Association of psychological resilience and cognitive function in older adults: Based on the Ma’ anshan Healthy Aging Cohort Study

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore whether psychological resilience can influence changes in cognitive function in older adults and provide clues and rationale for improving cognitive function and preventing the onset of dementia in the geriatric population.MethodsA total of 2495 older adults aged 60 years or older from the Ma’ anshan Healthy Aging Cohort were included in the study. Participants' cognitive functioning and psychological resilience were measured using the MMSE (mini-mental state examination) scale and the SRQS (stress resilience quotient scale) scale during the 5 years of follow-up, and the association was explored. Those with MMSE scores ≤ 17 in the illiterate group, ≤ 20 in the elementary school group, and ≤ 24 in the secondary school and above group were considered cognitive impairment.ResultsThe prevalence of cognitive impairment increased from 6.89% to 14.30% during the five years of follow-up. At 5-year follow-up, the group with the highest psychological resilience had 41 (6.83%) individuals whose cognitive functioning changed from normal to cognitive impairment, while the group with the worst psychological resilience had 114 (18.33%) individuals. The study also found a significant effect of different levels of psychological resilience on changes in cognitive functioning after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with Q1 (the reference group), the Odds ratio of cognitive decline in Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups were 0.51(0.42,0.64), 0.37(0.29,0.47) and 0.19(0.13,0.27), respectively.ConclusionsImproving the level of psychological resilience in older adults may be one way to prevent the incidence of cognitive impairment.     

Prevalence and associative factors of orthostatic hypotension in older adults: Results from the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) study

BackgroundOrthostatic hypotension (OH) is commonly reported among older adults and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and investigate the possible associations between OH with sociodemographic variables, chronic medical conditions, health service utilisation, dementia and cognitive status among older adults residing in Singapore.MethodsData was collected from 2266 participants aged 60 years and older who participated in the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) study in 2013. Face-to-face interviews were conducted and data collected includes sociodemographic information, blood pressure measurements, medical history, health services utilisation, and cognitive status.ResultsThe prevalence of OH among older adults in Singapore was 7.8%. OH was highest in participants aged 85 years and above (OR: 2.33; 1.26–4.30; p = 0.007) compared to those aged 75–84 years (OR: 1.76; 1.08-2.85; p = 0.023). Participants with hypertension were more likely to have OH (OR: 3.03; 1.56–5.88, p = 0.001) than those without hypertension. Those with dementia were also more likely to have OH than those with normal cognitive status (p = 0.007).ConclusionsOlder age, hypertension, and dementia were independently associated with OH in the older adult population in Singapore. Interventions such as home safety assessment and preventive measures should be implemented to improve older adult’s functional capacity and quality of life to prevent injury.     

Dietary Fiber Intake is Associated with Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BackgroundAging is a global health challenge that is associated with a decline in cognitive function. In the United States, most older adults (≥50 years) do not meet the recommended daily fiber intake, although preliminary evidence suggests that dietary fiber consumption could elicit clinical benefits on cognitive function. We investigated the associations between dietary fiber intake and cognitive function in older adults.MethodsWe analyzed data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2014, with a study cohort of 1070 older adults (≥60 years). Cognitive function was assessed using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word Learning Test (WLT), Word Recall Test (WRT) and their Intrusion Word Count Tests (WLT-IC and WRT-IC), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Multiple linear regression and cubic spline analyses were employed to examine the association between dietary fiber intake and cognitive performance on a test-by-test basis, after covariates adjustment (ie, age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, educational level, medical history, body mass index, alcohol, and energy intake).ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 69.2 years and were primarily non-Hispanic white of middle-high socioeconomic status with a college degree at minimum. The mean dietary fiber intake was 17.3 g/d. The analysis showed that dietary fiber intake was positively associated with DSST (P = .031). No associations with CERAD WLT (P = .41), WRT (P = .68), WLT-IC (P = .07), and WRT-IC (P = .28), and AFT (P = .40) scores were observed. A plateau in DSST score was revealed at a dietary fiber intake of 34 g/d.ConclusionsHigher dietary fiber intake is associated with improved specific components of cognitive function in older adults aged 60 years and older. Public health interventions that target a recommended dietary fiber intake may provide a promising strategy to combat cognitive decline in high-risk groups of older adults.     

Longitudinal associations of depressive symptoms,subjective memory decline,and cognitive functioning among Chinese older adults: Between-person and within-person perspective

ObjectivesWe examined between- and within-person associations between depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning among Chinese older adults (aged 60+) over time. Furthermore, we also investigated whether subjective memory decline (SMD) is uniquely associated with cognitive functioning above and beyond depressive symptoms for both between-person and within-person associations.MethodsAbout 7385 older adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study reported their demographic and health status, and completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms and SMD, as well as a battery of cognitive tests, every two years at three times between 2011 and 2015.ResultsThere were significant between-person and within-person associations between depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning. Furthermore, SMD was uniquely associated with cognitive functioning for both within-person and between-person associations after controlling for depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe results highlight the importance of careful screening and monitoring of depressive symptoms and SMD for the benefits of cognitive functioning among Chinese older adults. More importantly, SMD has practical implications for the care of Chinese older adults given significant cultural stigma attached to mental illness within Chinese culture.     

Computer use and cognitive decline among Japanese older adults: A prospective cohort study

IntroductionThis study aimed to examine the prospective association between computer use and cognitive decline among community-dwelling Japanese older adults, considering the characteristics of computer users.MethodsThis four-year prospective cohort study was conducted in Obu, Japan. Participants who were cognitive intact at Wave 1 (2011-2012) were followed through the study period. Cognitive decline was defined as scoring below the standard threshold in at least one of four neuropsychological tests at Wave 2 (2015-2016). The association between computer use at Wave 1 and cognitive decline was examined using logistic regression for complete samples (n = 2010, 52.5% female, mean 71.0 ± 4.7 years) and imputed samples (n = 3435, 51.8% female, mean 71.5 ± 5.3 years).ResultsThe computer use group had a reduced adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of cognitive decline, after adjustment for covariates, in both the complete and imputed samples (complete samples: aOR 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52-0.97, p = 0.030; imputed samples: aOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.88, p < 0.003). Stratified analysis of both samples showed that computer users with ≥ 10 years’ education, a GDS score of < 6, or a walking speed of ≥ 1.0m/s, showed reduced aOR for cognitive decline (aOR 0.61 to 0.69, p < 0.05). Those with < 10 years of education years, GDS scores ≥ 6 of GDS, or walking speed < 1.0m/s did not show significant association.ConclusionComputer use is longitudinally associated with protected cognitive function, based on computer user characteristics.     

The effects of video game training on the cognitive functioning of older adults: A community-based randomized controlled trial

ContextUsing video games may enhance older adults’ cognitive skills, including executive function, processing speed, and spatial ability.ObjectiveWe examined the impact of video game training on the cognitive functioning of community-dwelling adults aged 65 or older and tested the hypotheses that larger training effects would be uncovered for practiced measures and that the employed time-compressed approach would reveal effects comparable to those reported in prior studies on this approach.MethodsThirty-five participants from four Senior Centers located in Los Angeles County, California completed the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group partaking in 15 h of supervised video game training over five weeks or to a control group completing an assessment battery before and after a five-week period.ResultsAfter statistically controlling for pretest performance and performance on the Memory Alteration Test, we found significant group differences regarding brief syllable count (p = .001, d = 1.28) and arithmetic assessments (p = .003, d = 1.10), as well as marginally significant differences on the Stroop Interference Test (p = .02, d = 0.89). We also found larger effects among practiced outcome variables (d = 0.72) than non-practiced outcome variables (d = 0.03); the effects were comparable to those reported in time-extended intervention studies (d = 0.35 and 0.36, respectively).Conclusions and implicationsResults suggest that playing an easily accessible video game in older age can enhance cognitive functioning, especially in areas directly tied to the video gaming activities.     

The association between social support and cognitive function in Mexican adults aged 50 and older

Social support networks are crucial for the health of older adults; however, personal characteristics and time of life may diminish the protective effect of social support.Objectiveto determine if the presence of social support networks were associated with cognitive impairment among Mexican adults aged 50 or older and if this relationship was different based on age.MethodThis study analyzed data from the National Representation Survey performed in Mexico, Study on Global Ageing (SAGE) wave 1. Cognitive function was evaluated by a standardized test, social support was evaluated through latent class analysis (LCA). The LCA was run to obtain three subgroups of different Social Support Levels (SSL): low, medium, and high. Logistic regression models, stratified by age, were performed to analyze the association between SSL and cognitive function.ResultsFor respondents ages 71–80 y/o, there was an inverse relationship with cognitive impairment for those with medium (OR 0.23, p = 0.020) and high (OR 0.07, p = 0.000) SSL in comparison with low SSL. While social support helped to improve cognitive function in older adults aged 71–80, this same association was not observed in adults of other ages. Those younger than 70 y/o may not need such a strong support network as a result of being more self-sufficient. After 80, social networks were not enough to help diminish the negative impact of cognitive impairment.ConclusionSocial support could improve the cognitive function of adults ages 71 and 80; suggesting there could be a window of opportunity to improve cognitive functioning for this group.     

Slow gait speed is associated with executive function decline in older people with mild to moderate dementia: A one year longitudinal study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to document change in neuropsychological, physical and functional performance over one year and to investigate the relationship between baseline gait speed and cognitive decline in this period in older people with dementia.MethodsOne hundred and seventy-seven older people with dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination 11–23; Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised <83) residing in the community or low level care facility completed baseline neuropsychological, physical and functional assessments. Of these, 134 participants agreed to reassessment of the above measures one year later.ResultsOverall, many neuropsychological, physical and functional performance measures declined significantly over the one year study period. Baseline gait speed was significantly associated with decline in verbal fluency (B(109) = 2.893, p = 0.046), specifically phonemic/letter fluency (B(109) = 2.812, p = 0.004) while controlling for age, education, dementia drug use and baseline cognitive performance. There was also a trend for an association between baseline gait speed and decline in clock drawing performance (B(107) = 0.601, p = 0.071).ConclusionsOlder people with mild to moderate dementia demonstrate significant decline in neuropsychological, physical and functional performance over one year. Baseline gait speed is associated with decline in executive function over one year, suggesting shared pathways/pathology between gait and cognition.     

Associations between cognitive function and endogenous levels of estradiol and testosterone in adults with type 2 diabetes

AimsTo assess associations that endogenous estradiol and testosterone levels have with cognitive function in older adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsWe use data from the Look AHEAD clinical trial of behavioral weight loss. Endogenous estradiol and total testosterone levels were determined using stored serum from 996 individuals, mean age 69 years, at two times (averaging 4 years apart) during years 8–18 of follow-up. One to four standardized assessments of attention, executive function, memory, and verbal fluency were collected during this follow-up. Mixed effects models and multiple imputation were used to assess associations that estradiol and total testosterone levels had with body mass index and cognitive function.ResultsEstradiol levels were not associated with cognitive function in either sex. Total testosterone levels were not associated with cognitive function in women, but greater total testosterone levels were associated with better verbal fluency in men (p < 0.001), most strongly among those carrying the APOE-e4 allele (interaction p = 0.02). The weight loss intervention left a legacy of relatively lower cognitive functioning among women, which was not mediated by current levels of sex hormones.ConclusionsBehavioral weight loss intervention does not affect cognitive functioning through mechanisms related to estradiol or testosterone.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00017953.     

Personalized citizen assistance for social participation (APIC): A promising intervention for increasing mobility,accomplishment of social activities and frequency of leisure activities in older adults having disabilities

BackgroundSocial participation, a determinant of health in older adults, requires innovative interventions. The personalised citizen assistance for social participation (APIC) involves weekly three-hour personalised stimulation sessions targeting significant social and leisure activities difficult to accomplish. Recently adapted for older adults, the APIC’s impact on this population is unknown.ObjectiveThis study explored the impact of APIC on older adults with disabilities.MethodsA mixed-method design including a pre-experimental component was used with 16 participants (11 women) aged 66–91 (79.4 ± 8.7) with disabilities, living at home. They completed functional autonomy, social participation, leisure and quality of life questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews.ResultsAPIC increased older adults’ functional autonomy (p = 0.02), accomplishment (p < 0.01) and satisfaction (p = 0.02) with social participation, and frequency of leisure practice (p < 0.01). Post-intervention, participants wished to modify the practice (p < 0.01) and frequency (p < 0.01) of leisure activities, and difficulties in their social environment diminished (p = 0.03). Their attitude toward leisure (p = 0.04) as well as their health (p < 0.01) and psychological (p = 0.03) quality of life improved. Older adults thought APIC helped them resume, maintain, explore and experiment with significant social activities. It also increased their psychological and physical well-being, feeling of control, connectedness, self-esteem and motivation to accomplish activities. Finally, APIC can compensate for an unavailable and crumbling social network.ConclusionAPIC is a promising intervention that leads to new opportunities for older adults to increase community integration and enhance the social component of their lives. It can also optimise how the needs of older adults are met, including utilisation of personal and environmental resources.     

Gastroesophageal junction cancer with hepatic metastasis: Effective Treatment using microsphere embolization combined with transarterial infusion chemotherapy

PurposeTo determine the safety and efficacy of microsphere embolization plus transarterial infusion chemotherapy for the treatment of gastroesophageal junction cancer with hepatic metastasis.MethodsSixty patients with gastroesophageal junction cancer and hepatic metastasis were randomly divided into two groups: group A (treatment group), which was treated with transarterial infusion chemotherapy plus microsphere embolization for gastroesophageal cancer, and with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatic metastasis; and group B (control group), which was treated with transarterial infusion chemotherapy for gastroesophageal cancer, and with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatic metastasis. The chemotherapy regimen used consisted of oxaliplatin plus FUDR. The embolization agent used for gastroesophageal cancer and the hepatic metastasis were Embosphere and ultra-liquefied lipiodol, respectively.ResultsThe median survival time of patients in group A was 19 months, with survival rates at 12, 18, and 24 months of 93.3%, 60.0%, and 23.3%, respectively. The median survival time of patients in group B was 13 months, with survival rates at 12, 18, and 24 months of 60.0%, 30.0%, and 3.3%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between the two groups (P = 0.00). One month after treatment, the severity of dysphagia was significantly less in group A, as compared to that in group B (p < 0.001).ConclusionTreatment of gastroesophageal junction cancer with hepatic metastasis by transarterial infusion chemotherapy plus microsphere embolization can rapidly reduce tumor size near the gastroesophageal junction. This treatment is an effective therapeutic option for these patients as it can relieve dysphagia and improve long-term survival rate.     

The Impact of Job Conditions on Health-Related Quality of Life among Working Japanese Older Adults: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study Using J-MICC Okazaki Study Data

ObjectivesThe number of older adults who continue working after retirement is increasing in Japan. Little is known about how job conditions affect older adults’ health. We examined the association between job conditions and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) during a five-year follow-up study.MethodsThis study included participants aged 65 years or older from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study in the Okazaki area recruited at baseline between 2007 and 2011 and followed up five years later. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire on the physical and mental health aspects of HRQOL (SF-8™), employment status, and job conditions (job satisfaction, skill use, and job suitability).ResultsData of 1,146 men and 522 women were analyzed (mean age: 69.1 and 68.6 years, respectively). Generalized mixed linear regression analysis revealed that, compared to the not-working group, skill use was positively associated with mental health aspects among men (skill use × time: β = 0.16, SE = 0.08, p < 0.05), while poor job satisfaction and job suitability were negatively associated with mental health aspects among women (job satisfaction, not satisfied × time: β = -0.93, SE = 0.47, p < 0.05; job suitability, not suitable × time: β = -1.06, SE = 0.50, p < 0.05).ConclusionsRegarding job conditions among older adults, skill use in men was marginally associated with mental health, and poor job satisfaction and suitability in women were negatively associated with mental health. Considering the job conditions of older workers is necessary to protect their mental health.     

Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and functional state: The Korean Urban Rural Elderly (KURE) Study

BackgroundFunctional state and cholesterol metabolism are important for older adults; however, this association has not been fully investigated among community-dwelling older adults. Thus, we investigated the association of HDL cholesterol with multiple functional state measures in an elderly Korean population.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included 3514 participants, aged 65 years or older, who participated in baseline health assessment for the Korean Urban Rural Elderly cohort study from 2012 to 2015. HDL cholesterol concentration was analyzed using both continuous and categorical variables. Functional state was assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), activities of daily living (ADL) scale, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale, timed up-and go (TUG) test, and chair-rise test (CRT). Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate independent association between HDL cholesterol and functional state, after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipid-lowering drug, history of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and health behaviors.ResultsHDL cholesterol concentration was significantly associated with MMSE, ADL, IADL, TUG, and CRT in the unadjusted model. After adjustment for covariates, the association remained significant for MMSE (standardized β = 0.059, p = 0.001), ADL (standardized β = −0.053, p = 0.004), and CRT (standardized β = −0.037, p = 0.037). In fully-adjusted model, Participants who had a lower HDL concentration (<40 mg/dL) showed significantly increased odds for having MMSE decline (OR 1.451, 95% CI 1.119–1.883) and ADL dependency (OR 2.251, 95% CI 1.119–4.526), compared reference group (≥60 mg/dL).ConclusionsHigher HDL cholesterol concentration was associated with better functional state among Korean older adults.     

The changing face of cancer in the elderly: Only a demographic change?

The cancer burden of the elderly is high and has increased over time. One reason for this is increased longevity. Increasing age-specific rates of cancer in this age-group may also explain this phenomenon. Two age-groups were examined, older than 65 years and those younger than 65. The age-specific rates for all cancers combined among the Jewish population in Israel were identified via the Israel Cancer Registry during the years 1973–2002. Comparing the years 1973–1977 and 1998–2002, the age-specific rates for all cancers combined increased by about 35% in both age-groups. The most prominent increase was in prostate cancer in men (176% in the older group, p < 0.01 and 368% in the younger group, p = 0.01) followed by breast cancer in women (64% in the older group, p < 0.01 and 50% in the younger group, p < 0.01). In the years 1993–2002 a shift toward stabilization and even a decrease in incidence has been noted in some of the cancers, mainly in people aged 65 years and older. These data do not support the hypothesis that the overall change in the cancer burden in the aged could be explained by differences in the risk of developing cancer between these two age-groups.     

Decline in skeletal muscle mass is associated with cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus

AimsTo examine the longitudinal association between skeletal muscle mass (SMM) loss and cognitive decline over time in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 453 patients from SMART2D cohort with follow-up intervals of 1.6 to 6.4 years. Baseline and follow-up measurements included bio-impedance analysis (BIA) measure of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) measure of cognitive function. We examined the association between annual rate of SMI and RBANS scores using linear regression, adjusting for demographics, education, depression, clinical co-variables and presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE) _?4 allele.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 60.3 ± 7.4 years. Compared to patients with Tertile 1 SMI change, the group with greater SMI decline (Tertile 3 SMI change) experienced 0.30 decline in RBANS total score (95%CI ?0.57 to ?0.03; p = 0.030) in the adjusted analysis. RBANS scores for subdomains in immediate memory and visuo-spatial/construction were lower in Tertile 3 SMI change group with corresponding coefficients ?0.54 (95%CI ?1.01 to ?0.06; p = 0.026), and ?0.71 (95%CI ?1.30 to ?0.12; p = 0.019) respectively.ConclusionIn patients with T2DM, BIA measure of muscle mass loss over time was independently associated with cognitive decline globally and in the domains of memory and visuo-spatial/construction.     

Higher levels of neuroticism in older adults predict lower executive functioning across time: the mediating role of perceived stress

Neuroticism has been associated with individual differences across multiple cognitive functions. Yet, the literature on its specific association with executive functions (EF) in older adults is scarce, especially using longitudinal designs. To disentangle the specific influence of neuroticism on EF and on coarse cognitive functioning in old adulthood, respectively, we examined the relationship between neuroticism, the Trail Making Test (TMT) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a 6-year longitudinal study using Bayesian analyses. Data of 768 older adults (M_age?=?73.51 years at Wave 1) were included in a cross-lagged analysis. Results showed no cross-sectional link between neuroticism and TMT performance at Wave 1 and no longitudinal link between neuroticism at Wave 1 and MMSE at Wave 2. However, neuroticism at Wave 1 predicted TMT performance at Wave 2, indicating that the more neurotic participants were, the lower they performed on the TMT six years later. Additional analyses showed that this relation was fully mediated by participants’ perceived stress. Our results suggest that the more neurotic older adults are the more stress they may perceive six years later, which in turn negatively relates to their EF. In sum, this study demonstrates that neuroticism may lead to lower EF in older age across six years. It further suggests older adults’ perceived stress as mediator, thereby providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying this relation. Possible intervention approaches to counter these effects are discussed.

     

Factors Associated with Denture Non-use in Older Adults Requiring Long-Term Care

BackgroundEvidence suggests that denture non-use is significantly associated with activities of daily living, oral function, and cognitive decline. Few studies have focused on the possibility that the indications for denture use may differ depending on the cognitive and physical functions in older adults requiring long-term care.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate the factors associated with denture non-use in older adults requiring long-term care.MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 201 older adults (45 men and 156 women; average age = 86.2 ± 7.1 years) requiring long-term care in Japan. Those who did not require denture treatment were classified by dentists into denture-use and denture non-use groups. The severity of dementia was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to detect the factors significantly associated with denture non-use.ResultsThe proportion of participants without dentures was 58.2%. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that a moderate dementia (odds ratio [OR], 4.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–16.71, p=0.027) and rinsing ability (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.12–8.06; p=0.030) were significant factors related to the non-use of dentures.ConclusionSeverity of dementia and rinsing ability were significantly associated with non-use of dentures. These findings indicate the necessity of evaluating oral and cognitive functions while planning denture treatment in older adults requiring long-term care.     

Effects of yoga-related mind-body therapies on cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis

ObjectivesConsidering dementia has no definite curative intervention available through modern medical management, alternative therapeutic symptomatic interventions are needed urgently. This systematic review with meta-analysis evaluated whether yoga-related practices, as a preventive mind-body therapy, is effective for the management of cognitive decline in older adults.MethodsSeven electronic databases (Abstracts in Social Gerontology, Age Line, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched using specified inclusion criteria to identify original studies that investigated the effects of yoga-related mind-body therapies on cognitive function, in the context of aging. A meta-analysis was also carried out calculating the overall effect sizes, expressed as standardized mean differences (i.e., d).ResultsTwelve studies, including 912 participants (73.9% female; 239 with and 673 without cognitive impairment) were selected for this review; eleven were randomized controlled trials. One study had a high risk of bias and was excluded from the meta-analysis. Studies involved a wide variety of yoga practices with a common focus on meditative postural exercises. Results revealed significant beneficial effects on memory (Cohen's d = 0.38), executive function (Cohen's d = 0.40), and attention and processing speed (Cohen's d = 0.33). No adverse effects were reported.DiscussionYoga-related mind-body interventions for older adults appear to be safe, feasible, and effective alternative practice for maintenance of cognitive functions both in age- and disease-related cognitive decline. Practicing yoga can be a useful part of daily routine to maintain cognitive function in older adulthood. Suggestions for further research were discussed.     

What are the sociodemographic and health determinants for older adults continue to participate in work?

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the sociodemographic and health factors that influence older adults who continue to participate in the workforce.MethodsData were collected and evaluated for 1762 older adults aged 65 years and older who were living in the community and were enrolled in a population-based study (FIBRA Network Study). Older adults who participated in the workforce were compared with those who did not in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, physical and mental health, and physical functioning and performance in advanced and instrumental activities characteristic of daily living. A multivariate hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsFactors associated with not participating in the workforce were aged (OR: 1.71, [95% CI: 1.26–2.30], p < 0.001), female gender (OR: 1.70, [95% CI: 1.22–2.37], p = 0.002), poor visual perception (OR: 1.31, [95% CI: 1.00–1.72], p = 0.046), using 4 or more medications regularly (OR: 1.41, [95% CI: 1.489–2.247], p = 0.034), having 3 or more comorbidities (OR: 1.44, [95% CI: 1.01–2.04], p = 0.040), and a handgrip strength below 24.6 kg/f (18.1–24.6 kg/f (2nd tertile): OR: 1.52, [95% CI: 1.06–2.18], p = 0.022; 0–18 kg/f (1st tertile): OR: 1.60, [95% CI: 1.08–2.38], p = 0.019). The probability estimates of the final model explained 67.9% of the events related to not participating in the workforce, as observed by the area under the ROC curve.ConclusionOur results highlight that work in later life is influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, intrinsic capacity, and multimorbidity. We suggest that strategies for optimizing healthy and active aging may help older people to continue participating in the workforce and contributing toward their communities.