微创经皮肾穿刺钩状电刀顺行肾盂内切开治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的：探讨微创经皮肾穿刺（mini-PCN）钩状电刀顺行肾盂内切开治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的方法和疗效。方法：在C臂X线机的辅助下,采用mini—PCN技术,用F2钩状电刀顺行肾盂内切开治疗原发性及继发性UPJO患者15例。结果：15例患者均手术成功,术后症状缓解,无大出血、肾周感染等并发症。拔除双J管后1个月及3个月复查B超及静脉肾盂造影（IVP）,提示肾积水消失或较术前明显减少,UPJO狭窄段消失。2例拔除双J管后6个月UPJO复发,改行开放手术治愈。结论：采用mini—PCN钩状电刀顺行肾盂内切开治疗UPJO具有操作简便、损伤小、恢复快、效果佳、价格低廉等优点。     

儿童先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的腔内泌尿外科处理

目的 研究小儿先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的腔内泌尿外科处理的可行性与疗效。方法 2000年1月-2002年12月利用逆行气囊扩张、经皮肾顺行电刀与钬激光内切开两种方法，治疗5-14岁UPJO患儿22例，逆行气囊扩张14例，电刀与钬激光内切开8例。结果 术后随访3-26月，总有效率为86％(19／22)。其中1例顺行电刀内切开疗效不明显，改开放手术证实为UPJ异位血管压迫；2例气囊扩张2次后疗效不明显，经顺行电刀与钬激光内切开。除经皮肾顺行电刀与钬激光内切开8例患儿，术后1-2d有轻微发热与患侧腹痛外，其余未出现并发症。结论 腔内技术治疗小儿UPJO安全有效。     

电刀和钬激光腔内切开对小猪肾盂输尿管连接部的形态学影响

目的探讨电刀和钬激光腔内切开小猪肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)后形态学的变化。方法采取大体、光学及电镜观察比较二种方式内切开后的愈合效果。结果大体观可见所有小猪UPJ处均未见尿性囊肿形成,与周围组织粘连轻微。电镜下均可见肌丝排列,大部分肌层已恢复连续性。光镜下见黏膜已恢复连续性,肌层的连续性的恢复主要限于内1／2～2／3区域。左右两侧评分分别为4．23±1．18和3．78±0．46,差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论采用电刀和钬激光切割小猪UPJ后其形态学改变大致相同,在组织学愈合上差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的腔内治疗

本文介绍肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的腔内手术治疗并比较各种腔内手术的优缺点。     

腔镜技术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的探讨腔内技术治疗。肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的可行性与疗效。方法本组16例，2例经尿道逆行气囊扩张，13例经皮肾穿刺顺行梗阻段内切开与扩张，1例放置记忆合金金属支架，所有患者均留置1—2根输尿管内支架管2—3月。结果2例因狭窄段长度超过1．5cm，腔内治疗失败后行开放手术，术后随访1—18个月，12例引流通畅，肾积水消退；4例反复换内支架管，肾积水稳定。结论腔内技术处理肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻，操作上具有可重复性，简便、安全，疗效较好。     

经皮顺行腔内切开术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的:探讨应用经皮顺行腔内切开术(PAE)治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的适应症、疗效及技巧。方法:UPJO患者75例,其中肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)闭锁26例(34.7%)。男38例,女37例,平均年龄35(21～68)岁。左侧31例,右侧44例。原发性UPJO 39例(合并结石37例),开放UPJO成形术后8例,腹腔镜UPJO成形术后4例,开放手术取石术后14例,PCNL术后10例。均经B超、KUB、IVU、CT、逆行肾盂造影检查确诊。结果:Ⅰ期成功内切开69例(92.0%),4例(5.3%)间隔1周后Ⅱ期手术成功,2例放弃Ⅱ期治疗。单一应用PAE 59例(80.8%),PAE联合输尿管镜逆行内切开14例(19.2%)。术后3～6个月拔除输尿管支架管,随访6个月时,62例(84.9%)无复发,复发患者11例(15.1%)中包括UPJ闭锁患者10例。随访12个月时,55例(75.3%)无复发,24个月时52例(71.2%)无复发。21例复发患者中,9例行第二次PAE手术治愈,2例行第三次PAE手术后治愈,1例行开放肾盂成形术,9例每3～6个月更换双J管或动态观察。结论:PAE可以作为原发性UPJO的一线治疗。继发性UPJO或其他成形术后再狭窄的UPJO复发率高,但是PAE适用范围广,可重复性好,仍然是微创腔内治疗的有效手段。     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻病变组织的电镜观察

本文对９例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的病理标本作了透射电镜观察，主要病理变化是平滑肌细胞互相分离，结合部断裂，细胞间大量胶原纤维增生，线粒体出现肿胀和空泡，说明梗阻部位平滑肌对蠕动波信息传导的功能已到损害，认为这对本病病因３研究和手术方式选择有一定意义。     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的手术治疗

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的手术治疗效果。方法经手术治疗的。肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的患者155例，其中。肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄引起梗阻的113例，输尿管。肾盂高位连接13例，异位血管压迫者11例，纤维索带压迫者9例。手术方式包括：Anderson—Hynes离断式。肾盂成形术102例次，肾盂Y—V成形术24例，异位血管切断。肾盂复位11例，纤维索条松解术9例，肾切除术9例；经后腹腔镜Anderson—Hynes离断式。肾盂成形术5例，肾切除术5例。结果141例术后随诊3～60个月，134例效果良好；6例发生再狭窄，行二次手术后效果良好。结论Anderson—Hynes离断式。肾盂成形术是治疗。肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的首选手术方法，经后腹腔镜离断式。肾盂成形术效果明确，值得推广。     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的腔内治疗

本文介绍肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的腔内手术治疗并比较各种腔内手术的优缺点。     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的矫形手术治疗

离断性肾盂成形术被认为是治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的金标准，但近年来随着腔内手术器械和方法的改进，腔内手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻已有取代开放手术之势，本在着重介绍离断性肾盂成形术操作体会的同时，介绍肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的几种腔内手术治疗，并对治疗中所遇到的几个特殊问题的处理进行阐述。     

Retrograde ureteroscopic endopyelotomy using the holmium:YAG laser

BACKGROUND: We report our experience of retrograde ureteroscopic endopyelotomy using the holmium laser for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction not associated with upper tract stones. METHODS: We carried out this procedure on five patients through an 8-Fr semirigid ureteroscope. The ureter was not stented before the procedure and balloon dilation was not necessary before retrograde insertion of the ureteroscope. The obstruction was incised with the holmium laser using a 200 microm fiber in a linear fashion. After completion of the incision, a 12-Fr double-J ureteral stent was left for 6 weeks. Thereafter, patients were monitored with renal scan and/or ultrasound and excretory urography at 3-6 month intervals. RESULTS: Hydronephrosis was obviously improved in four cases (80%) at an average follow up of 12.8 months (4-23 months). Although the number of treated patients was small, retrograde ureteroscopic endopyelotomy for UPJ obstruction using the holmium laser achieved good results. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that this procedure be used initially because it is less invasive and has a favorable outcome.     

Transurethral incision of the prostate using the holmium:YAG laser

Transurethral incisions of the prostate were made endoscopically in 5 dogs under a fluid medium using a holmium:YAG (Ho: YAG) laser operating at a wavelength of 2.1 μm and with delivery of 1.0 J/pulse in 15 Hz (15 W). Histopathologic examination of tissues collected immediately after surgery revealed irregular crevices outlined by a narrow zone of coagulative necrosis. Ulcerated fissures persisted at 5 and 7 days with the initial stages of epithelial regeneration partially re-epithelializing the ulcerated surfaces. A modest inflammatory response characterized by edema, hemorrhage, and a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate was also associated with the laser incision sites at 5 and 7 days. Three weeks postlasing, the ulcerated surfaces of the fissures were completely re-epithelialized. At 5 weeks only a slight indentation persisted at the incision sites with minimal changes in the subjacent submucosa and prostatic glandular architecture. Although the results of these investigations are preliminary, we believe that the Ho:YAG laser warrants further clinical evaluation for treating patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, bladder neck contractures, and constrictions of the upper urinary tracts. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

钬激光内切开术治疗输尿管肾盂连接部狭窄的疗效观察(附24例报告)

目的：探讨输尿管镜下钬激光(Ho：YAG激光)内切术开治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的疗效。方法：采用经输尿管镜Ho：YAG激光内切开术治疗24例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患者，术后平均留置双J管6周，每间隔3—6个月行超声、排泄性尿路造影及肾图检查。结果：平均随访10个月，20例临床症状缓解，影像学检查提示内切开段造影剂通过良好，治疗成功；4例治疗失败者再次行Ho：YAG激光内切开术，其中2例获得满意结果；无一例发生手术并发症。结论：输尿管镜下Ho：YAG激光内切开术对于原发性和继发性输尿管肾盂连接部狭窄是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法。     

Transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral electrocautery resection of the prostate: a randomized prospective trial in 200 patients

PURPOSE: Transurethral electrocautery resection (TURP) is generally regarded as the gold standard surgical treatment for bladder outflow obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia despite its rather high morbidity. The high powered holmium:YAG laser can be used endoscopically to enucleate obstructing prostatic tissue in a relatively bloodless manner. The technique of transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) was compared to standard TURP for the surgical management of prostate adenomas in a randomized, prospective clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 urodynamically obstructed patients with a prostate of less than 100 gm on transrectal ultrasound were randomized to HoLEP or TURP. All patients were assessed preoperatively, and 1, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patient baseline characteristics, perioperative data and postoperative outcome were compared. All complications were noted. RESULTS: HoLEP was significantly superior to TURP in terms of catheter time, hospital stay and hemoglobin loss but operative time was longer. HoLEP and TURP resulted in a significant improvement in American Urological Association symptom scores, peak urinary flow rates and post-void residual urine volumes with symptoms scores and residual volume significantly better in the holmium group. Effects on continence and potency were similar in the 2 groups but adverse events were less frequent in the holmium group. CONCLUSIONS: HoLEP and TURP are highly effective procedures for removing obstructing prostatic adenomas. HoLEP resulted in significantly better micturition parameters and less perioperative morbidity.     

输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的　探讨输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。　方法　回顾性分析 186例应用半硬性输尿管肾镜和钬激光碎石术治疗的输尿管结石患者资料。男 12 3例 ,女 6 3例 ;平均年龄 5 1岁。上段结石 5 1例 ,中段 6 4例 ,下段 71例。结石直径 0 .6～ 2 .5cm ,平均 1.3cm。　结果　单次碎石成功率为 96 % (179/ 186 ) ,其中上段结石单次碎石成功率为 90 % (46 / 5 1) ,中、下段为99 % (133/ 135 )。平均手术时间 2 8min ,术中无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生。 179例术后平均住院 1.2d。术后随访 2周～ 3个月 ,结石排净率 99% (177/ 179) ,肾盂积水由术前 (3.6± 0 .7)cm降至 (1.5± 0 .4 )cm(P <0 .0 1) ,无输尿管狭窄发生。　结论　输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石高效、安全 ,可作为输尿管结石特别是中下段结石首选的治疗方法。     

顺行经皮肾微造瘘与逆行经输尿管镜钬激光肾盂内切开术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄疗效比较

目的比较顺行经皮肾微造瘘(antegrade mini-invasive percutaneous nephrostomy,MPCN)和逆行经输尿管镜(retrograde ureteroscopy,RUS)行钬激光肾盂内切开术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)的疗效。方法48例UPJO患者按照治疗方法分为MPCN组(28例)和RUS组(20例)。结果MPCN组无一例中转开放,平均手术时间(52.3±12.7)min、术中出血量(32.1±17.9)ml、术后住院时间(6.3±1.3)d、恢复工作时间(43.2±5.2)d、并发症发生率17.9%(5/28),随访治疗有效率为89.3%(25/28)。RUS组有4例中转开放或顺行腔内手术,平均手术时间(36.2±7.8)min、术中出血量(9.4±7.3)ml、术后住院时间(4.0±1.3)d、恢复工作时间(37.7±5.3)d、并发症发生率18.7%(3/16),随访治疗有效率56.2%(9/16)。两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时...     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术失败的原因分析及处理对策研究

目的 探讨与分析输尿管镜钬激光碎石术失败的原因及处理对策.方法 回顾性研究本院于2012年9月～2013年10月行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术160例,使用日本Olympus 8/9.8F标准输尿管镜+美国科医人60W钬激光系统.其中手术失败11例,占6.8％.结果 输尿管镜钬激光碎石术失败的原因及处理对策:①输尿管镜难以通过狭窄、扭曲输尿管腔3例,输尿管长段、严重狭窄扭曲者即使行扩张或内切开,输尿管镜也难以通过,可以留置F4.7双J管,改行开放手术或行ESWL、PCNL;②输尿管镜进镜或碎石时结石漂移,进入同侧肾盂、肾盏者3例,术中碎石或进镜时尽量保持较低灌注压力,视野清晰即可,当结石进入肾盂肾盏,可以改用输尿管软镜碎石,或留置双J管,术后予以ESWL治疗,效果较佳;③输尿管镜无法进入输尿管腔者2例,分析认为与先天性输尿管开口较小、闭锁有关,输尿管镜强力通过容易造成输尿管或膀胱损伤.老年男性前列腺中叶增生明显,后唇太高,膀胱内小梁、小室增多,以致输尿管开口难以辨认,无法进镜.术中操作时输尿管开口处黏膜损伤严重,使进镜困难;④手术操作中出现输尿管穿孔或黏膜撕脱2例,无法找到正常管腔,导致手术失败;⑤术前对阴性结石判断不足1例,导致术中找不到结石.结论 严格掌握输尿管镜钬激光碎石的手术指征,熟练的手术操作技巧以及配合其他技术,能显著提高输尿管镜钬激光碎石术的成功率,减少手术失败及并发症的发生.     

Endoscopic lithotripsy with the holmium:YAG laser

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser can be used not only for soft tissue but also for hard tissue such as urinary calculi. The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the Ho:YAG laser for endoscopic lithotripsy in patients with urinary tract stone. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIASL AND METHODS: Of 102 procedures performed among 96 patients, 88 were transurethral ureterolithotripsy (TUL), seven were percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, and seven were transurethral cystolithotripsy. Six patients had bilateral stones. The fragments were reduced as much as possible with the Ho:YAG laser. RESULTS: The efficacy rate of the 102 lithotripsy procedures was 93%. With respect to the effect of TUL, the efficacy rates of 40 procedures for the proximal ureter, 18 procedures for the midureter, and 30 procedures for the distal ureter were 85%, 94%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Ho:YAG laser produced a sufficiently strong lithotripsy force on all stones. The results of this study indicate that lithotripsy of urinary tract stones with the Ho:YAG laser can achieve a clinical outcome equivalent to or exceeding that of pulsed dye laser lithotripsy. The Ho:YAG laser is a multipurpose laser and thus is a cost effective and very useful means for endoscopic lithotripsy of urinary tract stones.     

输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石:附205例报告

目的 探讨输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析205例输尿管上段结石患者行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗的临床资料,其中男91例,女114例,结石位于单侧188例,双侧17例,炎性息肉引起输尿管腔明显狭窄者12例.结石长径0.8～1.4 cm.结果 192例一次性碎石成功,单次碎石成功率为93.7%(192/205).9例有较大结石碎片(4～6 mm)残留于肾或输尿管内,4例在碎石过程中结石冲入肾内,其中1例较大结石(1.4 cm)移位至肾盂后改行PCNL,其余3例留置双J管改行ESWL,均治愈.19例合并炎性息肉同期行激光烧灼.手术时间15~90min,平均30 min.住院时间2~9 d,平均3.5 d.198例患者在门诊获得随访,随访时间3～24个月,平均6个月,结石均排尽.结论 输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的一种比较理想的腔内碎石技术,其碎石成功率高,并发症发生率低,创伤小,患者术后恢复快,而且可同期处理结石合并炎性息肉和狭窄.