Candidate genetic analysis of plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and severity of coronary atherosclerosis

Background  

Plasma level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), a heritable trait, is an important determinant of susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Non-synonymous and regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes implicated in HDL-C synthesis and metabolism are likely to influence plasma HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels and severity of coronary atherosclerosis.     

EGFR Polymorphism as a Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients Treated with EGFR-TKI

Purpose

Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been confirmed as predictors of the efficacy of treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We investigated whether polymorphisms of the EGFR gene were associated with clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with EGFR-TKI.

Materials and Methods

A polymorphic dinucleotide repeat in intron 1 [CA simple sequence repeat in intron 1(CA-SSR1)] in intron 1 and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP-216) in the promoter region of the EGFR gene were evaluated in 71 NSCLC patients by restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing. The relationship between genetic polymorphisms and clinical outcomes of treatment with EGFR-TKIs was evaluated.

Results

SNP-216G/T polymorphisms were associated with the efficacy of EGFR-TKI. The response rate for the SNP-216G/T tended to be higher than that for G/G (62.5% vs. 27.4%, p=0.057). The SNP-216G/T genotype was also associated with longer progression-free survival compared with the GG genotype (16.7 months vs. 5.1 months, p=0.005). However, the length of CA-SSR1 was not associated with the efficacy of EGFR-TKI.

Conclusion

SNP-216G/T polymorphism was a potential predictor of clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-TKI.     

NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) Variants: Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis

Objectives  

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Human Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene polymorphisms have been implicated in the immune mediated diseases susceptibility. This study aimed to investigate the plausible association between NRAMP1 gene and MS susceptibility.     

The quantification of COMT mRNA in post mortem cerebellum tissue: diagnosis, genotype, methylation and expression

Background  

The COMT gene is located on chromosome 22q11, a region strongly implicated in the aetiology of several psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia. Previous research has suggested that activity and expression of COMT is altered in schizophrenia, and is mediated by one or more polymorphisms within the gene, including the functional Val¹⁵⁸Met polymorphism.     

Role of NADPH oxidase in interleukin-4-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in vascular endothelium

Objective and design  

The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in vascular endothelium and examined the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process.     

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">NLRP3</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">CASP1</Emphasis> gene polymorphisms are associated with developing of acute coronary syndrome: a case-control study

The protein products of NLRP3 and CASP1 genes are involved in the cleavage of pro-IL-1B and pro-IL-18 leading to the active cytokines, which play an important role in the development of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether NLRP3 and CASP1 gene polymorphisms are biomarkers of ACS susceptibility in Mexican population. Two polymorphisms of the CASP1 gene [G+7/in6A (rs501192) and A10370-G Exon-6 (rs580253)] and one of the NLRP3 gene [UTR′3 G37562-C (rs10754558)] were genotyped by 5′ exonuclease TaqMan assays in a group of 617 patients with ACS and 609 control individuals. Under recessive model, the CASP1 G+7/in6A polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of developing ACS when compared to healthy controls (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.08–2.86, P _Res  = 0.022). In the same way, under recessive model, the CASP1 A10370-G was associated with increased risk of ACS (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.07–2.85, P _Res  = 0.025). Moreover, under co-dominant, dominant, over-dominant, and additive models, the NLRP3 UTR′3 G37562-C was associated with a decreased risk of ACS (OR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.22–0.92, P _Co-dom  = 0.006; OR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.44–0.84, P _Dom  = 0.002; OR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.48–0.94, P _Over-dom  = 0.02; and OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.50–0.94, P _Add  = 0.02, respectively). In summary, this study demonstrates that the G+7/in6A and A10370-G polymorphisms of the CASP1 gene are associated with increased risk of developing ACS, whereas the UTR′3 G37562-C polymorphism of the NLRP3 gene is associated with a decreased risk of developing ACS in Mexican population.     

Polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene cluster are possibly involved in the increased risk for major depressive disorder

Background  

Innate immune inflammatory response is suggested to have a role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Interleukin (IL)-10 family cytokines IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24 are all implicated in the inflammatory processes and polymorphisms in respective genes have been associated with various immunopathological conditions. This study was carried out to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes are also associated with MDD.     

PLCL1 rs7595412 variation is not associated with hip bone size variation in postmenopausal Danish women

Background  

Bone size (BS) variation is under strong genetic control and plays an important role in determining bone strength and fracture risk. Recently, a genome-wide association study identified polymorphisms associated with hip BS variation in the PLCL1 (phospholipase c-like 1) locus. Carriers of the major A allele of the most significant polymorphism, rs7595412, have around 17% larger hip BS than non-carriers. We therefore hypothesized that this polymorphism may also influence postmenopausal complications.     

Glutathione S-Transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene polymorphism increases age-related susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma

Background  

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms in the world. Genetic polymorphism has been reported to be a factor increasing the risk of HCC. Phase II enzymes such as glutathione s-transferases (GSTP1, GSTA1) play important roles in protecting cells against damage induced by carcinogens. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship of the GSTP1 and GSTA1 gene polymorphisms to HCC risk and clinico-pathological status.     

CT60 genotype does not affect CTLA-4 isoform expression despite association to T1D and AITD in northern Sweden

Background  

Polymorphisms in and around the CTLA-4 gene have previously been associated to T1D and AITD in several populations. One such single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), CT60, has been reported to affect the expression level ratio of the soluble (sCTLA-4) to full length CTLA-4 (flCTLA-4) isoforms. The aims of our study were to replicate the association previously published by Ueda et al. of polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 region to T1D and AITD and to determine whether the CT60 polymorphism affects the expression level ratio of sCTLA-4/flCTLA-4 in our population.     

Impact of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and mRNA levels on obesity and lipolysis – a cohort study

Background  

The estrogen receptors α and β (ESR1, ESR2) have been implicated in adiposity, lipid metabolism and feeding behaviour. In this report we analyse ESR1 and ESR2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with obesity. We also relate adipose tissue ESR1 mRNA levels and ESR1 SNPs to adipocyte lipolysis and lipogenesis phenotypes.     

Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 gene polymorphisms in Behçet’s disease

Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) gene polymorphisms have been implicated in the susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The expression of both soluble and tissue ICAM‐1 is increased in Behçet’s disease (BD) but the contribution of ICAM‐1 gene polymorphisms to this disease remains unknown. Associations with BD have been reported for genes within the MHC, including HLA‐B51, TNF and MICA, but the role of non‐MHC genes in BD remains largely unexplored. We have investigated the frequency of the R/G 241 and K/E 469 ICAM‐1 gene polymorphisms in 83 patients with BD disease and 103 healthy controls, all of Palestinian and Jordanian descent, and demonstrated an association between BD and the ICAM‐1 E469 allele (P_c = 0.046, OR = 2.1). Among patients, no association was found between the presence of ocular disease and ICAM‐1 polymorphisms. While the functional correlate of this polymorphism remains unclear, this finding indicates that a genetic polymorphism in the ICAM‐1 gene domain, which is independent of the MHC, may contribute to disease.     

Serotonin receptor 3A polymorphism c.-42C &gt; T is associated with severe dyspepsia

Background

The association between anxiety and depression related traits and dyspepsia may reflect a common genetic predisposition. Furthermore, genetic factors may contribute to the risk of having increased visceral sensitivity, which has been implicated in dyspeptic symptom generation. Serotonin (5-HT) modulates visceral sensitivity by its action on 5-HT₃ receptors. Interestingly, a functional polymorphism in HTR3A, encoding the 5-HT₃ receptor A subunit, has been reported to be associated with depression and anxiety related traits. A functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), which terminates serotonergic signalling, was also found associated with these psychiatric comorbidities and increased visceral sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome, which coexistence is associated with higher dyspeptic symptom severity. We investigated the association between these functional polymorphisms and dyspeptic symptom severity.

Methods

Data from 592 unrelated, Caucasian, primary care patients with dyspepsia participating in a randomised clinical trial comparing step-up and step-down antacid drug treatment (The DIAMOND trial) were analysed. Patients were genotyped for HTR3A c.-42C > T SNP and the 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5-HTT promoter (5-HTTLPR). Intensity of 8 dyspeptic symptoms at baseline was assessed using a validated questionnaire (0 = none; 6 = very severe). Sum score ≥20 was defined severe dyspepsia.

Results

HTR3A c.-42T allele carriers were more prevalent in patients with severe dyspepsia (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.06-2.20). This association appeared to be stronger in females (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.25-3.39) and patients homozygous for the long (L) variant of the 5-HTTLPR genotype (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.01-3.94). Females with 5-HTTLPR LL genotype showed the strongest association (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.37-8.90).

Conclusions

The HTR3A c.-42T allele is associated with severe dyspeptic symptoms. The stronger association among patients carrying the 5-HTTLPR L allele suggests an additive effect of the two polymorphisms. These results support the hypothesis that diminished 5-HT₃ mediated antinociception predisposes to increased visceral sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the HTR3A c.-42C > T and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms likely represent predisposing genetic variants in common to psychiatric morbidity and dyspepsia.

     

Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

Background

Dysregulated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) were observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies have provided conflicting evidence implicating the IL-1 gene polymorphisms in MS risk.

Methods

A meta-analysis of 16 case–control studies involving 3,482 cases and 3,528 controls was conducted to evaluate this association.

Results

No association was found between the IL-1α ?889 (rs1800587), IL-1α +4,845 (rs17561), IL-1β ?511 (rs16944), IL-1β +3,953 (rs1143634), IL-1ra variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms and MS risk. However, in subgroup analyses for the IL-1ra VNTR polymorphism, we found that individuals carrying the 2 allele had a 32 % increased risk for bout-onset MS (relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS) when compared to the LL homozygotes (OR = 1.32, 95 % CI = 1.06–1.66, P _z = 0.014).

Conclusion

Common variants in the IL-1 region are not associated with MS risk but our data suggest that the IL-1ra VNTR polymorphism might be associated with bout-onset MS subtype.     

Interleukin-10 haplotypes in Celiac Disease in the Spanish population

Background  

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic disorder characterized by a pathological inflammatory response after exposure to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The HLA complex accounts for less than half of the genetic component of the disease, and additional genes must be implicated. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important regulator of mucosal immunity, and several reports have described alterations of IL-10 levels in celiac patients. The IL-10 gene is located on chromosome 1, and its promoter carries several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites which have been associated to production levels. Our aim was to study the role of those polymorphisms in susceptibility to CD in our population.     

Polymorphisms in the Mn-SOD and EC-SOD Genes and Their Relationship to Diabetic Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background  

Oxidative stress, resulting in a marked increase in the level of oxygen free radicals (OFR), has been implicated in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy (DN). Antioxidant enzymes may protect against the rapid onset and progression of DN, by reducing the excess of OFR and peroxide. Mutations and polymorphisms in the genes encoding such enzymes may therefore result in predisposition to DN. We investigated the role of genes encoding two antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial (Mn-SOD) and extracellular (EC-SOD) superoxide dismutase, in DN pathogenesis in a Russian population. We studied Ala(-9)Val and Ile58Thr polymorphisms of the Mn-SOD gene and Arg213Gly dimorphism of the EC-SOD gene in type 1 diabetic patients with (n = 82) and without DN (n = 84).     

SNP analysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family heavy chain-related protein (IHRP) gene by a fluorescence-adapted SSCP method

Background  

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are considered to be useful polymorphic markers for genetic studies of polygenic traits. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis has been widely applied to detect SNPs, including point mutations in cancer and congenital diseases. In this study, we describe an application of the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments using a fluorescent-adapted primer for SSCP analysis as a novel method.     

Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Is Related to Plaque Stability and Is a Potential Biomarker for Acute Coronary Syndrome

Purpose

Plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂) binds to low-density lipoprotein. The levels of Lp-PLA₂ reflect the plaque burden, and are upregulated in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated the diagnostic value of Lp-PLA₂ levels and found that it might be a potential biomarker for ACS.

Materials and Methods

We classified 226 study participants into three groups: patients without significant stenosis (control group), patients with significant stenosis with stable angina (SA group), and patients with ACS (ACS group).

Results

Lp-PLA₂ and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly greater in the ACS group than in the SA group (p=0.044 and p=0.029, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Lp-PLA₂ levels are significantly associated with ACS (odds ratio=1.047, p=0.013). The addition of Lp-PLA₂ to the ACS model significantly increased the global χ² value over traditional risk factors (28.14 to 35.602, p=0.006). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for Lp-PLA₂ was 0.624 (p=0.004). The addition of Lp-PLA₂ level to serum hs-CRP concentration yielded an integrated discrimination improvement of 0.0368 (p=0.0093, standard error: 0.0142) and improved the ability to diagnose ACS.

Conclusion

Lp-PLA₂ levels are related to plaque stability and might be a diagnostic biomarker for ACS.