颞浅动脉额支的观测及其临床意义

目的为颞动脉活检提供颞浅动脉额支相关的解剖学资料。方法对16具防腐成人尸体标本进行解剖,对颞浅动脉额支进行相关的解剖学观测、测量。结果①颞浅动脉额支在起点和末梢分叉点之间的长度为(45.93±7.29)mm;②颞浅动脉额支在起点和末梢分叉点的坐标值分别为(22.95±3.81,17.32±4.54)mm和(59.93±8.94,37.48±5.37)mm;③颞浅动脉额支在起点和末梢分叉点之间直线相关,直线回归方程为y赞=7.06+0.50X,相关系数r=0.68,P<0.001。结论深入了解颞浅动脉额支的解剖学特点及其与周围结构的解剖学关系,有利于颞动脉活检中颞浅动脉额支的定位及防止周围结构的损伤。     

颞动脉活检中颞浅动脉额支定位的应用解剖

目的为颞动脉活检中颞浅动脉额支的定位提供解剖学基础。方法对16具防腐成人尸体标本进行解剖,建立坐标定点测量颞浅动脉额支的位置。结果①标志点A～E的坐标值分别为(22.95±3.81,17.32±4.54)mm、(27.02±0.78,19.96±6.86)mm、(40.54±1.18,28.44±4.95)mm、(54.07±1.59,33.27±6.02)mm和(59.93±8.94,37.48±5.37)mm;②颞浅动脉额支在B点和D点之间的长度为(31.45±4.52)mm;③颞浅动脉额支在B点和D点之间呈直线相关,直线回归方程为Y=6.56+0.49X,r=0.73,P﹤0.001。结论颞浅动脉额支在B、D两点之间是适合颞动脉活检的部位。     

面神经额支的定义及与颞部软组织层次关系

目的:阐明面神经额支的定义及与颞部软组织层次的关系,为相关手术预防额支损伤提供解剖学基础。方法:16具防腐和2具新鲜成人尸体头部标本分别进行显微解剖和组织切片,观测面神经额支穿出腮腺的位置点、数目以及与颞部软组织层次的关系。结果:(1)面神经颞支有(2.6±0.8)支,其中额支有(2.1±0.7)支,颞支在耳屏间切迹前(17.6±5.2)、上(7.2±2.3)mm处出腮腺上缘;(2)在颧弓表面,面神经额支与颞浅血管走行在与颞浅筋膜及骨膜结合紧密的疏松结缔组织层中;在颞部,颞浅血管浅出至颞浅筋膜的浅面并被其包绕,而额支始终紧贴颞浅筋膜深面走行在疏松结缔组织中。结论:(1)面神经额支是支配额肌的颞支之一,分布到骨性额部即颧额缝以上、冠状缝与颞上线相交点以前的区域。(2)在颧弓一颞部的皮下脂肪层与颞浅筋膜之间,或在颧弓骨膜下一颞深筋膜浅层深面解剖分离不易损伤面神经额支。     

颧面部缩小术中耳颞部辅助切口设计的应用解剖学

目的:研究颞浅动脉额支、面神经额支的行程和颞下颌关节的位置,探讨三者的解剖学关系,为颧面部缩小手术中设计耳颞部辅助切口提供解剖学依据。方法:对14例防腐成人尸体(28侧)和2例新鲜成人尸体(4侧)头部标本进行解剖,建立坐标系观察并测量颞浅动脉额支、面神经颞支的走向和颞下颌关节位置,并分析三者关系。结果:①在耳屏点X轴和眉外端B作X轴平行线之间,颞浅动脉额支总走行在面神经额支后上方,面神经额支走向角度与颞浅动脉额支基本一致。在耳屏点与眉外端上方30m m处(TE)连线的区域以下为面神经额支分布区域,在该连线的垂直方向上可获得面神经额支最上支与颞浅动脉之间最远距离为(22.32±9.16)m m,分布范围在耳上基点前(32.68±7.53)m m;②颞下颌关节盘前缘距关节结节止点距离为(3.40±0.75)m m,在耳屏点前(18.60±3.60)m m。结论:在TE连线后上方,无血管搏动的发际内作平行TE连线的切口,可有效避免神经血管损伤;在关节结节止点前至少5 m m的距离外(约耳屏前25 m m处)截骨,避免进入颞下颌关节腔内损伤关节盘。     

面神经颞支的层次特点及临床意义

目的：探讨额颞区不同手术层面面神经分支的保护方法。方法：在３６侧成人头面部标本上，对面神经颞支的层次特点以及在颧弓和人肌点的位置进行了观察与定位。结果：①面神经颞支离开腮腺后向上跨过颧弓进入颞区，位于颞浅筋膜和颞深筋膜浅层之间；到达额肌时，位于额肌的深层；②面神经颞支通常有１～４支，在颧弓上缘处，分别距颧弓后端８．１±２．１ｍｍ、１２．６±１．９ｍｍ、１７．５±１．９ｍｍ和１７．８±２．１ｍｍ，均经过颧弓全长的后１／２部分。结论：根据手术层面不同，面部深层面手术应注意对颞区面神经分支的保护。     

逆行颞顶筋膜瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨逆行颞顶筋膜瓣临床应用的可行性。方法：①在12侧成人头颅标本上,对颞顶筋膜的形态和血供进行巨微解剖观测。②分别以颞浅动脉的额支或顶支或额、顶支双蒂设计逆行颞顶筋膜瓣应用于临床修复头颅深度软组织缺损。结果：①颞顶筋膜主要由颞浅动脉供血,额支与顶支是颞浅动脉的终末分支,颞浅动脉经额支、顶支与耳后动脉、枕动脉、眶上动脉、滑车上动脉及对侧颞浅动脉有丰富吻合。颞浅静脉由静脉额支和静脉顶支汇合而成,动、静脉额支及可动、静脉顶支基本伴行。②临床应用6例逆行颞顶筋膜瓣均获成功。结论：逆行颞顶筋膜瓣供血可靠,具有采取方便、供区隐蔽等优点,适用于额、顶、枕等处深度软组织缺损的修复。     

颞浅动脉额支的定位观测及其对眉再造的意义

目的：为颞浅动脉额支岛状头皮瓣再造眉提供解剖学基础。方法：解剖６３侧成人头面部标本,建立坐标定点测量颞浅血管额支的位置。结果：①颞浅动脉额支Ｅ点的ｘ值与Ｃ点的ｘ值呈直线相关,＾ｙ＝－２．８２＋０．８８ｘ。②颞浅动脉额支在ＡＢ、ＤＥ、ＥＦ段的倾斜角分别为４７．１°±１８．９°、８４．４°±３３．７°、７６．９°±１２．８°。③颞浅动脉额支在Ａ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｈ点与同名静脉间的距离分别为６．１±３．６ｍｍ、８．６±５．２ｍｍ、１０．４±７．３ｍｍ、１９．８±８．９ｍｍ。结论：①颞浅动脉额支Ｅ点可作为血管蒂旋转轴点;②选择扇形血管蒂有利于血运。     

除皱术中以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支的解剖学基础

目的探讨以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支解剖学依据.方法选用防腐固定1 0例(20侧)新鲜标本5例(10侧),解剖观察颞浅动脉额支的走行分布及其与颞支的毗邻关系.结果①56.7%的颞支及其终末分支均走行在颞浅动脉额支下方的颞浅筋膜深面.②43.3%的颞支1～2终末分支可在眶上缘水平以上与颞浅动脉额支平行或交叉走行在其深面,终止于额结节下方.③颞支在颧弓上缘与颞浅动脉起始部的距离为(0.7±0.3)cm,走行过程中逐级发出分支分布于眼轮匝肌外侧部,最后呈网状分布于额结节下方的眼轮匝肌与额肌交汇处,支配眼轮匝肌、额肌、皱眉肌.结论以颞浅动脉额支、颧弓和经过额结节的矢状线所围成的三角形可简便直观地定位颞支的分布,在除皱术中具有实际的应用意义.     

额顶颞区皮瓣血管的臣微解剖

在50侧成年尸体的头颅血管灌注有色填充剂,观测额顶颞区皮瓣的血管。分布于这一区域的主要血管为颞浅血管,此外耳后血管、眶上血管和滑车上血管亦参与该区的分布。颞浅动脉是最大的一支头皮动脉,分布面积占整个头皮的57.38±6.05%。额支和顶支是它的两分支。额支存在恒定,它的管径、分布面积都比顶支大,是一支优势血管。颞浅静脉是颞浅动脉的伴行静脉,静脉顶支的出现率恒定,管径比静脉额支大。统计了颞浅动脉与相邻头皮动脉间的吻合血管,为跨正中线超长皮瓣的设计提供了解剖学依据。本文讨论了以额支为血管蒂的前额瓣及以顶支为血管蒂的头皮瓣。     

面神经颞支在眼轮匝肌上部的分布特点及临床意义

目的:观测面神经颞支在眼轮匝肌上部的分布特点。方法:9例福尔马林固定的成人尸头,18侧,在腮腺内解剖出面神经主干,追踪解剖颞支从腮腺至进入眼轮匝肌处。分别测量进入眼轮匝肌的颞神经最上分支和最下分支点到以外眦、睑裂中部、内眦为坐标的垂直和水平距离。结果:颞支的分支在进入眼轮匝肌外缘(以外眦为坐标点)的最上分支为( 2.58±0.32cm, 2.89±0.32cm),最下分支为(0 cm, 2.81±0.32 cm)。Y轴上颞神经最上分支和最下分支距X轴的距离分别为在以外眦、睑裂中部、内眦为坐标点的颞神经最上分支和最下分支距X轴的距离分别为(3.53±0.39)cm和(1.14±0.15)cm,(3.87±0.38)cm和(1.26±0.10)cm,(3.22±0.39)cm和(1.02±0.14)cm。面神经颞支的分支沿眼轮匝肌纤维水平向内走行并相互分支吻合。在Y LC轴、Y MP轴、Y MC轴上分别距X轴(1.14±0.15)cm、(1.26±0.10)cm、(1.02±0.14)cm三点弧形连线以下的区域,无面神经分支分布。结论:在无面神经分布的区域,切开眼轮匝肌纤维不会损伤面神经;在眼轮匝肌深面的筋膜脂肪层进行分离可以避免面神经分支的损伤。     

Anatomical study of the variations in innervation of the orbicularis oculi by the facial nerve

While the divisions of the facial nerve in the face are well known, the innervation of the orbicularis oculi by the different distal branches of the facial nerve is poorly described. To determine which branches of the facial nerve play a role in this innervation, the facial nerve was dissected in 30 fresh cadavers. The innervation of this muscle was in the form of two plexuses, a superior one, most often (93%) formed by the union of the temporal and superior zygomatic branches, and an inferior one, usually formed (63%) by the union of the inferior zygomatic and superior buccal branches. This new mode of innervation explains how, without damage to both plexuses, innervation of orbicularis oculi by the facial nerve remains functional. It also explains the often unsatisfactory results of treatment of primary blepharospasm, and the unusual character of palsies of this muscle in cervicofacial lifts.     

家兔面神经颅外段的显微解剖

目的　探讨家兔面神经颅外段的主干及分支特点。 方法　健康家兔15只,在显微镜下解剖家兔面神经,并对其形态特点进行观测。 结果　家兔面神经出茎乳孔后分出耳后支、二腹肌支、茎突舌骨肌支及面神经主干。兔面神经主干在面部的分支有颞支、颧支、颊支、下颌缘支和颈支,其中颧支与颊支关系密切,走行过程中合成一干,然后在口角后缘分离。 结论　家兔面神经颧支与颊支在耳廓下缘前部位到口角后缘之间,分支少,神经干较粗,便于进行面神经缺损修复动物模型的建立。     

面神经颞支的应用解剖

目的确定面神经颞支的数量、走行和分布情况,为涉及面侧区和颞区的美容外科手术提供解剖学资料。方法解剖33具(66侧)成人尸体标本,探明颞支支数及走行;测量面神经颞支各分支越过颧弓下缘、外眦角等部位的距离。结果面神经颞支有4个分支,分别称为颞支Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ。除颞支Ⅳ经腮腺前缘浅出外,其余均经上缘浅出。浅出后它们立即到达颧弓浅面,其中颞支Ⅰ主要发支到达额肌深面;颞支Ⅱ主要到达额肌与眼轮匝肌交界部深面。颞支Ⅲ、Ⅳ主要发支到达眼轮匝肌深面。测量得到面神经颞支各分支越过颧弓下缘处距外眦角的距离男性分别为3.8cm、3.5cm、2.9cm、和2.8cm;女性分别为3.6cm、3.3cm、2.7cm、2.6cm。面神经颞支各分支发出部位距颧弓下缘的距离男性分别为3.0cm、3.8cm、4.0cm、4.2cm;女性分别为2.7cm、3.3cm、3.3cm、3.7cm。结论面神经颞支根据性别具有基本确定的走行及分布,为相关的美容外科手术提供了解剖学依据。     

Masseteric nerve: A possible donor for facial nerve anastomosis?

In the medical treatment of facial nerve paralysis a large number of different techniques have been developed to restore the function of the facial nerve. These include (a) the ipsilateral nerve grafting (e.g., partial hypoglossal-facial, spinal accessory-facial, partial glossopharyngeal-facial), (b) crossfacial nerve grafting and (c) temporal muscle flaps or even free muscle transfers. None of these techniques uses the masseteric nerve as a graft for reconstruction of the facial nerve. This preliminary report deals with the anatomical basis, which could lead to a new technique. The masseteric nerve leaves the infratemporal fossa through the mandibular notch, accompanied by the masseteric artery. At this level the nerve consists in nine of 36 cases studied of only one branch (25.0%), in 17 cases of two branches (47.0%), in nine cases of three (25.0%), and in the remaining case of four branches (2.8%). There are three main reasons for considering the masseteric nerve as a possible donor for at least the orbicular branch of the facial nerve: (1) The approach to the mandibular notch is quite simple; (2) since the nerve consists of two or more branches in 75.0% of the cases, severe dysfunction of the masseter muscle should not occur; (3) if there is complete denervation of the masseter muscle, its function may be taken over by the temporalis muscle. Clin. Anat. 11:396–400, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

On a complex anastomosis of the glossopharyngeal nerve in humans

The glossopharyngeal nerve shows anastomoses with the facial nerve and the sympathetic nervous system. One anastomosis extends from the interconnected stylopharyngeal branches, immediately after having perforated the muscle towards the base of skull. Cranially, varying targets of the ascending nerve can be discriminated: 1) The temporal bone. 2) The facial nerve. 3) The sympathetic nerve plexus of the internal carotid nerve. This complex anastomosis was now studied under the dissecting microscope in more detail. The investigation revealed a more complicated distribution pattern of the anastomotic nerve than previously assumed, i.e. the existence of a solitary ascending branch could only be proved in a minority of cases (seven of twenty individuals). In the majority, a delicate nerve plexus could be visualized (thirteen of twenty individuals). In the cases of an anastomosis with the facial nerve, the stylohyoid branch was observed to be the main target of the ascending nerve. Also, connections with the internal carotid nerve were seen. In addition, delicate endings of the branches were demonstrated ramifying in the styloid process or penetrating the temporal bone at other sites. The histological demonstration of ganglion cells within the ascending nerve or nerve plexus suggests parasympathetic and sensoric functions for this anastomosis.     

Skin reference point for the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle (anatomical study)

Purpose

Direct access to the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve in the parotid is less invasive and more selective than first dissecting the nerve trunk and then finding the branches. The aim of this study was to confirm the point of reference on the skin which would give direct access to the zygomatic branch for the orbicularis oculi muscle. The skin reference point studied was on the intertragic notch/external canthus line, 2.5 cm in front of the intertragic notch.

Methods

Ten fresh cadavers, and thus 20 sides of faces were dissected. The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle was accessed directly. The dissection was extended to temporofacial and cervicofacial branches and then to the trunk of the facial nerve by a retrograde path in the parotid.

Results

Twenty dissections of the parotid area confirmed the validity of the anatomical reference point of the zygomatic branch for the orbicularis oculi muscle considered.

Conclusions

The simplicity and reliability of this landmark is important in clinical practice and has numerous potential applications in surgery for rehabilitation of facial paralysis associated with VII healthy and VII affected neurorraphies, in facial paresis for superneurotizations and in traumatology.     

Anatomic landmarks of the buccal branches of the facial nerve

The aim of this study was to classify the buccal branches of the facial nerve in relation to the parotid duct and its relevance to surgical procedures such as rhytidectomy and parotid gland surgery. In this study, 30 cadaver heads (60 specimens) were dissected. The vertical and horizontal relationships between the buccal branches of the facial nerve and tragus, and parotid duct were recorded and analyzed. The buccal branches of the facial nerve were classified into four types: Type I: a single buccal branch of the facial nerve at the point of emergence from the parotid gland and inferior to the parotid duct. Type II: a single buccal branch of the facial nerve at the point of emergence from the parotid gland and superior to the parotid duct. Type III: buccal and other branches of the facial nerve formed a plexus. Type IV: two branches of buccal branch; one superior and one inferior to the duct at the point of emergence from the parotid gland. The buccal branches of the facial nerve are very vulnerable to surgical injury because of its location in the midface. For this reason, the surgeons who are willing to operate on this area should have a true knowledge about the anatomy of these branches.     

Functional morphology of the maxillomandibular apparatus in the mini-Lewe minipig. 6. Intramuscular nerve ramifications in the masticatory muscles of adult animals

The masseter muscle is innervated by branches of 3 nerves. The zygomaticomandibular muscle must be regarded as part of the masseter as it is supplied by 2 branches of the massetericus nerve. Two branches of the medial pterygoid nerve enter the medial pterygoid muscle medially. The lateral pterygoid muscle is supplied by the lateral pterygoid nerve, which enters the muscle dorsally perpendicular to the muscle fibres. Five branches of the profound temporal nerves enter the temporal muscle from the ventral and medial sides. The branches of all nerves proceed parallel to each other in the dorsal direction towards the origin of the muscle.     

小儿面神经血供的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨小儿面神经的动脉来源及分布。方法10具小儿尸体头颈部标本经双侧颈总动脉插管,加压注入红色乳胶,观察面神经的动脉来源及分布。结果面神经颅外段营养动脉来源于茎乳动脉、颞浅动脉面神经支、面横动脉、颈外动脉上面神经支、颈外动脉下面神经支、面动脉后面神经支和面动脉前面神经支。面神经颅内段营养动脉来源于茎乳动脉、脑膜中动脉的岩支、迷路动脉。结论为面神经血供来源及分布提供形态学基础,避免手术时损伤。