Cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after non-cardiac surgery in the elderly. ISPOCD group. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a well-recognised complication of cardiac surgery, but evidence of POCD after general surgery has been lacking. We recently showed that POCD was present in 9.9% of elderly patients 3 months after major non-cardiac surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether POCD persists for 1-2 years after operation. METHODS: A total of 336 elderly patients (median age 69 years, range 60-86) was studied after major surgery under general anesthesia. Psychometric testing was performed before surgery and at a median of 7, 98 and 532 days postoperatively using a neuropsychological test battery with 7 subtests. A control group of 47 non-hospitalised volunteers of similar age were tested with the test battery at the same intervals. RESULTS: 1-2 years after surgery, 35 out of 336 patients (10.4%, CI: 7.2-13.7%) had cognitive dysfunction. Three patients had POCD at all three postoperative test sessions (0.9%). From our definition of POCD, there is only a 1:64000 likelihood that a single subject would have POCD at all three test points by chance. Logistic regression analysis identified age, early POCD, and infection within the first three postoperative months as significant risk factors for long-term cognitive dysfunction. Five of 47 normal controls fulfilled the criteria for cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after initial testing (10.6%, CI: 1.8-19.4%), i.e. a similar incidence of age-related cognitive impairment as among patients. CONCLUSION: POCD is a reversible condition in the majority of cases but may persist in approximately 1% of patients.     

Does anaesthesia cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction? A randomised study of regional versus general anaesthesia in 438 elderly patients

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication after cardiac and major non-cardiac surgery with general anaesthesia in the elderly. We hypothesized that the incidence of POCD would be less with regional anaesthesia rather than general. METHODS: We included patients aged over 60 years undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. After giving written informed consent, patients were randomly allocated to general or regional anaesthesia. Cognitive function was assessed using four neuropsychological tests undertaken preoperatively and at 7 days and 3 months postoperatively. POCD was defined as a combined Z score >1.96 or a Z score >1.96 in two or more test parameters. RESULTS: At 7 days, POCD was found in 37/188 patients (19.7%, [14.3-26.1%]) after general anaesthesia and in 22/176 (12.5%, [8.0-18.3%]) after regional anaesthesia, P = 0.06. After 3 months, POCD was present in 25/175 patients (14.3%, [9.5-20.4%]) after general anaesthesia vs. 23/165 (13.9%, [9.0-20.2%]) after regional anaesthesia, P = 0.93. The incidence of POCD after 1 week was significantly greater after general anaesthesia when we excluded patients who did not receive the allocated anaesthetic: 33/156 (21.2%[15.0-28.4%]) vs. 20/158 (12.7%[7.9-18.9%]) (P = 0.04). Mortality was significantly greater after general anaesthesia (4/217 vs. 0/211 (P < 0.05)). CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found in the incidence of cognitive dysfunction 3 months after either general or regional anaesthesia in elderly patients. Thus, there seems to be no causative relationship between general anaesthesia and long-term POCD. Regional anaesthesia may decrease mortality and the incidence of POCD early after surgery.     

乌司他丁对老年患者全身麻醉非心脏手术后认知功能障碍影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价围手术期使用乌司他丁对老年患者全身麻醉非心脏手术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD）的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Coehrane、中国知网、万方数据库、维普网中乌司他丁对老年患者全身麻醉术后认知功能影响的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials,RCT）。检索时限为自建库至2016年3月。由两位评价员按照纳入与排除标准,独立筛选文献、提取数据资料、评估文献质量后,采用RevMan5．3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入lO个RCT,706例患者。Meta分析结果显示：①与对照组比较,围手术期使用乌司他丁能降低老年患者术后第1天[比值比（oddsratio,OR）=0．32,95％CI：0．16～0．62,P〈O．05]、术后第3天（OR=0．28,95％CI：0．14～0．58,P〈O．051和术后第7天（OR=0．25,95％CI：O．14～0．40,P〈O．05）的POCD发生率。②与对照组比较,乌司他丁降低了术后第1天[标准化均数差（standardized mean difference,SMD）=-2．93,95％CI：-4．43～1．44,P〈0．05]和术后第3天（SMD=-1．80,95％CI：-2．91- -0．69,P〈O．05）的IL石水平,以及术后即刻（SMD=-1．75,95％CI：-2．90- -0．61,P〈O．05]和术后第1天（SMD=-2．43,95％CI：-2．91- -1．95,P〈O．05）的S10013蛋白水平。结论围手术期预防性使用乌司他丁可以有效降低非心脏手术老年患者全身麻醉POCD发生率,减轻炎症反应,降低脑细胞的损伤。     

老年患者术后认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选老年患者发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期手术患者240例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄65～86岁,根据麻醉方法不同分为3组(n=80):全身麻醉组(G组)、硬膜外阻滞组(E组)和局部麻醉组(L组).分别于术前1 d、术后1、3、5 d记录MMSE评分,计算术前MMSE评分的标准差,每例患者术后MMSE评分与术前MMSE评分比较≥1个标准差时即发生POCD.将不同年龄、性别、文化程度、麻醉方法、手术时间和术前MMSE评分的老年患者POCD发生率进行比较,若差异有统计学意义,该因素进入非条件logistic回归模型,筛选老年患者发生POCD的危险因素.结果 性别、文化程度、麻醉类型、手术时间≥90 min及术前MMSE评分＜23分不是老年患者POCD发生的危险因素;年龄≥75岁与老年患者POCD的发生有关(P＜0.05).结论 年龄≥75岁是老年患者发生POCD的危险因素.     

Pathophysiology of post-operative cognitive dysfunction: current hypotheses

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been reported after a variety of surgical procedures. POCD is associated with a decline in performance of activities of daily living of elderly patients and can cause substantial damage to family and/or to social support systems. The incidence of POCD in the first week after surgery is 23% in patients between 60 and 69 years of age and 29% in patients older than 70. Cognitive dysfunction was still present in 14% of patients over 70 at three month after surgery. The risk of POCD increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important since there is very low incidence of POCD after minor surgery. For many years, it has been known that general anaesthesia is associated with persistent changes in gene expression in the brain for at least 72 hours. These observed modifications suggest an interesting hypothesis to explain the side effects of anaesthetic agents on cognitive dysfunction, particularly in the elderly. The inflammatory response to surgery is consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to cognitive decline in the elderly. Most of the drugs administered during anaesthesia interact with the cerebral cholinergic system, which seems to be impaired with ageing. One can hypothesize that this cholinergic dysfunction is a potent factor in the pathogenesis of POCD. These findings have implications for the information provided before obtaining consent from elderly patients prior to surgery; a careful evaluation of mental status is mandatory for all elderly patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Perioperative physicians should be familiar with the prevention, diagnosis, and management of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.     

麻醉深度影响非心脏手术患者全身麻醉手术后认知功能障碍发生的Meta分析

目的分析麻醉深度对非心脏手术患者全身麻醉手术后近期及远期认知功能障碍发生和血清smog蛋白水平的影响。方法检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EBSCO、Springer、Ovid、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据库、维普网,检索时间为建库至2016年2月。共检索到352篇有关麻醉深度对术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD）及血清sloot3蛋白影响的文献,共纳入20篇随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials,RCT）,采用RevMan5．3软件进行分析。结果共有2665例患者纳入研究,Meta分析显示：深麻醉手术后1d[比值比（oddsratio,OR）=O．3l,95％CI：0．24-0．40]、术后3-5d（OR=O．35,95％CI：0．24加．51）、术后7d（OR=0,45,95％C／：0．27-0．74）、术后1。3个月内（OR：O．66,95％CI：0．45-0．99）POCD发生率及手术后1d血清sloola蛋白[均数差（meandeviation,MD）=-270．29,95％CI：-295．81～-244．77]低于浅麻醉组（P〈0．05）。结论深麻醉可显著降低术后7d内及术后1-3个月内POCD发生率,并降低血清中术后1d S100β蛋白水平：血清S100β蛋白水平可能与POCD发牛率有关。     

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged patients

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after noncardiac surgery is strongly associated with increasing age in elderly patients; middle-aged patients (aged 40-60 yr) may be expected to have a lower incidence, although subjective complaints are frequent. METHODS: The authors compared the changes in neuropsychological test results at 1 week and 3 months in patients aged 40-60 yr, using a battery of neuropsychological tests, with those of age-matched control subjects using Z-score analysis. They assessed risk factors and associations of POCD with measures of subjective cognitive function, depression, and activities of daily living. RESULTS: At 7 days, cognitive dysfunction as defined was present in 19.2% (confidence interval [CI], 15.7-23.1) of the patients and in 4.0% (CI, 1.6-8.0) of control subjects (P < 0.001). After 3 months, the incidence was 6.2% (CI, 4.1-8.9) in patients and 4.1% (CI, 1.7-8.4) in control subjects (not significant). POCD at 7 days was associated with supplementary epidural analgesia and reported avoidance of alcohol consumption. At 3 months, 29% of patients had subjective symptoms of POCD, and this finding was associated with depression. Early POCD was associated with reports of lower activity scores at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction occurs frequently but resolves by 3 months after surgery. It may be associated with decreased activity during this period. Subjective report overestimates the incidence of POCD. Patients may be helped by recognition that the problem is genuine and reassured that it is likely to be transient.     

Serum Phosphorylated Neurofilament Heavy Subunit-H,a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Subjects Undergoing Hip Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundPostoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), which refers to a cognitive impairment subsequent to surgical procedures, is a common complication in the elderly subjects. This study aimed to investigate potential risk factors for POCD in elderly subjects undergoing hip joint arthroplasty.MethodsConsecutive elderly osteoarthritis patients who were scheduled to undergo hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia were enrolled into this single-center, prospective observational study. Serum phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit-H (pNF-H) was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. A level of >70.5 pg/mL was accepted as pNF-H positivity. Neuropsychological assessment at baseline (1 day before the surgery) and postoperative day 7 was conducted. POCD was defined according to the calculated Z scores. Risk factors for POCD were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsIn final, 287 patients were enrolled, and 55 had suffered POCD within postoperative 7 days with an incidence of 19.2%. The final multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a higher pNF-H positivity was the only independent risk factor for POCD (odds ratio: 2.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.29, P = .012).ConclusionsOur results revealed an increased preoperative serum pNF-H expression was an independent risk factor for POCD development in elderly subjects undergoing hip joint arthroplasty, suggesting the close association between anatomical damage in central nervous system and POCD.     

老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍的高危因素分析

目的分析老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍(POCD)发生的高危因素。方法回顾性分析我院2000年2月至2010年10月期间60岁以上2 286例腹部手术后患者的临床资料,根据是否发生POCD将2 286例患者分为POCD组和非POCD组,其中POCD组38例,非POCD组2 248例。分析影响腹部手术后POCD发生的影响因素,包括年龄、性别、麻醉方式、术前是否用药〔地西泮和(或)阿托品或东莨菪碱〕、术前是否存在心肺疾病、术前是否有糖尿病、术前有无黄疸、术前有无贫血或低蛋白血症、手术持续时间及术后是否进行持续镇痛治疗。结果 POCD的发生与患者年龄、麻醉方式、术前是否存在心肺疾病、术前是否有糖尿病、术前有无黄疸、手术持续时间是否超过4 h、术后是否进行持续镇痛有关(P<0.05),而与患者性别、术前是否用药和术前有无贫血或低蛋白血症无关(P>0.05)。结论年龄≥70岁、全身麻醉、术前存在心肺疾病、糖尿病和黄疸、手术持续时间超过4 h、术后未进行持续有效的镇痛是腹部手术后POCD发生的高危因素。     

Increased incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction 24 hr after minor surgery in the elderly

PURPOSE: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is evident in 26% of elderly patients seven days after major non-cardiac surgery. Despite the growing popularity of day surgery, the influence of anesthetic techniques on next day POCD has not been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence of POCD and changes in serum markers of neuronal damage (S-100ss protein and Neuron-Specific Enolase), 24 hr after single-agent propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing minor surgery. METHODS: Patients (n = 30, mean age 73, range 65-86 yr) coming for cystoscopy or hysteroscopy, were randomized, in an observer-blind design, to receive either single-agent propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia. Changes in neuropsychological tests (the Stroop test and the modified Word-Recall Test), 24 hr postoperatively were compared with age-matched control subjects (n = 15) using Z-score analysis. Changes in S-100beta protein and Neuron-Specific Enolase levels were also documented. RESULTS: POCD was present in 7/15 [47% (95% confidence interval (CI) 21 to 72%)] patients who received propofol and 7/15 [47% (95% CI 21 to 72%)] patients who received sevoflurane, compared with 1/15 [7% (95% CI 6 to 19%)] control patients, P = 0.03. S-100beta protein and Neuron-Specific Enolase levels were not significantly different in anesthetized patients postoperatively compared with preoperative values. CONCLUSION: The incidence of POCD in elderly patients on the first day after minor surgery is higher than previously reported for seven days after major surgery, and is increased after both propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia, compared with age-matched controls. S-100beta protein and Neuron-Specific Enolase levels were unaffected by anesthetic technique.     

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Middle-aged Patients

Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after noncardiac surgery is strongly associated with increasing age in elderly patients; middle-aged patients (aged 40-60 yr) may be expected to have a lower incidence, although subjective complaints are frequent.

Methods: The authors compared the changes in neuropsychological test results at 1 week and 3 months in patients aged 40-60 yr, using a battery of neuropsychological tests, with those of age-matched control subjects using Z-score analysis. They assessed risk factors and associations of POCD with measures of subjective cognitive function, depression, and activities of daily living.

Results: At 7 days, cognitive dysfunction as defined was present in 19.2% (confidence interval [CI], 15.7-23.1) of the patients and in 4.0% (CI, 1.6-8.0) of control subjects (P < 0.001). After 3 months, the incidence was 6.2% (CI, 4.1-8.9) in patients and 4.1% (CI, 1.7-8.4) in control subjects (not significant). POCD at 7 days was associated with supplementary epidural analgesia and reported avoidance of alcohol consumption. At 3 months, 29% of patients had subjective symptoms of POCD, and this finding was associated with depression. Early POCD was associated with reports of lower activity scores at 3 months.     

Prediction of cognitive dysfunction and patients' outcome following valvular heart surgery and the role of cerebral oximetry.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) commonly develops after cardiac surgery affecting patients' outcome. Cerebral oximetry noninvasively measures regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO(2)) and significant correlation has been reported between intraoperative cerebral desaturation and POCD, as well as patients' outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting. However, evidence is limited in valvular heart surgery (VHS). We investigated the relationship of intraoperative rSO(2) values with POCD and length of postoperative hospitalization in patients undergoing VHS. METHODS: One hundred patients undergoing elective VHS were enrolled. Neurocognitive evaluation was performed with Mini-Mental State Examination, Trail-Making Test (Part A), and Grooved Pegboard Test at 1 day before and 7th day after surgery. During surgery, rSO(2) was continuously monitored and the incidence and duration of decrease in rSO(2) values for five consecutive minutes were recorded as follows; (1) decrease in absolute rSO(2) values to less than 50%, (2) 40%, and (3) a 20% decrease compared to baseline value. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (23%) demonstrated POCD. We could not observe any significant differences in either the incidence or duration of decrease in rSO(2) values between patients with and without POCD. Low education level and higher baseline temperature had significant correlation with POCD. Patients with cerebral desaturation required significantly longer postoperative hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing VHS, POCD could not be predicted with cerebral oximetry. However, patients with intraoperative cerebral desaturation required significantly longer postoperative hospitalization and cerebral oximetry appears to be promising in terms of monitoring the brain as the index organ for systemic perfusion and improving patients' outcome.     

老年患者肠癌切除术后早期认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选老年患者肠癌切除术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期拟行肠癌切除术老年患者120例,年龄≥65岁,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.根据患者术后第7天是否发生POCD,将其分为POCD组和非POCD组.记录患者年龄、体重、性别、受教育程度、肿瘤部位、TNM分期、合并疾病、术前中医证型、术前ld、术后l、3、7d的MMSE评分、麻醉时间、苏醒时间、术中出血量及出现低血压次数.采用logistic回归分析法筛选POCD的危险因素.结果 术后35例患者发生POCD,发生率为29.2％.Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄、受教育程度、肿瘤部位及术中出现低血压次数为老年患者肠癌切除术后发生POCD的危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 年龄、受教育程度、肿瘤部位和术中出现低血压次数是老年患者肠癌切除术后早期发生POCD的危险因素.     

右美托咪定对老年患者术后认知功能的影响的系统评价

目的 系统评价右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,DEX）对老年患者术后认知功能的影响,为老年患者术后认知功能障碍的防治提供依据。方法 计算机检索Pubmed、Cochrane Library、CNKI和万方等数据库,手工检索图书馆馆藏期刊,检索时限截至2014年4月。按照纳入和排除标标准收集DEX对老年患者术后认知功能的影响的随机对照试验（RCT）,按照改良Jadad 质量评估量表评价纳入研究的方法学质量,采用STATE 12.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入19个RCT,1202例患者。与对照组相比,DEX组术后第1天及第7天的简易精神状态检查量表评分较高,且术后第1天及第7天认知功能障碍发生率也明显减少。结论 DEX可改善老年患者术后认知功能,对减轻老年患者术后认知功能障碍有一定的防治疗效。     

胸科手术术后认知功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的 分析行单肺通气的胸科手术患者发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 46例需单肺通气的胸科手术患者于术前1 d和术后7 d分别行神经心理测验,以此评价手术前后认知功能的改变,并分析围术期因素和患者发生POCD的关系.结果 共有12例患者发生POCD.单肺通气后乳酸升高和脑氧饱和度下降与患者POCD的发生呈正相关.结论 单肺通气后乳酸升高和脑氧饱和度下降是行单肺通气的胸科手术患者发生POCD的危险因素.     

心肺转流对冠状动脉旁路移植术后脑微栓子数量及认知功能障碍发生率的影响

背景手术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD）是冠状动脉旁路移植手术（CABG）后常见的并发症。心肺转流术（CPB）中的脑微栓子被认为是诱发POCD的一个重要原因。我们研究不使用体外循环的冠状动脉移植术能否减少中国人群CABG术后脑微栓子的数量及POCD发生率。方法227例患者参与了本次前瞻性队列研究。其中59例患者来自CPB组,另外168例加入非体外循环组。使用经颅多普勒超声持续测定双侧大脑中动脉内脑微栓子情况。分别在手术前、手术后1周及手术后3个月使用一套神经心理量表评估认知功能,该量表包括了7项测验,共9个小项。根据国际POCDl的研究定义来诊断POCD。结果CPB组和非体外循环组患者发生脑微栓子的平均数分别为430（155～2088）和2（0。66）（P〈0．001）。两组COPD的发生率在手术后I周及3个月均无明显差异,在第1周时CPB组发生率为55．2％（32／58,95％可信区间为41．5％-68．3％）,非体外循环组发生率为47％（78/166,95％可信区间为39．2％～54．9％,P=0．283）;手术后3个月发生率分别为6．4％13／47,（1．3％～17．5％）]和13．1％[16／122,（7．7％-20．4％,P=0．214）]。年龄增长以及手术后住院天数缩短可能与手术后1周认知功能障碍独立相关。另外年龄增长以及糖尿病史则与手术后3个月认知功能障碍独立相关。CPB或者脑微栓子与POCD的发生率无显著相关性。结论在中国人群的CABG手术中,不使用CPB可明显减h脑微栓子数目,但并不降低手术后1周或手术后3个月时POCD的发生率。CPB或脑微栓子与POCD的发生率无明显相关性。     

Predictors of Cognitive Dysfunction after Major Noncardiac Surgery

Background: The authors designed a prospective longitudinal study to investigate the hypothesis that advancing age is a risk factor for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after major noncardiac surgery and the impact of POCD on mortality in the first year after surgery.

Methods: One thousand sixty-four patients aged 18 yr or older completed neuropsychological tests before surgery, at hospital discharge, and 3 months after surgery. Patients were categorized as young (18-39 yr), middle-aged (40-59 yr), or elderly (60 yr or older). At 1 yr after surgery, patients were contacted to determine their survival status.

Results: At hospital discharge, POCD was present in 117 (36.6%) young, 112 (30.4%) middle-aged, and 138 (41.4%) elderly patients. There was a significant difference between all age groups and the age-matched control subjects (P < 0.001). At 3 months after surgery, POCD was present in 16 (5.7%) young, 19 (5.6%) middle-aged, and 39 (12.7%) elderly patients. At this time point, the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction was similar between age-matched controls and young and middle-aged patients but significantly higher in elderly patients compared to elderly control subjects (P < 0.001). The independent risk factors for POCD at 3 months after surgery were increasing age, lower educational level, a history of previous cerebral vascular accident with no residual impairment, and POCD at hospital discharge. Patients with POCD at hospital discharge were more likely to die in the first 3 months after surgery (P = 0.02). Likewise, patients who had POCD at both hospital discharge and 3 months after surgery were more likely to die in the first year after surgery (P = 0.02).     

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: true deterioration versus random variation

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication, especially in the elderly. The aim of this study was to describe how variability in neuropsychological testing could lead to the detection of cognitive improvement and poor consistency of POCD between postoperative test sessions. METHODS: In four published studies performed by the ISPOCD group, we included 2536 patients and 359 healthy controls. Cognitive function was assessed using neuropsychological tests preoperatively and at 7 days and 3 months thereafter, comparing the changes between those at baseline with those after surgery. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was defined as a Z score greater than 2, and we also defined a corresponding improvement as a Z score less than -2. Consistency of POCD between postoperative test sessions was analyzed and we also assessed test-retest variability using data from healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Improvement in cognitive function was found in 4.2-8.7% of patients after 1 week and in 5.0-7.8% after 3 months. The ratio between incidence of dysfunction and improvement varied in patients between 3.3 and 6.2 early after major surgery. Of those patients who displayed POCD at the 3-month test, 30-48% also had POCD at the previous test at 1 week. The test-retest reliability was between 0.56 and 0.90, except for the error score in Concept Shifting Test, where the values were 0.20 and 0.37. CONCLUSION: Variability in neuropsychological test data contributes to a low consistency between postoperative test sessions but it does not explain the detection of cognitive dysfunction after major surgery.     

Postoperative kognitive Dysfunktion

The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is often underestimated and not intuitively present by many anesthetists. POCD often occurs in the elderly but is also seen in younger patients. The incidence of POCD 1 week after non-cardiac surgery covers a span between 19–41% in patients older than 18 years. An increased POCD rate (10%) 3 months after surgery is only detected in patients older than 60 years. The occurrence of POCD is associated with an increased mortality rate, jet the etiology is mainly unknown despite enormous research efforts. The age of the patient is one of the main risk factors for the development of POCD. Data on how to avoid POCD are limited. However, the maintenance of homoeostasis is an important cornerstone of prophylaxis.     

青年患者小手术后近期认知功能的变化

目的 探明青年患者小手术后近期认知功能的变化.方法 择期行脐部以下部位小手术(手术时间＜2 h)青年患者(18岁～39岁)60例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,采用完全随机设计法分为全凭静脉麻醉组与硬膜外麻醉组各30例,对照组为青年健康志愿者30例.分别于术前1 d,术后3 d行6项认知功能测定.结果 完成全程测验60例,其中对照组21例,全麻组18例,硬膜外组21例.术后各项测验值普遍高于术前测验值(P＜0.05).全麻组和硬膜外组多项测验数值在术前和术后低于对照组(P＜0.05).按Z计分诊断术后第3天认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)发生5例,其中对照组1例,全麻组3例,硬膜外组1例.组间差异无统计学意义(x2=2.338,P=0.31).结论 小手术青年患者在术前注意力已有所下降,术后注意力、记忆力和思维能力都有一定程度的受损.全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉后近期各项认知功能的变化及POCD的发生率差异无统计学意义.