉病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨FIESTA序列对Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)下腔静脉病变的诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析51例临床诊断为BCS的患者的下腔静脉病变情况,以DSA为诊断金标准,评估FIESTA序列对下腔静脉病变的诊断能力,包括检出静脉病变的敏感度、特异度、诊断准确度,显示下腔静脉血栓、下腔静脉瘤的能力。结果 MRI诊断准确有41例,灵敏度为97.61%、特异度为55.56%、准确度为90.20%;发现下腔静脉血栓8例,下腔静脉瘤样扩张4例。结论 FIESTA序列在显示BCS的下腔静脉中具有直观、准确率较高、无需对比剂的优点,可作为诊断BCS下腔静脉病变的常规序列。     

布-加综合征的彩超诊断分型及应用价值

目的探讨彩超对布一加综合征诊断分型及应用价值。方法回顾性分析15例布一加综合征患的彩超声像图特征。结果彩超可准确、无创获取布一加综合征血流动力学改变信息，准确反映下腔静脉、肝静脉、和门静脉的血流循环状态。结论彩超对布一加综合征的诊断、分型及治疗方案的选择具有重要意义，是筛选和诊断布一加综合征的首选方法之一。     

Sonography in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of sonographic manifestations of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). METHODS: Patients were scanned with ultrasound systems using mainly a 2- to 5-MHz curvilinear transducer and in some patients a 5- to 12-MHz linear transducer. The patients were asked to fast from the previous night or for at least 6 hours. Color and spectral Doppler sonography was performed in all patients. RESULTS: Commonly seen findings in BCS include inferior vena cava (IVC) webs and thrombi, IVC narrowing, hepatic venous thrombosis, enlarged caudate lobes, ascites, intrahepatic or extrahepatic collaterals, monophasic to absent flow in the hepatic veins, and high flow velocities in areas of stenosis in the IVC or hepatic veins. Inferior vena cava stents used in the treatment of BCS could also be seen. CONCLUSIONS: Budd-Chiari syndrome is an uncommon disorder; outcome is poor in many cases; and the condition is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. Sonography is a noninvasive and effective modality for diagnosis of BCS.     

Fractional flow reserve-based 4D hemodynamic simulation of time-resolved blood flow in left anterior descending coronary artery

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the non-invasive assessment of hemodynamic parameters with computational fluid dynamics in left anterior descending coronary artery based on invasive fractional flow reserve.MethodsA left coronary artery model based on computed tomography angiography was reconstructed using MIMICS 18.0 for computational fluid dynamics analysis. With actual fractional flow reserve measured from the patient, 4D hemodynamic profiles of time-resolved blood flow were simulated.FindingsThe 4D blood flow simulation could provide extensive information of blood flow status. Hemodynamic parameters, such as velocity, wall shear stress and pressure were simulated throughout the cardiac cycle. There might be high flow velocities and high wall shear stress in the stenotic region throughout the whole cycle, both of which peaked in the case of the maximum inlet differential pressure. The reverse flow and vortex were detectable at the downstream areas beneath the stenotic site. The pressure remarkably increased near the proximal stenotic end and declined in the mid-stenosis. Moreover, the simulation results provided detailed and accurate mass flow measurements of hemodynamic parameters as well.InterpretationThe computational fluid dynamics analysis of 4D blood flow based on fractional flow reserve is feasible in left anterior descending coronary artery. It presents the merits of providing both qualitative and quantitative information for further investigation of the links between hemodynamic parameters and left anterior descending artery stenosis.     

超声引导下下腔静脉内支架成形术

超声导向下，行下腔静脉球囊扩张并内支架置入术，治疗布－加氏综合症６例，全部成功，支架置入后，狭窄部直径达为１．５－１．８ｃｍ，下腔静脉压力由４１ｃｍＨ２Ｏ降至２０．５ｃｍＨ２Ｏ，所有患者的症状体征者消失或明显改善。术中未出现明显并发症。本技术避免了Ｘ线下操作的放射照射及造影剂注入，设备简单、费用氏，治疗布－加氏综合症切实可行。     

Budd-Chiari syndrome: hepatic venous obstruction by an elevated diaphragm

We describe two cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome detected by magnetic resonance imaging that resulted from compression of the inferior vena cava by an elevated right hemidiaphragm. Magnetic resonance images demonstrated elevation of the right hemidiaphragm and medial deviation of the inferior vena cava with short segmental narrowing. The hepatic veins and inferior vena cava were patent but discontinuous. Hepatic venous drainage was assisted by multiple large intrahepatic collaterals. Received: 13 April 1998/Accepted: 3 June 1998     

超声心动图对妊娠中晚期下腔静脉压迫综合征的诊断价值

目的应用超声心动图探讨妊娠中晚期下腔静脉压迫综合征的临床特征。 方法选取2016年1月至2018年11月在北京百子湾和美妇儿医院做产检的孕妇42例，依据妊娠中晚期是否有明确下腔静脉压迫症状，将孕妇分为无症状的孕组1（22例）和有症状的孕组2（20例），并纳入年龄相匹配的未妊娠健康女性14名作为对照组。采用超声心动图测量左心室舒张末期径（LVEDD）和收缩末期径（LVESD）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、右心室基底内径、肺动脉瓣血流速度。分别在平卧位、侧卧位和直立位等不同体位下测量下腔静脉血流峰值速度，计算不同体位峰值速度比值。对以上3组间数据进行单因素方差分析，有统计学意义的采用相应组间两两比较的Bonferroni检验。采用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线分析下腔静脉血流速度及不同体位下下腔静脉血流速度比值预测下腔静脉受压迫的价值。 结果与对照组相比，孕妇组左侧卧位和平卧位时下腔静脉血流速度明显增快，差异有统计学意义（F=16.921、21.845，P均<0.05），且有症状孕组2血流速度增快更明显。直立位时下腔静脉血流速度在3组间比较，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析下腔静脉血流速度增快超过157.5 cm/s，敏感度69%，特异度23%。卧位与立位下腔静脉血流速度比值大于1.96时，诊断下腔静脉压迫征的敏感度、特异度分别为61%和83%。 结论中晚期妊娠超声心动图检测下腔静脉血流速度，以及卧位与立位下腔静脉血流速度比值诊断孕中晚期下腔静脉压迫征有重要价值。     

布加综合征上消化道内镜表现

目的：探讨布加综合征患者上消化道的内镜表现。方法：回顾分析31例布加综合征患者胃镜检查结果及其临床资料，分析二者的关系。结果：患者临床上以门静脉、下腔静脉高压、淤血的症状为主要表现，肝功能损害相对较轻，按Child-Puggh分级，A级11例，B级16例，C级4例，内镜下主要表现为食道静脉曲张（84％）、胃、十二指肠黏膜充血发红（100％）、出血糜烂（84％）、Mosaic改变（39％）、胃、十二指肠浅表或霜降样溃疡（32％），其中，mosaic改变在门静脉内径增宽的患者中显著高于不增宽者，而胃、十二指肠溃疡则只见于肝功能B、C级病人。结论：食道静脉曲张、胃黏膜充血发红、出血糜烂及osaic改变是布加综合征上消化道内镜的主要表现。     

Ⅱ型布加综合征患者肝流出静脉通畅度与腔房转流术疗效的关系

目的探讨Ⅱ型布加综合征(BCS)患者肝流出静脉通畅度与腔房转流术(ACS)疗效的关系。 方法回顾性分析209例应用ACS治疗的Ⅱ型BCS患者的临床资料,患者分为肝流出静脉通畅组(A组)及肝流出静脉狭窄组(B组)。观察并比较患者手术前后的临床症状、门静脉压力(PFP)及下腔静脉压力(IVCP),患者术后并发症发生率、人工血管通畅率。两组患者手术前后IVCP、PFP的比较采用t检验,人工血管累计通畅率采用χ²检验及Kaplan-Meier进行分析。 结果209例患者中183例临床症状消失或缓解;6例出现严重并发症,其中1例患者围手术期死于肺栓塞。A组患者术后2周PFP下降较B组明显[A组(2.09±0.33)kPa,B组(2.97±0.41)kPa;(t＝15.48,P<0.05)],门脉高压症状显著缓解;术后5年人工血管通畅率为80.0%,且A组高于B组(χ²＝9.32,P<0.05)。 结论肝流出静脉通畅的Ⅱ型BCS患者行ACS,可同时缓解Ⅱ型BCS的门静脉高压症和下腔静脉高压症,且术后并发症少,人工血管通畅率高。     

37例侵犯下腔静脉的腹膜后肿瘤患者的护理

目的探讨侵犯下腔静脉的腹膜后肿瘤患者的护理经验。方法回顾分析总结了37例侵犯下腔静脉的腹膜后肿瘤患者的护理经验。结果术前重点做好血管造影并栓塞的护理;术后针对肿瘤侵犯位置、手术方式,重点做好个性化护理,如做好血管重建术的护理;合并一侧肾切除的护理;合并输尿管损伤的护理;术后出血的护理等可促进患者的快速康复。结论做好围手术期护理对促进患者快速康复十分重要。     

Obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the hepatic portion and hepatocellular carcinoma

High incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the hepatic portion (Budd-Chiari syndrome) was previously pointed out by us from the review of Japanese literature of autopsied cases. This was confirmed by the follow-up study of 16 patients with obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the hepatic portion hospitalized in 1958 to 1974. Follow-up information was available on 13 of the 16 patients. Deaths due to hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in 6 patients (46%), and those due to other causes in 4 patients (31%). Three patients were alive. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurred most frequently in the patients who were found to have obstruction of the inferior vena cava at less than 44 years of age and were followed up for more than 10 years.     

节段性狭窄闭塞布-加综合征的介入治疗

目的　探讨布 加综合征 (BCS)下腔静脉节段性狭窄、闭塞合并肝静脉阻塞的介入治疗。方法　 2 8例节段性狭窄、节段闭塞患者 ,多数合并 1～ 3支肝静脉闭塞 ,无合并下腔静脉血栓形成。应用球囊导管或房间隔穿刺针行下腔静脉开通术 ,下腔静脉开通后用 2 .0～ 2 .3cm球囊扩张后放入金属内支架。术后抗凝治疗 2年。结果　 2 7例患者成功进行了经皮穿刺球囊破膜扩张 ,即经皮腔内血管成形术 (PTA)和血管内支架植入治疗。闭塞肝静脉多数扩张下腔静脉后同时开通。患者肝、脾缩小 ,腹水吸收。 1例穿破下腔静脉急诊手术止血。随访 2～ 36个月未见复发及消化道出血。结论　下腔静脉狭窄者注意有肝静脉闭塞 ;下腔静脉闭塞破膜后 ,2 0例肝静脉闭塞者 19例随之开放 ,无需特殊处理 ;安放支架时注意保护肝静脉入口。     

Paramètres dynamiques non invasifs prédictifs de l'efficacité d'un remplissage vasculaire

Circulatory failure treatment needs to assess blood volume status, in order to detect a hypovolemia requiring blood volume expansion. Unfortunately, significant fluid responsiveness occurs in only 40–70% of critical care patients after blood volume expansion, suggesting the inability of central venous pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure or conventional echocardiographic parameters to detect hypovolemia and to predict fluid responsiveness. In this way, new dynamic echocardiographic parameters have recently been proposed in mechanically ventilated patients, using the heart lung interactions, such as respiratory changes of aortic blood flow velocity, and of diameters of superior and inferior vena cava. Echocardiography Doppler allows now to completely investigate hemodynamic status in critical care patients.