5种植物精油物质对德国小蠊毒杀活性的研究

目的研究5种植物精油物质对德国小蠊的毒杀活性,为开发新型高效植物源杀虫剂提供科学依据。方法采用点滴法测定比较5种植物精油对德国小蠊的毒力;采用共毒系数法确定混配剂的联合毒力。结果5种植物精油的LD50分别是肉桂醛0.083μg/只,松油烯-4-醇0.510μg/只,柠檬醛1.102μg/只,百里香0.572μg/只,薄荷油4.059μg/只;百里香和肉桂醛及柠檬醛与薄荷油两个组合的共毒系数分别为239.8和172.2,其中,肉桂醛和百里香油组合的毒力200,显示增效作用。结论肉桂醛是对德国小蠊毒力最高的单体化合物,百里香对肉桂醛有明显增效作用,需要进一步探寻百里香和肉桂醛的协同增效规律,为新型无公害植物源杀虫剂的开发提供实验数据。     

黔栽培山苍子油化学成分及柠檬醛提取的研究

采用减压精馏分离提取出贵州紫云栽培山苍子精油中的柠檬醛.采用GC/MS气质联用仅对山苍子精油及分离后的柠檬醛进行定性分析,用峰面积归一化法分别检测其相对百分含量.结果显示山苍子油中的主要成分是香叶醛(E-柠檬醛)、橙花醛(Z-柠檬醛)和柠檬烯等,与野生山苍子的成分基本相同;减压精馏所得柠檬醛的含量为89.77%.说明贵州紫云栽培与野生山苍子油的主要化学成分基本相同,且柠檬醛含量也与野生的含量相当,可以大力推广栽培种植.     

肉桂醛、柠檬醛抑制黄曲霉生长机制研究

目的研究中药活性成分肉桂醛、柠檬醛对黄曲霉细胞膜麦角固醇生物合成的影响，以探讨其抗菌的作用机制。方法将黄曲霉接种在含有不同浓度药物的蔡氏固体培养基中，同时设不加药物为空白对照，置26．5℃恒温培养3d，刮取平皿上菌苔，称重、皂化，提取真菌中的难皂化脂，高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定其中的麦角固醇含量。结果柠檬醛浓度为0．16μg/ml、肉桂醛浓度为0．09μg／ml作用黄曲霉后，麦角固醇含量较未用药组显著降低。结论肉桂醛、柠檬醛可能通过影响黄曲霉麦角固醇的生物合成抑制黄曲霉生长。 固醇；黄曲霉     

毛菊苣种子化学成分研究

对毛菊苣种子进行化学成分研究,从中分离鉴定了9个化合物：β-香树脂醇（1）、α-香树脂醇（2）、β-谷甾醇（3）、旋覆花素（4）、山莴苣苦素（s）、莴苣苦素（6）、秦皮乙素（7）、绿原酸（8）和胡萝卜苷（9）。其中化合物1和4为首次从该属植物中分离,所有化合物均为首次从毛菊苣种子中分离。     

黔产华中五味子藤茎挥发性成分的GC—MS分析

目的：研究黔产华中五味子（Schisandra sphenanthera Rehdl et Wils）藤茎挥发性化学成分。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法从黔产华中五味子藤茎中提取挥发油,并用GC—MS联用技术,对其化学成分进行定性和定量分析,用峰面积归一化法测定了各化学成分的相对质量分数。结果：分离出67峰,鉴定出54个化合物,占挥发油总量的97．54％。结论：华中五味子藤茎挥发油主要成分为金合欢醇（farnesol,22．62％）、δ-杜松烯（δ-cadinene,10．697％）。     

常用香料的实验性皮肤渗透研究

常用香料的实验性皮肤渗透研究刘静波朱士雅林惠芬（上海医科大学公共卫生学院预防医学研究所，上海２０００３２）桂醛、羟基香茅醛、异丁香酚是广泛应用的香料，主要应用于食品、果汁、化妆品、香皂、洗涤剂中。特别在化妆品行业，它们的用量日益增大。有报道，香料是化...     

山楂酊挥发性化合物的气相色谱-质谱分析

用连续液液提取技术分离山楂酊的香味成分 ,通过气相色谱 -质谱联用分析 ,共鉴定出 38种化合物 ,占总挥发性成分的 97 19% (以峰面积计 )。其中主要的成分依次为顺 3 己烯醇 (370 5 9μg g)、丁子香酚(32 0 95 μg g)、羟基丁二酸二乙酯 (191 2 5 μg g)、2 甲基戊烯酸 (16 4 83μg g)和柠檬酸 (80 87μg g)等 ,认为顺 3 己烯醇是山楂酊清香味的代表性化合物。对主要成分进行了定量和重现性比较 ,结果令人满意。该法简便 ,快速 ,为食品工业添加剂的质量控制和常规分析提供参考。     

新型肉桂醛衍生物的设计合成与抗虫活性研究

目的 发现具有杀虫、驱虫活性的新型肉桂醛衍生物.方法 以肉桂醛和蚜虫报警信息素(反)-β-法尼烯(EβF)的基本母核为基础,采用骨架迁跃原理设计、合成了一类2,5-二取代肉桂醛衍生物,并测定其对棉铃虫、大豆蚜虫和粉尘螨的毒杀活性,以及对蚜虫的驱避活性.结果 通过1 H-NMR、FTIR和ESI-HRMS表征了目标化合物...     

GC/MS法鉴定饮用水中的灭多威

目的：建立以气相色谱-质谱联用技术对多份水样进行灭多威成分鉴定的方法。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC／MS）对饮用水中灭多威进行定性分析，并比较样品处理中3种溶剂的提取效果。结果：灭多威在本次实验设置的色谱条件和质谱条件下能与其他有机物良好分离，在质谱图上可通过灭多威的105、58、88等几个特征离子峰进行准确定性；经比较发现二氯甲烷的提取效果较好。结论：GC／MS法鉴定未知有机毒物简单、灵敏、快速、准确，适合于公共卫生突发事件的应急处理。     

GC/MS法测定有机溶剂中的三乙胺

目的：建立以气相色谱-质谱联用技术对两份有机溶剂进行三乙胺成分鉴定的方法。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC/MS）对有机溶剂中的三乙胺进行定性分析和百分含量的定量分析。结果：三乙胺在本次实验设置的色谱条件和质谱条件下能与其他有机物良好分离,在质谱图上可通过三乙胺的86,58,30,101等几个特征离子峰进行准确定性。结论：GC/MS法鉴定未知有机毒物简单、灵敏、快速、准确,适合于公共卫生突发事件的应急处理。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.