宫腔镜在绝经期无症状子宫内膜增厚诊疗中的应用

目的分析宫腔镜诊治绝经期无症状子宫内膜增厚的临床价值。方法收集2009年5月至2012年4月经阴道超声(TVS)提示子宫内膜增厚≥5 mm,但无临床症状的绝经期妇女83例,所有妇女均施行了宫腔镜检查及内膜病理学检查。比较TVS和宫腔镜检查对绝经期无症状子宫内膜增厚的诊断价值。结果宫腔镜检查提示子宫内膜病变43例(51.8%)中,经病理诊断证实萎缩性内膜1例,增殖期内膜4例,非典型增生7例(包括轻度非典型增生5例,中度非典型增生2例),子宫内膜癌2例。宫腔镜检查提示正常内膜40例(48.2%)中,内膜炎1例,单纯性增生2例,宫腔粘连1例。TVS检查的特异性为46.3%,敏感性为68.3%,阳性预测值为56.0%,阴性预测值为59.4%。而宫腔镜检查分别为87.8%,92.7%,88.4%,92.3%。子宫内膜厚度5~10 mm组及≥11 mm组,子宫内膜癌及癌前病变发生(χ~2=23.170,P=0.000)和肥胖(χ~2=12.386,P=0.000)有显著性差异。结论绝经期无症状子宫内膜增厚≥5 mm的妇女,单纯以TVS作为其内膜病变的筛查方法具有一定的诊断价值,但存在较高的假阳性率且特异性较差。宫腔镜检查对于无症状子宫内膜病变的诊断和治疗具有创伤小,安全性高,特异性强的特点,宜作为有效的诊疗工具之一。     

宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移的临床应用价值

目的探讨宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移的临床应用价值。方法选取100例胃癌患者,患者术前先经螺旋CT扫描,间隔1个小时后,经宝石能谱CT扫描。观察并记录两组患者宝石能谱CT诊断结果及螺旋CT诊断结果 ,宝石能谱CT上淋巴结长径和淋巴结强化程度不同的诊断结果 ,评价宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移的诊断效果。结果宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感度为91.2%(73/80),特异度为90.0%(18/20),诊断符合率91.0%(91/100),螺旋CT诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感度为76.3%(61/80),特异度为55.0%(11/20),诊断符合率72.0%(72/100),当转移性淋巴结长径≥8mm时,与病理诊断结果一致性较高(κ值0.842)。当强化程度差值≥80 Hu时,与病理诊断结果一致性较高(κ值0.856)。结论宝石能谱CT对胃癌转移性淋巴结具有较高的诊断率,特异性和敏感度较高,以淋巴结长径≥8 mm及淋巴结强化密度差值≥80 Hu为诊断淋巴结转移阳性的标准,能提高判断淋巴结是否转移的准确性。     

16层螺旋CT对冠状动脉疾病的诊断价值

目的评价16层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉疾病的准确性及局限性. 方法20例患者做16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像(回顾性心电门控、0.42s螺旋扫描),并与常规冠状动脉造影对照. 结果在20例患者的136个节段(血管直径≥2mm)中,CT图像能满足诊断要求的有122个节段(占89.7%).对于CT图像能满足诊断要求的冠状动脉节段,显示中度或中度以上狭窄的敏感度和特异度分别为87.5%和96.6%.若将不能满足诊断要求的14个节段包括在内,则显示中度或中度以上狭窄的敏感度为77.7%. 结论在冠状动脉中高度狭窄的诊断上,16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像是一种有效的无创性诊断方法.局限性是时间分辨率较低,伪影的影响不可避免.     

128层螺旋CT诊断糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症临床探讨

目的探析128层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在诊断糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症中的临床应用价值。方法选取该院2012年12月—2014年12月收治的63例糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化闭塞患者作为研究对象,并对63例患者进行128层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查,对其检查结果以及患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 128层螺旋CT诊断63例糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化闭塞患者的冠状动脉狭窄性病变≥70%、70%且≥50%以及50%的敏感性分别为91.5%、95.1%、84.5%;冠状动脉狭窄性病变≥70%、70%且≥50%以及50%的特异性分别为96.3%、95.4%、93.6%;冠状动脉狭窄性病变≥70%、70%且≥50%以及50%的阳性预测值分别为89.1%、93.6%、76.2%;冠状动脉狭窄性病变≥70%、70%且≥50%以及50%的阴性预测值分别为97.2%、96.3%、95.4%。结论 128层螺旋CT应用于糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症中诊断冠状动脉狭窄性病变具有其较高的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值以及阴性预测值,故具有其临床应用价值。     

主动脉夹层动脉瘤的螺旋CT诊断

为评价主动脉夹层动脉瘤的螺旋CT表现及诊断价值 ,选择 2 3例主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者共进行了 2 5人次螺旋CT检查 ,层厚 10mm、螺距为 1.5。CT影像表现按特异性和非特异性征象进行分析。结果发现 ,特异性征象显示 :主动脉真假双腔 2 2例 (95 .7% ) ,分离移位的内膜瓣 2 2例 (95 .7% ) ;非特异性征象显示 :主动脉不规则扩张 2 3例 (10 0 % ) ,主动脉壁增厚钙化 2 1例 (91.3% ) ,附壁血栓 4例 (17.4% ) ,诊断准确率 95 .7%。提示螺旋CT是评价和诊断主动脉夹层动脉瘤有效的影像学检查方法。     

64排螺旋CT对冠心病的诊断价值分析

目的：探讨64排螺旋 CT 冠脉成像（CTA）对冠心病的诊断价值。方法分析2012年12月-2013年12月确诊或疑诊冠心病患者,在本院进行64排螺旋CT冠脉成像检查,行冠脉造影术的200例患者影像学资料,将64排CT冠脉成像结果与冠脉造影结果进行比较,评价其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及两种检查手段对不同程度狭窄的评估对比。结果64排螺旋CT冠脉成像判断血管≥50%狭窄的敏感度94.04%,特异度93.96%,阳性预测值90.80%,阴性预测值96.46%。对冠脉狭窄程度的评估也与冠脉造影相当。结论64排螺旋CT冠脉成像对冠心病的诊断有很高的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,具有广泛的临床应用价值。     

非低张状态下双体位多层螺旋CT三维重建技术对胃癌的诊断价值

目的探讨双体位多层螺旋CT（MSCT）三维重建技术对胃癌的诊断价值。方法采用16层螺旋CT对30例经胃镜及病理证实的胃癌患者（早期4例,进展期26例）术前行非低张状态下双体位扫描：口服产气粉后平扫采用仰卧位,增强扫描采用病侧抬高斜卧位,采用CT仿真胃镜（CTVG）、多平面重建（MPR）等重建技术分析结果,并与手术病理结果对照。结果MSCT扫描及三维重建图像能清晰显示进展期胃癌病灶的形态、大小、与周围组织的结构及其淋巴结、远处脏器转移情况,主要表现为胃壁局部厚度,病灶表面可见不规则凹陷、环形隆起等,部分病例见管腔狭窄,增强后病灶中等至明显强化,与手术病理诊断结果的符合率为92．30％;早期胃癌中2例表现为胃壁局限性轻度增厚,中等强化;另2例胃壁厚度及黏膜均未见异常,符合率仅为50．00％;本组总符合率为86．67％。结论双体位多层螺旋CT三维重建技术是诊断进展期胃癌安全、无创的方法,能为外科手术提供解剖信息及术前病灶定位图像。     

原发性胃淋巴瘤的CT表现及误诊原因

目的: 总结原发性胃淋巴瘤的CT表现及误诊原因,提高其CT诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析经病理确诊的22例原发性胃淋巴瘤的CT表现及其中13例误诊原因.结果:病变累及胃窦、体及底部2个或3个部位20例,仅累及1个部位2例.CT表现为胃壁增厚(6mm-60mm)21例,仅表现为多发结节1例(4.5%).伴有肿块2例,多发溃疡8例.胃壁黏膜线破坏16例,黏膜线完整11例.胃壁增厚的21例中6例既有较薄的胃壁分层强化,又有较厚的胃壁黏膜破坏,胃腔可扩张、无明显狭窄15例.CT误诊为浸润型胃癌11例,间质瘤1例,将多发结节误诊为正常黏膜1例.结论:原发性胃淋巴瘤的CT表现为多累及2个或3个部位的胃壁增厚,初期因黏膜完整胃壁呈分层强化,胃腔可扩张或无狭窄,CT易误诊为浸润型胃癌.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像与冠状动脉造影对冠心病诊断价值的对比研究

目的评价64层螺旋CT在冠状动脉造影方面的诊断价值。方法58例临床诊断或可疑冠心病患者行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查,分别对左主干、左前降支、回旋支和右冠状动脉及其分支的重建图像行影像学评价,所有患者均行常规选择性冠状动脉造影检查作为对照。结果58例患者共757(87.0%)节段的冠状动脉(血管直径≥1.5 mm)成像,638节段(84.3%)可用于多层螺旋CT和冠状动脉造影定量分析。冠状动脉造影共发现狭窄101节段,多层螺旋CT发现狭窄104节段,多层螺旋CT对冠状动脉狭窄诊断的敏感性为86.1%,特异性为96.8%。结论64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影可作为诊断冠状动脉病变的一种无创筛选方法。     

弥漫性胸膜疾病的临床影像特征

目的探讨弥漫性胸膜病变(DPD)的CT影像特征,方法分析经临床、手术及病理或胸膜活检证实的90例DPD的CT征像。其中,恶性病变36例,良性病变54例。结果 (1)36例恶性病变的CT特征为结节状胸膜增厚、环状胸膜增厚、壁层胸膜增厚超过10 mm及纵膈胸膜受累。此四种胸膜改变的特异性为100%、96%、91%和89%,敏感性分别为72%、53%、67%和47%。(2)54例良性病变的CT特征为带状胸膜增厚、线状粘连胸膜增厚及胸膜钙化。此三种胸膜改变的特异性为100%、100%和97%。结论 CT有助于了解DPD的内部结构及毗邻关系,对胸膜病变的良、恶性鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.