5岁儿童乳牙龋病调查分析

目的 通过对我区5岁儿童龋病流行病学调查,了解学龄前儿童口腔状况,为我区儿童口腔保健工作提供基线资料。方法调查551名5岁儿童患龋率、龋均,并与1995年第二次全国口腔健康流行病学调查比较。结果 5岁儿童患龋率为45.1%。龋均为1.84比1995年广东和全国平均水平低。结论 学龄前儿童乳牙患龋率和龋均,在经济发达地区低,在经济欠发达地区高;氟化泡沫有防龋作用。     

郑州市学龄前儿童口腔健康状况和行为调查

目的 了解郑州市学龄前儿童口腔健康状况和行为习惯,为儿童龋病预防提供科学依据.方法 对郑州市2311名3-7岁儿童进行口腔健康状况调查并进行统计学分析.结果 3-7岁儿童的患龋率为68.2%,龋均为4.40,各年龄组间患龋率有统计学意义,男女之间患龋率无统计学意义.结论 应当重视郑州市学龄前儿童的口腔健康状况,采取有效预防措施,降低龋病的发生.     

郑州市学龄前儿童龋齿状况及调查分析

目的：了解郑州市区学龄前儿童患龋牙状况。方法：采用随机整群抽样的调查方法对郑州市60所幼儿园儿童进行龋病调查。结果：1637例4-6岁儿童的乳牙患龋率为64．51％,略低于全国（患龋率为66．0％）的患龋水平,乳牙患龋率和龋均随年龄增长而逐年增高。结论：虽然郑州市学龄前儿童患龋病率略低于全国平均数值,但龋病患病率仍在一个较高的水平,且与饮食习惯及口腔卫生状况关系密切,应加强健康教育,提高家长及保育老师的口腔保健意识,培养幼儿良好的口腔卫生习惯,防治结合,降低龋齿的患病率。     

玉林市幼儿园109600名儿童乳牙龋病调查分析

目的探讨幼儿园儿童乳牙龋病患龋状况,为防治儿童龋病提供流行病学资料。方法对玉林市7县幼儿园儿童乳牙龋病情况按区域分类统计分析。结果共检查幼儿园儿童109 600名,患龋20 219名,总患龋率为18.15%。其中,容县患龋率最高达45.19%,福绵区最低为6.71%。结论玉林市幼儿园儿童患龋率较低,仍需加强学龄前儿童的口腔保健,进一步降低儿童患龋率。     

1.457名学龄前儿童龋病发病情况调查分析(摘要)

龋病是口腔最普遍的疾病之一,尤以儿童时期乳牙由于钙化程度较恒牙低,因而龋病进展快,常于极幼小时出现较高的龋患率。为了探讨学龄前儿童的龋病状况,1979年6月我们对厂三个幼儿园,一个民办托儿所及大部散在学龄前儿童1.457名进行了口腔普查,现将调查情况报告如下:一、龋患率:受检儿童1457名,患龋人数789名,龋患率为54.15%,其中男性774名,     

某地5岁儿童龋病的情况调查及影响因素分析

目的了解内蒙古5岁儿童的乳牙龋病现状及影响因素,为儿童乳牙龋病的防治及口腔健康教育提供理论依据。方法依照第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案,采取多阶段、分层、等容量、随机抽样的方法,抽取内蒙古自治区城乡5岁儿童共660名进行龋病情况调查,同时随机对受检儿童的父母进行问卷调查,运用SPSS13.0软件包对调查数据进行整理和分析。结果 5岁儿童患龋率为70%,龋均3.59。患龋率农村略高于城市,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),男女之间乳牙患龋率差异也无显著性(P>0.05),龋均农村高于城市(P<0.05),男女之间乳牙龋均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。良好的刷牙习惯、定期口腔保健检查、含氟牙膏的使用均能降低儿童乳牙龋病的发生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);糖果、奶酪、奶茶、碳酸饮料等含糖较高的食物与儿童乳牙龋病的发生有相关性;一日多餐(含糖)儿童患龋危险性明显高于一日三餐者,且与加餐次数呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);牛奶、酸奶与儿童龋病的发生无明显相关性,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经常食用水果、蔬菜可明显降低儿童乳牙龋病的发生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内蒙古自治区5岁儿童患龋率、龋均仍都高于我国平均水平,所以仍应大力贯彻实施学龄前儿童乳牙龋病综合干预试点工作,广泛普及口腔健康教育,提高儿童家长口腔保健意识,培养儿童良好的口腔卫生习惯,进一步改善我自治区儿童口腔健康水平。     

粤北山区学龄前儿童乳牙龋病抽样调查报告

目的 了解粤北山区学龄前儿童乳牙龋病患病状况,为儿童口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持。方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,从粤北五市中抽取清远和河源两市,3～5岁学龄前儿童6133人,男童3228人,女童2905人。按照世界卫生组织口腔健康调查基本方法的龋病诊断标准,使用CPI探针检查全口乳牙牙冠龋病情况。计算出患龋率、龋均、充填率等。结果3、4、5岁组人群乳牙患龋率依次为39.0%、53.3%、62.0%,龋均依次为1.71、2.69、3.46,龋齿充填率依次为0.64%、1.19%、1.35%。患龋率和龋均年龄组间的差异有统计学意义,随年龄增长,患龋状况加重;4岁女童患龋率高于男童,其他年龄组不同性别间的患龋率和龋均差异无统计学意义。结论 粤北山区学龄前儿童乳牙龋病患病状况较严重,98%以上的龋齿未经治疗,治疗需求巨大,是龋病防治的重点人群。     

3~5岁儿童龋病的流行病学调查分析

目的为了解长春市学龄前儿童乳牙龋患病状况,并为乳牙龋防治提供依据,对3⁵岁儿童龋病流行病学进行调查分析。方法按照全国口腔健康流行病学调查的要求,参照世界卫生组织《口腔健康调查基本方法》,于2013年随机抽取长春市35岁儿童龋病流行病学进行调查分析。方法按照全国口腔健康流行病学调查的要求,参照世界卫生组织《口腔健康调查基本方法》,于2013年随机抽取长春市3⁵岁儿童432名,进行龋病检查。结果 432名受检儿童中,乳牙患龋率为61.3%,龋均为1.71%;对各个年龄间进行比较表明随着年龄增长,组间患龋率与龋均皆有明显上升,组间对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);此外,乳牙龋充填率为5.83%,且随年龄增长龋填率逐渐上升。结论长春市35岁儿童432名,进行龋病检查。结果 432名受检儿童中,乳牙患龋率为61.3%,龋均为1.71%;对各个年龄间进行比较表明随着年龄增长,组间患龋率与龋均皆有明显上升,组间对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);此外,乳牙龋充填率为5.83%,且随年龄增长龋填率逐渐上升。结论长春市3⁵岁儿童乳牙患龋率较高,充填率较低,应加强乳牙龋的早期防治。     

学龄前儿童患龋情况与影响因素分析

目的探讨广东省阳江地区学龄前儿童患龋情况与影响因素分析。方法对广东阳江地区217名3~5岁学龄前儿童进行口腔健康调查。通过问卷调查来收集他们关于口腔健康相关的行为、知识和态度等信息。通过统计分析得出与龋病状况相关的影响因素。结果调查对象的患龋率为49.3%,龋均为2.5。Logistic回归分析的结果显示,零食频次和开始刷牙的时间是影响儿童患龋率的相关因素。结论应对学龄前儿童的口腔健康加以重视,重点宣传减少零食的摄入频次和及早让儿童开始刷牙,以降低这一人群的患龋水平。     

儿童龋病预防的具体措施

儿童对龋病有较强的易感性,大庆市东风新村地区1999年调查表明3.5~6岁儿童患龋率呈上升趋势,本组儿童总患龋率为36.8%(主要乳牙)高于黑龙江省城乡儿童总患龋率为36.99%(1991),直接影响儿童的身体健康,本文针对普通人群存在龋病不算病和口腔保健知识缺乏的情况,提出了各年龄组的口腔保健的预防措施和实用技术。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.