献血者ALT上限值的确定探讨

[目的]ALT异常是我国献血者查体不合格和血液报废的主要原因，本文对确定中国献血者ALT上限值进行初步探讨。[方法]献血者的初检标本和复检标本应用IFCC推荐的速率法测定ALT，应用ELISA方法测定HBsAg和anti—HCV。[结果]6057份初检标本中ALT异常（≥41U／L）标本191份，其中11份HBsAg阳性（5．76％），4份anti—HCV阳性（2．09％）；176份单纯ALT异常标本中酶活性在4l～80U／L占81．25％，41～100U／L占89．77％，41—120U／L占94．32％，≥121U／L占5．68％。47590份复检标本中ALT异常标本500份，2份HBsAg阳性（0．4％），9份anti—HCV阳性（1．80％）：489份单纯ALT增高标本占总不合格率的68．87％，AL．T活性41～80U／L占89．57％，41～100U／L占93．87％，41—120U／L占97．34％，≥121U／L占2．66％。[结论]将献血者ALT筛查上限定为正常上限的2倍（≤80U／L）或60U／L，血源浪费可降低30％-40％以上，血液报废率可降低50％～60％以上；目前献血者采用标准（≤40U／L）无助于提高血液安全。     

献血者血液筛查ALT异常结果分析

[目的]对初复检献血者标本ALT异常与HBV和HCV感染的关系进行分析。[方法]应用IFCC推荐的速率法测定ALT，HBsAg和anti-HCV应用ELISA方法测定。[结果]6057份初检标本中ALT升高191份，占总异常率的53.7％（191／356），HBV和HCV标志物阳性分别仅占ALT升高标本的5.8％（11／191）和2、1％（4／191）；47590份复检标本巾ALT升高500例，占总异常率的70.4％（500／710），HBV和HCV标志物阳性分别仅占0.4％和1.8％；HBsAg和anti-HCV阴性的单纯ALT升高在初复检标本中分别占总ALT升高标本的92.1％和97.8％。[结论]ALT升高是导致血液报废的主要原因，目前献血者采用的ALT筛查标准（40U／L）无助于提高血液安全质量。     

结合核酸检测探讨ALT与HBV、HCV的相关性

目的探讨无偿献血者丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)与HBV、HCV的相关性。方法分析本站2011年6月～9月共15 879份血液标本ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV的检测结果,并对527例ALT≥60U/L的肝炎标志物阴性献血者标本进行NAT检测及相关性分析。结果 15 879份血液标本中,ALT异常者1 233份,其中合并HBsAg阳性或抗-HCV阳性者共28份,占全部ALT异常者的2.27%;肝炎标志物阳性组与肝炎标志物阴性组ALT异常率的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);527例ALT≥60 U/L的肝炎标志物阴性献血者NAT检测均为阴性。结论 ALT作为1项非特异性指标,与HBV和HCV检测结果的关联性无统计学意义。     

外地与本市街头献血者血液传播疾病指标不合格分析

本市自2002年9月启用流动采血车,至2003年5月共有1977人参加了街头献血,其中外地献血者约占40%.笔者就参加街头献血的外地与本市献血者的血液检测结果做了比较：标本在24h内检测,按卫生部标准选择国产初复检试剂;HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV采用ELISA法,ALT采用改良赖氏法（≥25U为不合格）,梅毒初检用TRUST法,复检用ELISA法,每份标本均经初复检;ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、梅毒初复检结果一致者确定结果,抗-HIV阳性或可疑者,由潍坊防疫站来确定结果;由于无一例抗-HIV阳性,故在此不做统计,各项检测指标阳性率比较采用χ^2检验（表1）.     

献血者ALT与HBV、HCV标志物检测结果的关系研究

目的研究无偿献血者丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)与HBV、HCV标志物检测结果的关系,探讨ALT筛查在安全输血中的作用。方法对2016年3月1日—2017年2月28在本中心参加献血的83 618名献血者标本进行ALT、HBs Ag、HBV-DNA、抗-HCV、HCV-RNA检测,并将检测结果进行研究。结果 83 618名献血者标本中共检出2284份ALT异常值标本(ALT50 U/L),不合格率为2.73%;HBs Ag阳性520份,抗-HCV阳性220份;NAT共检出822份,经鉴别试验,其中HBV-DNA阳性516份,HCV-RNA阳性20份。HBs Ag阳性合并ALT异常15份,HBV-DNA阳性合并ALT异常16份;抗-HCV阳性合并ALT异常8份,HCV-RNA阳性合并ALT异常4份;ALT检测值与HBs Ag、HBV-DNA、抗-HCV检测结果的相关性无统计学差异(P0.05);ALT异常组HCV-RNA阳性率与ALT正常组HCV-RNA阳性率有统计学差异(P0.01);绝大部分HBV、HCV标志物阳性献血者中,其ALT检测值处于50 U/L以内。结论 ALT检测效用很小,大量ALT异常值的正常血液被报废处理,影响了无偿献血政策实施的效率和效果。因此不宜将ALT活性检测作为献血者强制筛查项目。     

血液筛查HBsAg、抗-HCV假阳性献血者归队的调查分析

目的了解血液筛查假阳性献血者归队政策在我国实施的意义,探讨合适的假阳性献血者归队方案提供理论依据。方法 2004～2006年,抽取奉贤区血站血液HBsAg不合格的标本148份和抗-HCV不合格标本82份,经复检、酶免检测以及核酸检测确证,对不合格标本进行分类,分析HBsAg和抗-HCV假阳性献血者的归队情况。结果确证116份标本为HBsAg真阳性,23份标本为抗-HCV真阳性,HBsAg和抗-HCV复检假阳性归队率分别为18.24%和54.88%,确证假阳性归队率分别为0和10.98%。结论针对假阳性献血者归队,抗-HCV筛查的意义大于HBsAg筛查;在确定归队方案时,应先排除试剂以外的因素所致的假阳性,以节约确证试验成本。     

我国5城市合格献血者血液HIV及HCV残余风险研究

目的研究我国献血者血液HIV及HCV残余风险;评估我国开展血液核酸检测(NAT)的可行性和必要性。方法采集乌鲁木齐、昆明、北京、广州、杭州5城市献血者血样,用Chiron Procleix HIV-1/HCV Assay血液核酸检测体系,对各项血清学筛查均合格的89 467份血液作16人份混合血样NAT检测,凡筛查不合格血样再作单人份检测;对于抗-HCV阴性而HCV RNA NAT阳性者,用备用管作抗-HCV、ALT、及HCV RNA NAT复检。结果共检出HCV RNA NAT阳性但抗-HCV EIA阴性标本3例,未检出HIV RNA NAT阳性但抗-HIV EIA阴性标本;在87 034份血清学筛查合格献血者中,检出HCV NAT阳性2例,其中1例复检ALT为254U/L,未检出HIVNAT阳性;在2 613份血清学筛查不合格者中,检出1例HCV NAT阳性但抗-HCV EIA阴性标本,该献血者抗-HIV阳性、ALT 372U/L;未检出HIV NAT阳性但抗-HIV EIA阴性的标本。结论血清学筛查使我国的血液安全性已有相当高的保障;而NAT技术可进一步提高血液的安全性,但在我国是否可应用于常规血液筛查,需考虑成本与效益比。此外,ALT筛查对排除抗-HCV漏检血液仍有一定的作用。     

血液筛查ALT临界值的变更后检验结果分析

目的通过分析对比丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)临界值调整后40~50U/L和大于50U/L献血者的血液检测结果,观察降低血液报废率效果和探讨ALT异常与HBV和HCV感染的相关性。方法分析青岛市中心血站2013~2014年2 656例ALT40U/L的无偿献血者的HBV和HCV血清学和核酸检测(NAT)结果并进行相关性研究。结果 ALT在40~50U/L者共1 771例(66.68%),其中6例HBsAg ELISA(+),NAT(+)2例,NAT(-)4例,8例抗-HCV抗体ELISA(+)样本中,NAT(+)4例,NAT(-)3例,1例TP阳性未做NAT。ALT50U/L的885例献血者中,HBsAg反应性者5例,抗-HCV抗体反应性者7例,全无反应性者873例。相关性统计数据表明:ALT与HBV差异无统计学意义(P0.05),ALT与HCV差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ALT在40~50U/L的献血者的比例远远高于50U/L以上的献血者,调整临界值后大大降低了血液报废率,ALT升高与HBV发生存在相关性而与HCV的发生不存在相关性。     

在安全输血中应用丙型肝炎病毒核心抗原检测技术的初步探索

本研究探讨用丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心抗原酶联免疫吸附技术（HCV-cAg ELISA）筛查献血员感染HCV的可行性.对我医院2003年1月-2005年12月间的8 677份献血者血清标本进行抗-HCV初检和复检.将仅初检阳性的15份血清标本和仅复检阳性的14份血清标本,分别再做HCV-cAg ELISA和HCV RT-PCR检测.结果表明：经HCV-cAg ELISA检测,29份仅初检（15份）和仅复检（14份）抗-HCV阳性血清标本中只有5份结果为阳性,阳性率为17.24%.经HCV RT-PCR检测,29份仅初检和仅复检抗-HCV阳性血清标本中同样也只有5份阳性结果,阳性率也为17.24%.结论：HCV-cAgELISA检测技术的敏感性与HCVRT-PCR技术类似,但成本明显降低,有可能作为HCV感染的辅助确证试验,或作为抗-HCV检测技术的更新换代技术用于安全输血中献血者血液的筛查.     

玉林市无偿献血者ALT异常与HBV、HCV检测结果的相关性分析

目的分析无偿献血者血液检测结果中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)异常与乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)阳性结果的相关性,并探讨升高的ALT与肝炎病毒感染之间的相关性,并讨论ALT作为血液筛查计划的必要性。方法对2014年1月至2018年6月玉林市259 408名献血者血液中HBsAg、抗-HCV和ALT的检测结果进行分析,并进行相关分析。结果来自259 408名献血者的253 644份样本ALT结果正常,其中1 190份为HBsAg阳性,抗-HCV阳性者1 053份,核酸检测HBV DNA反应性558份,HCV RNA反应性2份;ALT试验的异常结果为5 764份,其中27份为HBsAg阳性,28份为抗-HCV阳性,核酸检测12份HBV DNA反应性,1份HCV RNA反应性;肝炎标志物阳性的献血者中ALT异常率为6.91%,肝炎标志物阴性的献血者ALT异常率为2.18%。结论 HBsAg与抗-HCV阳性结果和ALT异常结果之间存在相关性,ALT异常与乙型和丙型肝炎病毒感染之间不存在相关性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.