商业性性接触中避孕套使用频率及影响因素调查

对劳教所收容的１５８名卖淫女和就诊于性病门诊的１６９名嫖客在商业性性接触中避孕套使用频率及影响因素进行了调查。结果显示卖淫女和嫖客在商业性性接触中经常使用避孕套的频率分别为５０．６％和２０．７％，影响卖淫女经常使用避孕套的最主要原因是避孕措施，而与嫖客从不使用避孕套相关因素是嫖娼次数。     

暗娼和嫖客避孕套使用情况调查

目的 评价暗娼和嫖客避孕套使用状况。方法 采用整群随机抽样方法对124名暗娼和155名螵客的避孕套相关知识和使用情况进行调查。结果 暗娼避孕套相关知识水平低于螵客,暗娼和嫖客每次都使用避孕套的比例分别为71.0％和47.1％。暗娼不使用避孕套的主要原因是“对方不喜欢”,螵客不使用避孕套的原因是“不使用避孕套无害”和“不舒服”。结论 推广使用避孕套的阻力主要来自嫖客。对固定性伴的“信任”是影响避孕套使用频率的主要原因。推广使用避孕套预防艾滋病的宣传教育和干预除在暗娼中进行外,还应以嫖客为重点对象。     

暗娼和嫖客避孕套使用情况调查

目的 评价暗娼和嫖客避孕套使用状况。方法 采用整群机抽样方法对１２４名暗娼和１５５名嫖客的避孕套相关知识和使用情况进行调查。结果 暗娼避孕套相关知识水平低于嫖客，暗娼和嫖客每次都使用避孕套的比例分别为７１．０％和４７．１％。暗娼不使用避孕套的主要原因是“对方不喜欢”，嫖客不使用避孕套的原因是“不使用避孕套无害”和不“不舒服”。     

卖淫与HIV（二）

卖淫与ＨＩＶ（二）卖淫者、避孕套和嫖客为确定女性和男性卖淫者在他们商业性的和非商业性的性活动中使用避孕套的频率，已经做了相当多的工作。有关避孕套使用的信息不是以卖淫者提供的自我报告的资料为基础的不多。要不是世界上许多已经开展研究的地方都在进行大量的工...     

暗娼和嫖客艾滋病KAP对比分析

目的 比较暗娼和嫖客的艾滋病相关知识、信念和行为(KAP)的差异,为艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法 随机选取124名暗娼和155名嫖客,经由培训的调查员采用自填式问卷和询问的方法进行调查。结果 暗娼艾滋病相关知识正确回答率和平均得分高于嫖客,经常使用避孕套的比例也明显较高,对避孕套能够预防艾滋病的信念强于嫖客。另一方面,暗娼有挣脉注射毒品史较高,首次性行为和从事性服务的年龄均偏低,更有以卖淫为职业的倾向。结论 采用有效方法,提高嫖客的避孕套使用意识和使用率,是艾滋病行为干预的重点;暗娼是艾滋病传播的高危对象。     

性病门诊病人艾滋病危险行为调查

对昆明市性病门诊病人１０４人进行了基本情况、性行为及避孕套的使用、求医、毒品的使用等四个方面的调查。结果表明：（１）男性患者多于女性，年龄以２０～２９岁占多数，小于２０岁的性病患者占１４．４％；（２）９４．２％的患者有非配偶性伴，其中７５．３％的患者接触过商业性性伴；与非配偶性伴发生性行为时每次使用避孕套者只占１１．１％；４７．２％在使用避孕套的过程中，发生过避孕套破裂或滑脱ｑ（３）３．９％的患者注射过毒品     

性病门诊病人艾滋病危险行为调查

对昆明市性病门诊病人１０４人进行了基本情况、性行为及避孕套的使用，求医、毒品的使用等四个方面的调查。结果表明：（１）男性患者多于女性，年龄以２０￣２９岁占多数，小于２０岁的性病患者占１４．４％；（２）９４．２％的患者有非配偶性伴，其中７５．３％的患者接触过商业性性伴；与非配偶性伴发生性行为时每次使用避孕套只占１１．１％；４７．２％在使用避孕套的过程中，发生过避孕套破裂或滑脱；（３）３．９％的患者注     

暗娼和嫖客艾滋病KAP对比分析

目的 比较暗娼和嫖客的艾滋病相关知识、信念和行为（ＫＡＰ）的差异,为艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法 随机选取１２４名暗娼和１５５名嫖客,经由培训的调查员采用自填式问卷和询问的方法进行调查。结果 暗娼艾滋病相关知识正确回答率和平均得分高于嫖客,经常使用避孕套的比例也明显较高,对避孕套能够预防艾滋病的信念强于嫖客。另一方面,暗娼有静脉注射毒品史较高,首次性行为和从事性服务的年龄均偏低,更有以卖淫为职业的     

≥50岁嫖客不安全商业性行为的定性调查

目的了解≥50岁嫖客的商业性行为特征,探讨其不安全商业性行为可能的动机和影响因素。方法在广西柳州市的商业性性服务场所,通过方便抽样招募25名≥50岁嫖客,对其进行个人深入访谈。结果受访对象年龄为50～81岁,离异或丧偶者11人,农民占44.0%（11/25）,文化程度为小学及以下的占84.0%（21/25）。7人最近一年商业性行为中有使用壮阳药的经历。发生商业性行为的原因主要有：生理需求、同伴煽动和生活寂寞无聊。最近一年仅1人坚持每次商业性行为都使用安全套。发生不安全商业性行为的原因主要有：使用安全套影响性快感,认为女性性工作者是健康的,以及从未有过使用安全套的习惯等。结论≥50岁嫖客人群艾滋病相关知识匮乏,风险意识淡漠,商业性性行为多集中在低档性服务场所,安全套使用率很低,需要加强对中老年嫖客的干预工作。     

2012年柳州市嫖客艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解柳州市嫖客人群艾滋病（AIDS）相关行为与艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况。方法2012年4—7月,对市区部分嫖客进行调查,分析AIDS知识知晓率、性行为、吸毒行为、既往HIV检测情况,以及HIV、梅毒和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染状况。结果调查的400名嫖客中,AIDS知识知晓率为51．00％,最近一年与暗娼发生商业性性行为中坚持使用安全套的比例为45．83％,最近一年与固定性伴发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例仅为1．25％,既往接受HIV检测并知道检测结果的比例为4．75％。HIV阳性率为2．25％（9／400）,梅毒阳性率为8．00％（32／400）,HCV阳性率为8．00％（32／400）。危险因素分析显示,嫖客中HCV的感染与注射吸毒史有关（P=0．000）,嫖客中HIV的感染与安全套使用呈负相关（P=0．007）。结论市区嫖客人群AIDS相关危险行为暴露风险较大,亟须进一步探讨社区嫖客流行病学调查和有效行为干预方法。     

影响商业性服务提供/受供人群AIDS/HIV危险行为的社会-心理-个人因素

目的 广泛探讨影响商业性接触中艾滋病／艾滋病病毒(AIDS／HIV)危险行为发生的社会、心理和个人经历等因素。方法 采用自我设计的封闭式匿名问卷，于1998年7月对702名女性商业性服务提供者和165名男性受供者进行调查。结果 单因素分析结果显示，男性在商业性行为中不能坚持使用安全套与经济收入高、安全套知识得分低、终生商业性伴数多、自己不主动提出使用安全套以及无性病求医史等因素有关，女性则与未婚、AIDS／HIV知识得分低、安全套知识得分低、在消费档次较高的场所从事商业性服务、保持有非商业性关系以及无性病史和无人工流产史等因素有关。Logistic多因素分析结果显示，男性在商业性关系中发生AIDS／HIV危险性行为与经济收入高、安全套知识得分低、终生商业性伴数多和无性病史等有关，而女性则与其它性病知识得分低、在消费档次较高的场所从事商业性服务、无性病史、无人工流产史、不以安全套作为避孕措施、自己不主动提出使用安全套以及有兼职等有关。结论 商业性服务中HIV危险性行为的发生与参与人群对相关知识的了解以及个人经历关系密切。今后在针对该人群的HIV／AIDS健康教育中注意从这些方面设计宣传教育的内容和方式。     

Factors associated with sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes in Singapore.

From June to December 1990, 806 prostitutes registered with the STD programme in Singapore for regular screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were investigated for factors associated with STD incidence in the preceding year. The majority were foreigners (92.7% Malaysians and 3.1% Thais). Anal sex (0.4%) and intravenous drug use (0.9%) were rare. The overall STD incidence rate was 47.7 per 100. None was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The crude and age-adjusted risk of STD was found to increase significantly with client load. An inverse relationship between condom use and STD risk was also observed. Mean condom use among clients was reported as 56.1% for spontaneous use and estimated as 75.4% following negotiation for condom use by prostitutes. Although the prostitutes negotiated for condom use with majority of the clients (85.5%) who did not use condoms spontaneously, they were successful with only about half of them (54.4%). Health education should be targeted at clients on the protective effects of condom use and at the prostitutes on skills in negotiating condom use.     

1997～1998年深圳市艾滋病哨点监测情况分析

1997和1998年在深圳市分别对1029名暗娼和1570名STD门诊就诊者进行HIV哨点监测。发现STD门诊就诊者主要为男性和未婚的省外流动人员,两个监测年度STD的罹患率分别为71.5％和70.0％,以梅毒、尖锐湿疣和NGU等溃疡性性病为主,未检出HIV抗体阳性者,在两个监测年度中,分别有31.8％和30.2％的暗娼有境外性伴,安全套使用率分别为45.9％和49.8％,暗娼人群呈明显年轻化趋势,平均性伴数显著增多(户<0.001),且在1998年第二轮250名暗娼中检出1例HW抗体阳性者,感染率为0.4％。监测结果表明HIV已开始在深圳市卖淫嫖娼等性乱人群中流行,HIV传播的多种危险性因素在不断增加。     

STD-related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of Xhosa-speaking patients attending STD primary health-care clinics in South Africa.

The primary aim of this study was to describe patients at sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, in terms of gender, education and age differences relative to their STD knowledge and beliefs, their condom use, as well as their attitudes towards condom use and their condom-use behaviour. The information was collected with a view to developing a health education intervention. Structured interviews were conducted with 2978 randomly sampled Xhosa-speaking STD clinic attenders about their knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding STDs and related behaviours. More males (75%) than females (25%) presented for STD treatment. The majority of patients (92%) were younger than 35 years. Female patients were found to be more aware than male patients of the sexual nature of STD transmission, valued personal autonomy in sexual behaviour and expressed a greater need to use condoms. Males perceived STD symptoms to be more serious, had more misconceptions about the cause of STDs and also more negative beliefs and attitudes towards condom use. Only 34.9% of the patients reported using condoms in the last 6 months while only 24.5% reported regular use. Those who reported condom use were more knowledgeable about the sexual transmission of STDs and the effects of STDs on the neonate. They also had fewer misconceptions about the causes of STDs and perceived STD symptoms to be more serious, attached greater value to personal autonomy in sexual behaviour and condom use and had more positive outcome expectancies of refusing sex than those who never used condoms. The data suggest that targeted interventions directed at males will have to address their inadequate knowledge regarding STDs in terms of transmission, causes, consequences, prevention and cure. Their negative beliefs and attitudes towards condoms will need special attention, especially in view of their multiple partner behaviour. Interventions directed at females will need to improve their knowledge regarding STD consequences, causes, recognition of symptoms as well as improve their knowledge of aspects of prevention and cure. All interventions must facilitate personal autonomy in decision making about sexual behaviour and condom use for both men and women, through skills development programmes that promote self-efficacy in the individual and instil a culture of mutual respect of such in the community.     

内蒙古西部地区卖淫、吸毒妇女性传播疾病调查

目的了解内蒙古西部地区卖淫、吸毒妇女中性传播疾病(STD)感染情况及与HIV感染有关的危险因素.方法对该地区176名卖淫、吸毒妇女进行了STD、HIV感染情况调查和血清HIV抗体检测.结果共检出STD感染者55例,感染率为31.3%,其中无症状感染占81.8%.未检出HIV感染者.与HIV感染有关的危险因素主要是静脉注射吸毒及共用不消毒的注射器,卖淫妇女从不使用避孕套的比例很高.结论对这类人群进行强制性的性病检查和治疗成为必需.该地区卖淫妇女中存在着HIV经性传播途径感染的潜在危险,吸毒妇女中存在着HIV经血和经性两种传播途径交叉感染的潜在危险,急需在这类人群中进行有效的健康教育和干预活动.     

武汉地区卖淫妇女HIV、HBV、HCV及STD感染情况的流行病学调查

对武汉市485名卖淫妇女进行了STD、HBV、HCV及HIV感染的流行病学调查,结果显示:淋病、梅毒及尖锐湿疣三种性病总感染率为34.6％;抗-HCV阳性率为10.1％;HBsAg阳性率为9.3％;未检出抗-HIV阳性者。经分析,卖淫妇女性病阳性率随年龄显著增加,与婚姻状况密切相关,与性伴数显著相关,每次均使用避孕套能显著降低性病发病率;抗-HCV阳性率与性伴数及吸毒史密切相关。     

兰州市城关区暗娼人群性病／艾滋病患病率调查

目的了解甘肃省兰州市城关区娱乐场所提供商业性性服务（暗娼）人群性传播疾病感染情况,通过分析影响因素,为制定暗娼人群综合干预措施提供科学依据。方法对城关区高、中、低档娱乐场所702名暗娼进行一对一问卷调查,同时进行性传播疾病感染情况检测。结果702名暗娼艾滋病相关知识知晓率57．98％;最近一次性服务安全套使用比例为84．33％,最近一个月性服务每次使用安全套的比例占76．64％,有时使用占22．22％,从未使用占1．14％;性传播疾病阳性率为22．22％,其中梅毒感染率5．98％,生殖道沙眼衣原体感染率12．11％,淋球菌感染率4．13％。结论兰州市城关区不同场所暗娼人群性病／艾滋病防治知识知晓率、性行为特征、性病患病率、防病意识等方面存在差异,暗娼仍是艾滋病干预的重点人群,特别是站街等低档场所暗娼人群更易受到性病、艾滋病的威胁。     

高危人群安全套使用相关原因分析

目的 研究公路沿线卖淫女性与卡车司机在不同时间、场所的安全套使用率,分析原因及其与艾滋病(AIDS)、性传播疾病(STDs)患病的相关性。方法 选择105国道公路沿线相关场所的卖淫女性和长途卡车司机,调查其安全套获得的难易程度、干预前后最近1次性行为安全套使用率,分析其与近1年来AIDS/STDs患病状况的相关性。结果 城郊地区安全套获得较易,综合评分司机和高危女性分别为6.7分和7.4分,偏远地区获得安全套较难,综合评分分别为6.5分和3.6分。高危女性在干预前及干预后1个月,安全套使用率分别为39.4％和52.5％;司机为38.2％和57.3％。干预前后的差异有非常显著的统计学意义(x2=12.68,P<0.01);干预后6个月高危女性和司机的安全套使用率分别降低到43.9％和46.9％,与干预前的差异无显著的统计学意义(x2=2.08,P>0.05)。卖淫女性和司机近1年STDs患病率分别为34.38％和28.75％,以非淋菌性尿道炎、梅毒及淋病占多数,两组STDs患病率有明显正相关关系(r=0.992,P<0.01)。结论 ①公路沿线的偏远地区安全套获得困难,高危女性的安全套使用率低,STDs患病率相对高;长途卡车司机的安全套获得机会多于高危女性。②健康教育干预可促进安全套的使用,但长期效果不显著。③公路沿线高危人群中STDs患病率高.与安全套的使用率低有关     

Heterosexuals at risk for HIV: differences between private and commercial partners in sexual behaviour and condom use

To study the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), sexual behaviour and condom use among heterosexuals, 193 women and 157 men entered a longitudinal study. Participants were recruited through an STD clinic, and had had five or more heterosexual partners in the preceding 6 months but had no other AIDS risk factors. Participants were divided in groups with respect to private and/or commercial sexual partners. One hundred and thirty-six (71%) women worked as prostitutes and had, on average, 115 customers a month, and 99 (63%) men had visited, on the average, eight prostitutes in the past 4 months. One hundred and seventy-one (89%) women (114 prostitutes) had had, on average, four partners, and 112 (78%) men (of whom 64 had visited prostitutes) had had, on average, seven private partners in the past 4 months. Vaginal intercourse was often or always reported by all participants whilst anal contact was seldom reported. Non-high-risk sexual techniques (for example, oro-oral, masturbation) were practised more frequently with private than with commercial partners (P less than 0.001). Although no differences were found in the frequency of practising high-risk sexual techniques (for example, vaginal, ano-genital), differences were found for frequency of condom use. Condom use during vaginal intercourse was reported more frequently with commercial than with private partners (P less than 0.01). However, if the number of partners is taken into account, prostitutes had unprotected vaginal intercourse with an estimated average number of 160 partners in 4 months, which is far more than customers (seven) and men and women with private partners only (four).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prevalence and associated factors of mental health problems among monogamous Chinese female patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Hong Kong

Sexually transmitted disease (STD) increases risk of HIV infection and has profound psychological consequences. The present study examined the mental health problems (poor emotional well-being, insomnia, probable depression) and their associated factors among monogamous Chinese female STD patients. A total of 537 Chinese female STD patients who self-reported having had only one male sex partner in the last 12 months were recruited from a STD clinic in Hong Kong. They completed a survey including measures of mental health, STD-related history, perceptions, feelings related to STD infection, and perceptions toward condom use. Results showed that 22% had poor emotional well-being, 25.7% had insomnia, and 43% were probable cases of depression. Unemployment, worsened relationship with partners after STD diagnosis, STD history in last three months, finding STD examinations embarrassing, and feelings of helplessness were significant risk factors for poor emotional well-being and insomnia. Also, unemployment, worsened relationships with partners after STD diagnosis, and perceived high chance of STD in the coming six months were significant risk factors for probable depression. Perceived efficacy of condom use for STD prevention was a significant protective factor against poor emotional well-being and probable depression. Findings suggest that interventions are warranted to improve the mental health among this population.