体外膜肺氧合辅助肺移植手术的护理配合

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助肺移植手术的护理配合措施。方法回顾总结45例终末期肺病伴肺动脉高压的患者在ECMO辅助转流下行肺移植术的手术配合措施。结果所有患者手术过程顺利,41例术毕24 h内顺利撤除ECMO,另4例术后继续使用ECMO支持。结论 ECMO是肺移植围术期支持的有效手段,可提高肺移植手术的成功率,手术室护士正确、熟练、高质量的手术配合对手术成功起着重要作用。     

肺移植术后体外膜肺氧合支持病人护理方案的制订及实施

[目的]总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持病人护理方案在肺移植术后病人中的应用经验。[方法]根据2例肺移植术后转入重症监护室(ICU)后的指尖血氧、动脉血氧分压、氧合指数、ECMO参数、体位、足背动脉搏动情况及24 h后所监测的激活全血凝固时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间进行综合分析,制订专业化、精细化的护理方案。[结果]2例在ICU住院期间未发生管道反折、出血、感染、脱出、堵管等并发症,ECMO管道按计划撤除。2例成功撤除ECMO、拔除人工气道,病情明显好转后转入胸外科病房继续治疗。[结论]在肺移植术后ECMO支持病人的护理方案中,镇静、镇痛是基础,ECMO运转过程的观察与护理是保障,活化凝血时间(ACT)或部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)的监测是最后防线。     

ECMO辅助肺移植围术期的护理配合

目的总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助肺移植手术的护理配合经验。方法对45例终末期肺病伴肺动脉高压的患者进行充分的术前准备,在肺移植术中应用了ECMO辅助转流,其中单肺移植21例,双肺移植24例。所有患者行右侧股动静脉置管ECMO辅助转流。转流期间维持激活凝血时间(ACT)160～200s,ECMO流量控制在1.8～2.5L/(m2.min)。术中严密细致地做好各项监测及护理配合。受者术后在氧合和血流动力学平稳后撤除ECMO。结果所有受者手术过程顺利,41例在移植术后顺利撤除ECMO;4例术后继续使用ECMO支持。结论ECMO可安全有效地用于肺移植术中的呼吸循环辅助,提高肺移植手术的成功率。充分的术前准备、术中全面的监测、娴熟的手术配合和合理的供肺保存是手术成功的关键因素之一,台上、台下严格的无菌技术操作,消毒隔离制度的管理是手术成功的保证。     

1例双肺序贯移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合技术的护理

目的 总结1例同种异体双肺序贯移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合技术(ECMO)应用的护理经验.方法 对1例32岁男性患者施行双肺序贯移植术,手术中因血流动力学不稳定紧急建立体外循环(CPB),并在术后转为体外膜肺氧合(ECMO).结果 术后7 d中患者在ECMO支持下可以维持较理想的实验室检查结果,但终因左主支气管吻合口瘘和多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)于术后第9天死亡.结论 ECMO作为肺移植术后呼吸支持,可以较好地控制移植后双肺的再灌注,有效改善术后肺功能.     

1例双肺序贯移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合技术的护理

目的总结1例同种异体双肺序贯移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合技术(ECMO)应用的护理经验。方法对1例32岁男性患者施行双肺序贯移植术,手术中因血流动力学不稳定紧急建立体外循环(CPB),并在术后转为体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)。结果术后7d中患者在ECMO支持下可以维持较理想的实验室检查结果,但终因左主支气管吻合口瘘和多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)于术后第9天死亡。结论ECMO作为肺移植术后呼吸支持,可以较好地控制移植后双肺的再灌注,有效改善术后肺功能。     

终末期肺病患者肺移植术后ICU内的护理

目的 总结24例终末期肺病患者肺移植术后ICU内的护理经验。方法 收集2020年6月-2022年2月本中心24例终末期肺病行肺移植术后患者ICU内的临床资料,对患者术后体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对心肺功能桥接支持的护理、心肺适应期循环管理的护理配合、移植肺正压通气呼吸支持策略及肺移植术后患者症状群护理要点进行分析总结。结果 24例肺移植患者中,18例患者预后良好,3例患者术后发生并发症长期住院治疗,围手术期(术后30 d内)死亡1例,术后30 d以上因并发症死亡2例。结论 在终末期肺病患者肺移植术后ICU内的护理过程中,积极开展以护士为主导的多学科团队合作管理,尤其注意密切监测患者心肺功能,并及时反馈给医疗团队,做好ECMO备用机的管理以及紧急床旁调整ECMO模式的配合工作,关注患者心肺适应期特殊循环状态的护理要点,熟悉移植肺的特点及正压通气呼吸支持策略,通过监测和不断调整为患者提供最佳的呼吸支持,同时及时评估患者可能出现的症状群并予以干预,对患者的预后至关重要。     

1例六氟丁二烯中毒致重症呼吸衰竭患者的护理

总结了1例长期应用高流量体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO）救治六氟丁二烯中毒致重症呼吸衰竭患者的护理经验。护理要点包括气胸的护理,高流量ECMO支持下多次院内转运的安全护理,高流量ECMO支持下多次转换模式及更换氧合器的护理,并发症的护理和抽搐的护理。患者使用ECMO长达44 d,经精心治疗和护理,顺利完成肺移植并成功撤除ECMO,病情好转康复中。     

复合保温对体外膜肺氧合辅助肺移植术中体温的影响研究

目的探讨复合保温模式对体外膜肺氧合辅助肺移植术中体温的影响。方法将40例体外膜肺氧合辅助肺移植术患者随机分为实验组和对照组两组,每组20例,所有患者均采用脉搏指示连续心排血量监测(Pi CCO)记录体核温度,观察两组患者在手术过程中体温易于降低的四个阶段,即全麻开始阶段、ECMO转流开始阶段、供肺移植阶段、移植肺开放阶段的体温变化。结果比较两组患者在全麻开始阶段、ECMO转流开始阶段、供肺移植阶段、移植肺开放阶段,Pi CCO监护仪上的体核温度数据,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组患者体温均保持在36℃以上。结论复合保温模式在ECMO辅助肺移植术中能有效维持患者体温稳定在正常范围之内,对手术室护理工作具有指导意义,保障了ECMO辅助肺移植术的安全性。     

心脏移植术后体外膜肺氧合支持治疗的监护

总结了10例心脏移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗的护理经验。10例心脏移植术后出现急性供心衰竭行ECMO辅助治疗,术后监测心电图、血流动力学变化、体温、尿量、引流液、活化凝血时间(ACT)、肝肾功能、游离血红蛋白、胶渗压情况。9例痊愈出院,病死1例,ECMO辅助时间40-824h,床旁超声心动图(UCG)评价心功能得到恢复,移植术后ECMO辅助100h顺利撤除,远期随访结果满意。ECMO支持治疗期间加强心肺功能监护,合理调整呼吸机参数,加强肺部及呼吸道护理,加强心律失常、出血、栓塞、感染、压疮等并发症的防治,可明显降低心脏移植术后危重症患者的病死率。     

1例体外膜肺氧合联合肺移植救治百草枯中毒病人的护理

介绍1例因百草枯中毒后行体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗过渡,成功等待供体进行双肺移植并顺利康复出院病人的护理。进行肺移植前后做好体外膜肺氧合治疗时的相关护理,做好肺移植前无菌环境及用物的准备;肺移植术后做好循环系统、呼吸系统的监测及护理等以及排斥反应的观察、预防感染等护理。病人经过上述护理干预结合后续的康复治疗后顺利出院。     

Extracorporeal life support as bridge to lung transplantation: a systematic review

IntroductionPatients with acute respiratory failure requiring respiratory support with invasive mechanical ventilation while awaiting lung transplantation are at a high risk of death. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been proposed as an alternative bridging strategy to mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to assess the current evidence regarding how the ECMO bridge influences patients’ survival and length of hospital stay.MethodsWe performed a systematic review by searching PubMed, EMBASE and the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Three reviewers independently screened citation titles and abstracts and agreement was reached by consensus. We selected studies enrolling patients who received ECMO with the intention to bridge lung transplant. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case–control studies and case series with ten or more patients. Outcomes of interest included survival and length of hospital stay. Quantitative data summaries were made when feasible.ResultsWe identified 82 studies, of which 14 were included in the final analysis. All 14 were retrospective studies which enrolled 441 patients in total. Because of the broad heterogeneity among the studies we did not perform a meta-analysis. The mortality rate of patients on ECMO before lung transplant and the one-year survival ranged from 10% to 50% and 50% to 90%, respectively. The intensive care and hospital length of stay ranged between a median of 15 to 47 days and 22 to 47 days, respectively. There was a general paucity of high-quality data and significant heterogeneity among studies in the enrolled patients and technology used, which confounded analysis.ConclusionsIn most of the studies, patients on ECMO while awaiting lung transplantation also received invasive mechanical ventilation. Therefore, whether ECMO as an alternative, rather than an adjunction, to invasive mechanical ventilation is a better bridging strategy to lung transplantation still remains an unresolved issue. ECMO support as a bridge for these patients could provide acceptable one-year survival. Future studies are needed to investigate ECMO as part of an algorithm of care for patients with end-stage lung disease.     

Extracorporeal life support devices and strategies for management of acute cardiorespiratory failure in adult patients: a comprehensive review

Evolution of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) technology has added a new dimension to the intensive care management of acute cardiac and/or respiratory failure in adult patients who fail conventional treatment. ECLS also complements cardiac surgical and cardiology procedures, implantation of long-term mechanical cardiac assist devices, heart and lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Available ECLS therapies provide a range of options to the multidisciplinary teams who are involved in the time-critical care of these complex patients. While venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide complete respiratory support, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal facilitates protective lung ventilation and provides only partial respiratory support. Mechanical circulatory support with venoarterial (VA) ECMO employed in a traditional central/peripheral fashion or in a temporary ventricular assist device configuration may stabilise patients with decompensated cardiac failure who have evidence of end-organ dysfunction, allowing time for recovery, decision-making, and bridging to implantation of a long-term mechanical circulatory support device and occasionally heart transplantation. In highly selected patients with combined severe cardiac and respiratory failure, advanced ECLS can be provided with central VA ECMO, peripheral VA ECMO with timely transition to venovenous ECMO or VA-venous ECMO upon myocardial recovery to avoid upper body hypoxia or by addition of an oxygenator to the temporary ventricular assist device circuit. This article summarises the available ECLS options and provides insights into the principles and practice of these techniques. One should emphasise that, as is common with many emerging therapies, their optimal use is currently not backed by quality evidence. This deficiency needs to be addressed to ensure that the full potential of ECLS can be achieved.     

心脏移植术后右心功能不全的观察及护理

目的 总结同种异体原位心脏移植术后右心功能不全的护理经验.方法 对2007年1月至2010年12月开展的67例心脏移植手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 58例患者临床治愈出院,死亡9例.67例受者术后早期均出现不同程度的中心静脉压(CVP)升高,右心功能不全,应用体外膜肺(ECMO)辅助治疗28例,应用连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗6例.治愈的58例患者出院时心功能Ⅱ级54例,Ⅲ级4例.结论 通过对心脏移植术后患者早期加强监护,密切观察右心功能不全症状,提供有效的护理支持,积极防治右心衰竭,维护重要脏器功能是心脏移植成功的关键.     

Anticipatory use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for a high-risk interventional cardiac procedure

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has become a valuable technique in the critical care of children with congenital heart disease who require mechanical cardiorespiratory support. The use of VA ECMO in cardiac patients has expanded from an extension of intraoperative cardiopulmonary bypass and now includes rescue therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, temporary circulatory support for reversible heart failure, and bridge support preceding heart or heart/lung transplantation. In the majority of clinical applications VA ECMO is used in reaction to impending or ongoing cardiorespiratory failure and not in anticipation of an induced change in clinical status. We describe the anticipatory use of VA ECMO to prepare a patient with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease for a high-risk interventional cardiac catheterization. A 2.5 kg neonate with severe Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve and recurrent episodes of life-threatening supraventricular tachycardia was electively cannulated for VA ECMO in the cardiac intensive care unit. She underwent successful electrophysiologic mapping and transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of an accessory conduction pathway, resulting in termination of the tachycardia. Following an uncomplicated ECMO course she was decannulated in the cardiac intensive care unit and subsequently discharged home in stable condition. The case illustrates the proactive use of ECMO during a procedure in which severe hemodynamic instability could be predicted. We discuss this concept of ECMO use in the context of accepted indications for ECMO in cardiac patients and encourage an expanded role for its use to prevent cardiorespiratory collapse in planned interventions on compromised patients who are at risk of acute deterioration.     

Short-term outcomes of cadaveric lung transplantation in ventilator-dependent patients

Introduction  

Survival after cadaveric lung transplantation (LTx) in respiratory failure recipients who were already dependent on ventilation support prior to transplantation is poor, with a relatively high rate of surgical mortality and morbidity. In this study, we sought to describe the short-term outcomes of bilateral sequential LTx (BSLTx) under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in a consecutive series of preoperative respiratory failure patients.     

体外膜肺氧合治疗用于心肺复苏的临床研究

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗对于常规心肺复苏（CPR）困难患者的临床治疗经验。方法 自2005-09-2006-05我院进行ECMO治疗37例患者，其中11例心脏骤停后实施电除颤和心脏按压等CPR措施无效或自主循环恢复后持续低心排而行ECMO循环辅助。结果 8例顺利停机，6例存活恢复出院，其中2例行心脏移植后康复出院。3例不能顺利撤机者在ECMO辅助期间由于循环功能恶化，最终因多器官功能衰竭死亡。顺利撤机和存活出院的患者治疗前乳酸水平较低。ECMO治疗后乳酸清除率较快（P〈0．05）。ECMO期间出现的并发症包括出血、神经精神系统异常、肢体缺血坏死和多脏器功能不全。4例患者因膜肺出现血浆渗漏而更换膜肺。结论 ECMO可为危重心脏病患者心脏骤停后复苏困难时提供心肺功能支持，提高危重心脏病患者CPR的存活率。CPR后动脉血乳酸值和ECMO治疗后乳酸清除率可以预测患者预后。     

Inhaled nitric oxide reduces the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

OBJECTIVE: We previously reported improved oxygenation, but no change, in rates of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use or death among infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn who received inhaled nitric oxide (NO) with conventional ventilation, irrespective of lung disease. The goal of our study was to determine whether treatment with inhaled NO improves oxygenation and clinical outcomes in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and associated lung disease who are ventilated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). DESIGN: Single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Newborn intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: We studied infants with a gestational age of > or =34 wks who were receiving mechanical ventilatory support and had echocardiographic and clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia (PaO2 < or =100 mm Hg on FIO2 = 1.0), despite optimal medical management Infants with congenital heart disease, diaphragmatic hernia, or other major anomalies were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: The treatment group received inhaled NO, whereas the control group did not. Adjunct therapies and ECMO criteria were the same in the two groups of patients. Investigators and clinicians were not masked as to treatment assignment, and no crossover of patients was permitted. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Primary outcome variables were mortality and use of ECMO. Secondary outcomes included change in oxygenation and duration of mechanical ventilatory support and supplemental oxygen therapy. Forty-two patients were enrolled. Baseline oxygenation and clinical characteristics were similar in the two groups of patients. Infants in the inhaled NO group (n = 21) had improved measures of oxygenation at 15 mins and 1 hr after enrollment compared with infants in the control group (n = 20). Fewer infants in the inhaled NO group compared with the control group were treated with ECMO (14% vs. 55%, respectively; p = .007). Mortality did not differ with treatment assignment. CONCLUSIONS: Among infants ventilated by HFOV, those receiving inhaled NO had a reduced need for ECMO. We speculate that HFOV enhances the effectiveness of inhaled NO treatment in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and associated lung disease.