青年和中老年患者脑出血危险因素及预后的相关性探讨

目的探讨青年和中老年患者脑出血的危险因素及预后。方法选取我院2013-06—2014-06自发性脑出血患者362例,根据年龄不同分为青年组(≤45岁)142例与中老年组(45岁)220例。探讨2组患者脑出血的危险因素。并于治疗结束后1a进行电话随访,随访内容主要包括死亡情况、有无残疾、有无复发脑出血及预后情况。结果高血压是发生脑出血的最主要原因及危险因素,中老年组脑出血患者高血压发生率明显高于青年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。青年组患者脑出血危险因素主要是高血压与脑部动静脉畸形,中老年组患者脑出血危险因素主要是高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、高NIHSS评分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。脑出血好发部位为基底核区,其次是丘脑。中老年组预后情况较差,病死率、残疾率较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。脑出血复发率2组无明显差异(P0.05)。结论高血压是各个年龄阶段造成脑出血的独立危险因素。糖尿病、高血脂与高NIHSS评分是中老年组患者脑出血的危险因素。预后主要与年龄有关,年龄45岁是导致预后差的主要因素之一。     

高血压性脑出血血肿扩大相关因素分析

目的探讨高血压性脑出血后血肿继续扩大的相关因素。方法回顾性分析187例高血压性脑出血病例的临床资料,其中56例出现血肿持续扩大,将其与未出现血肿扩大者进行对比分析。结果①单因素logistic回归分析显示高血压病程、长期饮酒、糖尿病史、长期服用阿司匹林、体重指数高、发病至第一次CT时间短(<2h)、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高、高血糖和早期大量使用甘露醇是高血压性脑出血后血肿扩大的危险因素;②多因素logistic回归分析显示长期饮酒、长期服用阿司匹林、发病至第一次CT时间短(<2h)、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高和早期大量使用甘露醇是高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的独立危险因素。结论对长期饮酒、长期服用阿司匹林、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高以及出血后大量使用甘露醇的高血压性脑出血患者要严密观察病情变化,高度警惕血肿继续扩大以免延误治疗。     

血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶基因突变(Val279-Phe)与急性脑出血的相关性研究

目的　探讨血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶基因突变 (Val2 79-Phe)与急性脑出血的关系。方法　对 10 2例急性脑出血患者、174例原发性高血压患者及 2 2 5例健康对照者 ,分别用多聚酶链式反应分析基因组DNA的突变等位基因 ,用Stafforini等的方法测定血浆PAF乙酰水解酶的活性。结果　脑出血组突变的发生率 (4 7.1% )显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。高血压组突变的发生率(32 .7% )与对照组 (2 4 .4 % )之间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　血浆中血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶基因突变所致的酶缺乏可能是急性脑出血的独立危险因素。     

年轻人脑出血110例病因分析

目的 :探讨年轻人脑出血的病因和危险因素。方法 :选择 110例经过影像学证实为脑出血且年龄介于 15～ 4 4岁的患者 ,分析其危险因素、出血部位和发病原因。结果 :最常见的危险因素是高血压 (39.1% )和高甘油三酯血症(38.7% )。出血部位分别是基底节出血 38例 ,脑叶出血 34例 ,其他部位出血 38例。发病原因 :高血压病 4 1例 ,脑血管畸形 (含动静脉畸形、海绵状血管瘤及其他血管畸形 ) 18例 ,动脉瘤 2例 ,肿瘤 6例 ,其他 3例 ,原因不明 4 0例。结论 :高血压病、脑血管畸形和肿瘤是年轻人脑出血的常见原因 ,高血压和高甘油三酯血症是常见危险因素     

不同部位脑出血的危险因素临床研究

目的探究不用部位脑出血的危险因素。方法选择2012-01—2014-12在我院接受治疗的脑出血患者175例为观察组。依据CT检查结果分为基底节出血58例(A组)、丘脑出血62例(B组)和其他脑叶出血55例(C组)。再随机选择同期在我院接受体检的健康志愿者70例为对照组。对比2组基本资料,并分别进行Logistics回归分析得到相应的危险因素。结果通过Logistic回归性分析,发现不同部位脑出血危险因素为:基底节脑出血的危险因素是年龄、饮酒、吸烟、高血压、SBP、DBP、TC以及HDL;丘脑部位的危险因素是饮酒、吸烟、高血压、SBP、DBP以及HDL;脑叶部位的危险因素是饮酒、吸烟、SBP、DBP以及TC。结论不同部位脑出血危险因素有所不同,主要是吸烟、饮酒及血压偏高。临床上需根据危险因素进行相应的预防,减少脑出血给患者带来的伤害。     

急性脑梗塞与脑出血相关因素的对比研究

目的:探讨不同危险因素在脑卒中发生的情况及不同危险因素在脑梗死与脑出血间的差异。方法:将收治的卒中患者共408例,其中脑梗死281例,脑出血127例,均预先对各项资料进行编码,输入计算机数据库。所有患者均进行系统的临床和辅助检查,生化指标为集体测定,脑卒中诊断经过MRI或CT确诊。结果:1、高血压、吸烟是脑卒中最重要的危险因素。2、脑出血患者首诊舒张压(P=0．014)、缓解期舒张压(P=0．006)、HDL(P=0．034)、较脑梗塞患者高,其差别有统计学意义;其TC(P=0．047)、吸烟(P=0．007)、心脏病病史(P=0．020)、糖尿病病史(0．000)、卒中家族史(P=0．033)、心脏病家族史(P=0．040)较脑梗塞患者低或少,其差别有统计学差异。3、与脑梗塞相比,吸烟(OR=0. 226,95％CI=0．107—1．623)、糖尿病病史(OR=0．094,95％CI=0．023—2．401)、心脏病病史(OR=0．046,95％CI=0．236-0．905)对脑出血危险较小;高血压病史(OR=1．096,95％CI=0．542-0.895)是脑出血唯一危险因素。结论:高血压、吸烟是脑卒中最重要的危险因素;脑梗塞与脑出血的危险因素并不完全一致。     

脑出血后水肿体积相关危险因素分析

目的探讨脑出血后周围脑水肿严重程度与相关危险因素的关系。方法前瞻性分析河南科技大学附属黄河三门峡医院2013-01—2015-12住院诊断为自发性脑出血患者共168例。收集上述病人的基本资料,包括姓名、性别、年龄、体重指数、吸烟史、出血部位、高血压史、糖尿病史、有无合并腔隙性梗死、有无合并脑白质疏松及严重程度,实验室指标包括血脂、CRP、胱抑素C。脑出血住院患者于发病当天、发病后24h、72h、7d和14d进行头部CT扫描,计算脑出血血肿体积及周围水肿体积,分析脑出血周围水肿体积的严重程度与相关危险因素的关系。结果 (1)168例入选的脑出血患者,发病当天脑出血平均体积(16.22±5.13)mL,随着发病时间延长,脑血肿体积逐渐缩小,水肿指数随时间延长逐渐增加,7d时达最高峰,14d下降明显。(2)对发病1周时水肿指数相关因素进行单因素分析结果显示:体重指数(P=0.004)、高血压史及其程度(P=0.021)、糖尿病史(P=0.039)、CRP(P=0.018)、脑白质病变(P=0.008)对脑出血1周时幕上脑出血后周围水肿指数影响差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 (1)脑出血后血肿周周围水肿严重程度随时间进展逐渐增加,7d时达最高峰,之后逐渐下降。(2)脑出血1周时周围水肿严重程度与体质量指数、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、脑白质疏松严重程度、CRP相关。     

代谢综合征与急性脑血管病的关系

目的探讨代谢综合征(MS)与急性血管病(ACVD)的关系。方法选取我院收治的ACVD患者137例为ACVD组,选取同期收治的非急性脑血管病患者50例为对照组,分析ACVD亚型代谢紊乱情况,分析MS及相关因子与ACVD的关系。结果脑梗死组3种代谢紊乱的几率为62.96%,较脑出血组的25.93%高,脑梗死组1种代谢紊乱的几率为33.33%,较脑出血的52.38%低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);脑出血、脑梗死患者中心性肥胖、高血压、高血脂、高TG、低HDL-C、MS发生率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,高血压是脑出血独立危险因素;高血压、高血糖、高TG及MS是脑梗死独立危险因素。结论 MS、高血糖、高血压等是脑梗死的独立危险因素,高血压是脑出血的危险因素。     

急性缺血性与出血性脑卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的 探讨各种危险因素在脑卒中患者中的构成比,并对脑梗死与脑出血的危险因素进行比较,为脑卒中防治提供依据.方法 收集1995-2002年福建医科大学附属第一医院急性脑卒中住院病例1875例,其中缺血性脑卒中1504例,出血性脑卒中371例;男1216例,女659例;平均年龄(73.42±10.35)岁,对两种脑卒中类型的多种危险因素进行描述性对比分析研究.结果 高血压、脉压增大是本组脑卒中患者突出的危险因素.相对于脑出血,与脑梗死相关更密切的危险因素依次是房颤(OR=3.942)、糖尿病(OR=3.674)、肥胖(OR=3.647)、高纤维蛋白原(OR=2.781)、高血压家族史(OR=2.573)、高LDL-C(OR=2.167)、高甘油三酯(OR=1.976)、吸烟(OR=1.849)、年龄增大(OR=1.588)、低Apo A(OR=1.460)(P＜0.05).相对脑梗死,仅高血压(OR=0.545)和饮酒(OR=0.662)与脑出血有更显著的相关性(P＜0.05).除共同危险因素外,高尿酸血症和低HDL-C血症与男性脑梗死关系更密切,而肥胖、高LDL-C及高纤维蛋白原血症与女性脑梗死相关性更强.结论 高血压、饮酒是脑出血患者主要的危险因素.相对于脑出血,与脑梗死相关密切的危险因素除了高血压外,依次为房颤、糖尿病、肥胖、高纤维蛋白原、高血压家族史、高LDL-C等.不同危险因素对男女脑梗死的影响不同.     

体检人群新发脑出血相关危险因素分析——一项来自社区的观察性研究

目的分析我国北方体检人群中新发脑出血相关危险因素及特征。方法连续性纳入2006年6月-2007年10月开滦社区的体检者,基线期完善问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检查。每24个月对所有受检者进行一次面对面随访,截至2015年12月31日,记录所有受检者随访期间新发卒中事件类型及时间。将脑出血组和对照组的一般临床资料、既往病史、体检、实验室检查结果等进行比较,采用Cox比例风险回归模型评估新发脑出血的预测因子并进行分析。结果研究最终纳入受检者94 993例,随访期间发生卒中事件者3568例(3.8%),其中脑出血事件者746例(0.8%)。在脑出血患者中,男性、高龄、低收入、低学历、高BMI、高血压、糖尿病、脂代谢紊乱和心房颤动病史与对照组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。校正相关因素后,高收缩压(HR1.026,95%CI 1.018~1.035,P0.0001)、高舒张压(HR 1.040,95%CI 1.026~1.055,P0.0001)与高血糖(HR 1.127,95%CI 1.046~1.215,P=0.0017)是新发脑出血事件的独立危险因素。结论男性、高龄、低收入、低学历、高BMI、脂代谢紊乱、高血压和糖尿病均可增加脑出血风险,其中高血压和高血糖水平是脑出血的独立危险因素。     

High ethanol consumption as risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage in young and middle-aged people

We examined the prevalence of high ethanol intake, hypertension, and other risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in a case-control study of 24 young and middle-aged patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. We recorded ethanol consumption, history of hypertension, liver disease, cigarette smoking, and mild or severe coagulation disorder in each case of intracerebral hemorrhage and in 48 control patients matched by sex and age. In univariate matched analyses, the frequencies of high ethanol intake (p = 0.009), hypertension (p = 0.05), and coagulation disorder (p = 0.05) were higher in the cases than in the controls. After controlling for possible confounding factors, we found that high ethanol intake and hypertension were the only independent risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The hemorrhagic lesion found in cases with a high ethanol intake tended to be located in the cerebral lobes (p = 0.01), contrasting with the typical basal ganglia location of hypertensive hematomas (p = 0.009). We conclude that chronic, high ethanol intake should be considered as an important risk factor for lobar hematomas in young and middle-aged people.     

脑出血早期血肿扩大的临床特点及相关因素分析

目的分析脑出血后早期血肿增大的临床特点,探讨其相关危险因素及防治策略。方法 492例脑出血患者,根据病情演变及脑CT变化,分为血肿增大组和血肿稳定组,对两组患者病史、临床特点、生化指标及头颅CT特征进行对比分析。结果 492例患者中,114例出现血肿增大,发生率为23.17%;不规则血肿、肝功能异常、肾功能异常、凝血功能异常、长期饮酒者的患者易发生血肿扩大,两组比较有差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑出血后血肿增大多发生在24h内,肝、肾功能受损、凝血功能异常、长期饮酒者可能为血肿增大的主要危险因素。     

Dietary and other risk factors for stroke in Hawaiian Japanese men

As part of an on-going longitudinal study, 7895 men of Japanese ancestry living on the island of Oahu, aged 45-68 and free of evidence of prior stroke at entry examination, have been followed by re-examinations and surveillance. During ten years of follow-up 154 men developed thromboembolic stroke, 65 developed intracranial hemorrhage, and 19 developed stroke of unknown type. There were 79 deaths attributed to stroke. The independent risk factors for thrombo-embolic stroke were elevated blood pressure, glucose intolerance, age, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or strain, cigarette smoking and proteinuria. Attributes associated with increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage were age, elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, serum uric acid and, inversely, serum cholesterol level. Electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or strain significantly increased the risk of cerebral hemorrhage, but was not associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In univariate analysis, there was an inverse relation between dietary fat intake and thrombo-embolic and total stroke incidence. An inverse relation was also shown between protein intake and total stroke incidence. These dietary relations became statistically not significant in multivariate analysis. No relation was found between salt intake and the incidence of stroke.     

Serum cholesterol and hemorrhagic stroke in the Honolulu Heart Program

During an average 18 years of follow-up for 7,850 Japanese-American men in Hawaii who were free of stroke at entry, 116 developed hemorrhagic stroke (subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage). There was a significant (p = 0.001) inverse association between serum cholesterol and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage but not of subarachnoid hemorrhage. This inverse association was nonlinear, with a higher incidence rate only for men with serum cholesterol in the lowest quintile (less than 189 mg/dl). The relative risk (lowest quintile/other four quintiles) was 2.55 (95% confidence interval 1.58-4.12) after controlling for age, blood pressure, serum uric acid, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. There was no evidence for an interaction between blood pressure and serum cholesterol, although the inverse association was stronger for normotensive than for hypertensive men. Public health implications would differ in different countries depending on the relative frequency of intracerebral hemorrhage and on the distribution of serum cholesterol levels in the population.     

脑出血后发生迟发性脑水肿的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨脑出血后发生迟发性脑水肿的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析本院神经内科2012年7月～2014年6月158例非手术治疗的脑出血患者的临床资料,根据患者脑水肿情况分为迟发性脑水肿组(观察组73例)和非迟发性脑水肿组(对照组85例),对可能影响脑出血后发生迟发性脑水肿的因素危险因素进行单因素和多因素Logistical回归分析。结果 单因素分析表明2组患者年龄、高血压和吸烟史、美国国立卫生研究卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分、血糖值、纤维蛋白原、基质金属蛋白酶9(Matrix Metalloproteinases 9,MMP-9)、出血量有明显的差异(P<0.05); 多因素Logistical回归分析表明纤维蛋白原,MMP-9,NIHSS评分、血糖水平及出血量是脑出血后发生迟发性脑水肿的独立危险因素。结论 纤维蛋白原,MMP-9,NIHSS评分,血糖水平及出血量是脑出血后发生迟发性脑水肿的独立危险因素。     

Intracerebral hemorrhage versus infarction: Stroke severity,risk factors,and prognosis

The purpose of this study was to compare stroke severity, risk factors, and prognosis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage versus infarction. We prospectively studied 1,000 unselected patients with acute stroke of a verified type in the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurological deficits and functional disabilities were evaluated weekly from the time of acute admission throughout the rehabilitation period. Eighty-eight (9%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. The relative frequency of intracerebral hemorrhage rose exponentially with increasing stroke severity. In multivariate analyses, stroke type had no influence on mortality, neurological outcome, functional outcome, or the time course of recovery. Initial stroke severity was the all-important prognostic factor. The relative importance of hypertension and blood pressure on admission was not greater for intracerebral hemorrhage than for infarction. No preponderance was found between type of stroke and sex, age, and smoking. Diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and elevated serum total cholesterol level all favored cerebral infarction as opposed to intracerebral hemorrhage. We conclude that the type of stroke per se has no influence on stroke prognosis in general; the extent of the injury is decisive. The poorer prognosis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage is due to the increase in frequency of intracerebral hemorrhage with increasing stroke severity. The likelihood of cerebral infarction occuring as opposed to intracerebral hemorrhage seems increased fivefold in stroke patients with diabetes. Hypertension and blood pressure on admission were not predictors of stroke type.     

Therapeutic Strategies in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage is a devastating disease, and no specific therapy has been proven to reduce mortality in a randomized controlled trial. However, management in a neuroscience intensive care unit does appear to improve outcomes, suggesting that many available therapies do in fact provide benefit. In the acute phase of intracerebral hemorrhage care, strategies aimed at minimizing ongoing bleeding include reversal of anticoagulation and modest blood pressure reduction. In addition, the monitoring and regulation of glucose levels, temperature, and, in selected cases, intracranial pressure are recommended by many groups. Selected patients may benefit from hematoma evacuation or external ventricular drainage. Ongoing clinical trials are examining aggressive blood pressure management, hemostatic therapy, platelet transfusion, stereotactic hematoma evacuation, and intraventricular thrombolysis. Finally, preventing recurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage is of pivotal importance, and tight blood pressure management is paramount.     

脑出血患者早期血肿扩大相关危险因素的临床分析

目的探讨脑出血后早期血肿增大的相关危险因素。方法299例脑出血患者,根据病情演变及脑CT变化,分为血肿增大组和血肿稳定组,对两组患者病史、临床特点、生化指标及头颅CT特征进行对比分析。结果299例患者中,69例出现血肿增大,发生率为23%,其中23例发生在24h内;基底节区不规则血肿、血压持续升高、肝功能受损、大量饮酒及长期口服抗血小板聚集药物的患者,易发生血肿扩大,两组比较有显著性差异(P(0.05)。结论脑出血后血肿增大多发生在24h内,长期口服抗血小板聚集药物、发病后血压持续增高、肝功能受损可能为血肿增大的主要危险因素。     

非高血压脑出血病因学研究进展

在非高血压性ICH病因中，脑血管结构病变如脑AVMs、海绵状血管瘤、rete MCA等可能通过 病变局部血管结构及血流动力学的变化导致患者ICH风险增加；抗凝药和溶栓药物的应用可能通过 改变患者血液凝结状态导致ICH；目前还发现抗抑郁药物等其他药物也有潜在导致患者ICH发生的风 险，其机制尚不明确。研究还发现，一些全身性因素如血糖异常、肝功能异常，甚至儿童时期的生长 暴露也可能影响患者的ICH风险。