Mandibular lengthening by gradual distraction in humans

The purpose of this study was to evaluate human mandibular lengthening by gradual distraction. The operation was performed under nasoendotracheal anesthesia. After exposing the angle of the mandible through an intraoral incision, two half-pins were inserted on each side of the corticotomy line. Following this, a corticotomy was performed using a sagittal saw, and the mandible was gently fractured. The external bone lengthening device was applied leaving a bone gap of 3 mm. Serial distraction of 1 mm per day was started on the 10th postoperative day. The device was left in place for retention purposes for 9–11 weeks. Three patients (average age 10 years and 3 months) underwent this procedure. The distraction achieved was 19 mm. Postoperatively, improvement of facial asymmetry and increased volume and length of the mandible were noted without any perioperative complications. The follow-up period averaged 13 months. These results suggested that this procedure is beneficial for the treatment of craniofacial microsomia.     

Frontofacial monobloc advancement using the Rigid External Distraction (RED-II) system

One-stage frontofacial monobloc advancement has been used to treat patients with craniofacial synostosis including Crouzon disease. Nishimoto et al. first applied a rigid external distraction system for two patients. However, precise surgical techniques and proper indication for this gradual distraction method have not yet been established. This report describes the advantages and detailed surgical methods of frontofacial monobloc advancement using a Rigid External Distraction (RED- II) System. Three patients with severe craniofacial synostosis including Crouzon disease and Treacher Collins syndrome were treated. The ages of patients were 9, 9, and 8 year old, respectively. The RED- II System was safely applied for these young children and cosmetic results were sufficient. No major postoperative complications occurred.     

Subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction for brachymetatarsia: A consecutive case series and literature review

BackgroundThis study examined the functional and clinical outcomes of subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction for brachymetatarsia. This technique was developed to overcome the disadvantages of one-stage metatarsal lengthening and gradual distraction.MethodsFour feet of three patients with congenital brachymetatarsia underwent subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction. Pain, function, and alignment were assessed preoperatively and at follow-ups using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) lesser metatarsophalangeal–interphalangeal scale, and any complications were recorded.ResultsThe patients were followed up for a mean of 18.1 ± 6.9 (range, 12.6–28.1) months. The mean metatarsal length gain was 15.2 ± 3.2 (range, 12.1–18.5) mm, and the corresponding percent increase was 32.5 % ± 7.0 % (range, 25.7–41.1 %). The mean AOFAS score (0?100) was 97.5 ± 5.0 at the final follow-up. The external fixator index was 10.2 ± 1.5 (range, 8.1–11.6) days/cm. None of the patients experienced metatarsophalangeal stiffness, subluxation or dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal joint, loss of correction, pin tract infection, delayed union, nonunion, or angular deformities.ConclusionSubacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction is a reliable alternative treatment for brachymetatarsia.     

Growth of the orbit after frontoorbital advancement using nonrigid suture vs rigid plate fixation technique

Purpose

To demonstrate whether a measurable difference occurs on the growth of the orbit when using 2 forms of stabilization of the supra-orbital rim after upper orbital osteotomy in children with craniosynostosis. The 2 methods of fixation include sutures providing nonrigid fixation and titanium or resorbable osteosynthesis plates.

Patients and Methods

In this prospective randomized study, the influence of the mentioned fixation materials was analyzed in a tertiary care center (university hospital). Sixteen consecutive children with craniosynostoses (trigonocephaly, brachycephaly, plagiocephaly) were included. All patients underwent bilateral frontoorbital advancement surgery. In 8 patients each, the fixation of the mobilized and reshaped supraorbital rim was carried out using either miniplates or sutures, resulting in a rigid or nonrigid fixation. By means of computed tomography scans taken preoperatively (mean age, 8months) and postoperatively (mean age, 6.5years), the development of the orbit was measured using the anterior interorbital distance, lateral orbital distance, medial orbital-wall length, lateral orbital-wall length, and medial orbital-wall protrusion. The results were compared to norm values and statistically evaluated.

Result

In all patients, a long-term improvement of the orbit was achieved with absolute distances staying below norm values. The choice of the fixation material was of minor importance.

Conclusion

Sutures providing nonrigid fixation of bone flaps seem to be feasible in reaching the aims of surgery in craniosynostotic children.     

Monobloc分段截骨双向牵引治疗婴儿Crouzon综合征

目的 总结Monobloc截骨、外置牵引和上颌骨延长在婴儿Crouzon综合征伴颅缝早闭后缩病例的治疗经验。方法 对1例9个月的女婴经颅内外联合径路进行手术。设计Monobloc 截骨线,将整个面骨分成额部、眶部、上颌3段截骨,固定后前移重塑颅面骨,并外置牵引器,将额、双侧眼眶和面中部颧骨上颌骨整体逐步前移,同时内置延长器向下延长上颌骨,牵引结束后固定3个月。结果 患儿顺利完成Monobloc截骨牵引,牵引器调节螺丝杆前移达18 mm,三维影像测量颅面骨实际前移12 mm。牵引结束时、拆除牵引器后1个月及6个月均显示患者面部轮廓有6 mm的回缩,头部畸形和面中部严重凹陷得到良好纠正,患儿突眼、反咬合得到完全纠正,术前重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征改善,但上颌向下延长长度有限。结论 Monobloc截骨外置牵引和上颌骨延长可以应用于婴儿Crouzon综合征,并且为呼吸困难型的Crouzon综合征患儿提供了一种早期的安全有效的治疗方法。     

羟基磷灰石材料结合牵拉成骨技术修复骨缺损的实验研究

 目的 探讨羟基磷灰石（hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphase,HA/TCP）材料结合牵拉成骨技术是否能减少治疗骨缺损所需的时间并促进骨的矿化过程。方法 将36只健康雄性新西兰大白兔（20~24周,体重2.2~2.8 kg）随机分为3组,每组12只。于左胫腓关节下方做1 cm的胫骨缺损。A组：将骨缺损两端靠拢,外固定架加压固定。B组：将1 cm长的HA/TCP材料填入1 cm的骨缺损中,外固定架加压固定。C组：将骨缺损两端拉近至间距0.5 cm,将0.5 cm长的HA/TCP材料填入剩余的0.5 cm骨缺损中,外固定架加压固定。除B组外,A、C组均于术后7 d开始延长胫骨,A组延长10 d,C组延长5 d。在术后即刻、12、17、27、37 d用“C”型臂X线机观察各组新生骨的矿化过程。所有动物于术后37 d处死,取新生骨样本测量骨矿物质含量（BMC）和组织矿物质含量（TMC）,行胫骨扭转实验及组织病理学分析。结果 C组BMC为（454.44±89.98） mg和TMC为（454.40±89.97） mg显著高于A、B两组。C组新生骨的最大扭矩、新生骨的成熟度均明显高于A、B两组,骨的矿化和重塑也较快。C组在观察期总共37 d内骨愈合良好,但A、B两组在37 d内并未达到骨愈合。结论 在兔胫骨缺损延长模型中,与单一疗法相比,联合应用羟基磷灰石材料和牵拉成骨技术可减少治疗时间并促进骨的矿化。     

Radiographic classification of osteogenesis during bone distraction.

Successful limb lengthening requires serial radiological evaluation of the progression of healing of the regenerate bone. However, there is no radiographic classification system that shows how the regenerate should progress during treatment in adults. The study aimed to address this need.A series of radiographs were studied from 92 patients (125 segments) who had undergone bone lengthening. A radiographic classification of osteogenesis was developed based on callus shape and radiographic features that occur between osteotomy and fixator removal.This classification system used both shape and type of feature to condense and record the radiographic information, but type of feature alone was sufficient to predict outcome. The concurrence and reproducibility of the classification system was tested by inter- and intra-observer studies. The degree of consistent repetition and agreement between observers suggests that the classification system is reliable, reproducible, and therefore should be robust in use.This classification system provides an insight into osteogenesis; it allows the progress of the bone healing to be assessed against a successful pattern of healing. Hence, potential problems can be predicted and clinical changes made to improve outcome. The classification can be simplified to make it more appropriate for clinical use.     

Cisplatin inhibits bone healing during distraction osteogenesis

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor affecting children and adolescents. Many patients are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, resection, and limb salvage protocols. Surgical reconstructions after tumor resection include structural allografts, non‐cemented endoprostheses, and distraction osteogenesis (DO), which require direct bone formation. Although cisplatin (CDP) is extensively used for OS chemotherapy, the effects on bone regeneration are not well studied. The effects of CDP on direct bone formation in DO were compared using two dosing regimens and both C57BL/6 (B6) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 knockout (TNFR1KO) mice, as CDP toxicity is associated with elevated TNF levels. Detailed evaluation of the five‐dose CDP regimen (2 mg/kg/day), demonstrated significant decreases in new bone formation in the DO gaps of CDP treated versus vehicle treated mice (p < 0.001). Further, no significant inhibitory effects from the five‐dose CDP regimen were observed in TNFR1KO mice. The two‐dose regimen significantly inhibited new bone formation in B6 mice. These results demonstrate that CDP has profound short term negative effects on the process of bone repair in DO. These data provide the mechanistic basis for modeling peri‐operative chemotherapy doses and schedules and may provide new opportunities to identify molecules that spare normal cells from the inhibitory effects of CDP. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:464–470, 2014.     

先天性颅缝早闭症的治疗

颅缝早闭症是指单一或多个颅缝过早闭合所引起的影响大脑发育和功能的严重先天性疾病。通过对１０例颅缝早闭症的临床表现进行分析，阐述了各种颅缝早闭造成的不同畸形头的特点，详细介绍了各种相应的手术方法，并对颅缝早闭症的病因、手术方法、手术年龄及并发症的处理等进行了讨论。     

Inhibin A enhances bone formation during distraction osteogenesis

Given the aging population and the increased incidence of fracture in the elderly population, the need exists for agents that can enhance bone healing, particularly in situations of delayed fracture healing and/or non‐union. Our previous studies demonstrated that overexpression of the gonadal peptide, human inhibin A (hInhA), in transgenic mice enhances bone formation and strength via increased osteoblast activity. We tested the hypothesis that hInhA can also exert anabolic effects in a murine model of distraction osteogenesis (DO), using both transgenic hInhA overexpression and administration of normal physiological levels of hInhA in adult male Swiss‐Webster mice. Tibial osteotomies and external ring fixation were performed, followed by a 3‐day latency period, 14‐day distraction, and sacrifice on day 18. Supraphysiological levels of hInhA in transgenic mice, but not normal physiological levels of hInhA, significantly increased endosteal bone formation and mineralized bone area in the distraction gap, as determined by radiographic and µCT analysis. Significantly, increased PCNA and osteocalcin expression in the primary matrix front suggested that hInhA increased osteoblast proliferation. This mechanism is consistent with the effects of other agents and pathologies that modulate bone formation during DO, and demonstrates the potential of hInhA to enhance bone repair and regeneration. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:288–295, 2012     

骨形态发生蛋白2基因治疗与缓释载体修复骨缺损的比较研究

[目的]比较骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP-2）基因治疗与生长因子缓释方法修复节段性骨缺损效果。[方法]于兔双侧桡骨中段造成1．5cm骨缺损，采用4种方法修复：A组植入转基因骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）与PLA／PCL（聚乳酸／聚己内酯）支架的复合物；B组植入单纯MSCs与含重组BMP-2的PLA／PCL缓释载体的复合物；C组植入单纯MSCs与PLA／PCL复合物；D组植入单纯PLA／PCL。术后4、8、12周行X线、组织学、生物力学和骨密度等检测，[结果]A组体内植入4周后，成骨细胞和间质细胞呈BMP-2强阳性表达；其成骨速度及成骨质量均明显优于B组，12周时骨缺损完全修复、C组成骨能力较弱，而D组则无新骨形成，残留骨缺损。[结论]BMP-2基因治疗是修复节段性骨缺损的好方法。     

Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 expedites bone consolidation in distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) technique could be used to manage large‐size bone defect successfully, but DO process usually requires long duration of bone consolidation. Innovative approaches for augmenting bone consolidation are of great need. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) has been found to suppress osteoclastogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effect of SEC2 on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). Further, we locally administrated SEC2 (10 ng/ml) or PBS into the distraction gap in Sprague–Dawley male rat DO model every 3 days till termination at 3 and 6 weeks. The regenerates were subjected to X‐rays, micro‐computed tomography, mechanical testing, histology, and immunohischemistry examinations to assess new bone quality. SEC2 had no effect on cell viability. The calcium deposition was remarkably increased and osteogenic marker genes were significantly up‐regulated in rBMSCs treated with SEC2. In rat DO model, SEC2 group had higher bone volume/total tissue volume in the regenerates. At 6 weeks, mechanical properties were significantly higher in SEC2‐treated tibiae comparing to the control group. Histological analysis confirmed that the new bone had improved quality in SEC2 treated group, where the osteocalcin and osterix expression in the regenerates was up‐regulated, indicating faster bone formation. The current study demonstrated that SEC2 local injection promotes osteogenesis and enhanced bone consolidation in DO. The findings support application of SEC2 as a potential novel strategy to expedite bone consolidation in patients undergoing DO treatment. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1215–1225, 2017.

     

减阻牵张快速牙移动不同加力方式下骨改建效果观察

目的：观察不同牵张力下减阻牵张快速移动牙牙周组织骨改建情况。方法：Beagle犬12只,随机分为加力5天、15天、加力15天固定保持10天、90天组共四组,拔除犬双侧下颌第二前磨牙,选择下颌第一前磨牙为移动牙。将每组6颗牙齿随机分配为减阻-牵张方法组、减阻-常规方法组和常规方法组,每组2颗牙。按相应分组定期取材并制作切片,行HE、MASSON三色染色并观察。结果：减阻牵张方法组第一前磨牙远中移动量远大于减阻常规方法组和常规方法组（P〈0．05）,且3组支抗牙前移量无显著差异（P〉0．05）;组织学观察减阻牵张组张力侧成骨最为活跃,且未见牙周膜结构破坏,而压力侧少见透明样变组织。MASSON染色观察减阻牵张组新生骨较其余两组更为明显,长期保持后骨质良好。结论：减阻牵张方法能有效激发正畸移动牙牙周组织骨改建,且无不良反应,适宜强牵张力是实现牙齿快速移动的必要条件。     

单边外固定架骨段滑移术治疗部分骨缺损

  目的 探索使用单边外固定架骨段滑移术治疗部分骨缺损的可行性。方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2009年7月治疗的3例部分骨缺损患者的病例,男2例,女1例;年龄分别为50、50、24岁。左胫骨近段内侧骨缺损2例,其中1例骨缺损长5 cm,宽占该区直径1/3~2/3,合并宽5 cm、长3 cm皮肤缺损;另1例骨缺损,长6 cm,宽3 cm;1例右股骨远段外侧骨缺损,长13 cm,宽占全部周径的1/3~2/3,骨面为贴骨瘢痕,长15 cm,宽7 cm。彻底清创后,安装Orthofix公司肢体重建系统;自胫骨缺损远侧缘起向远侧,沿胫骨前方取一10 cm长纵行切口,采用多孔技术行截骨术。术后第14天开始牵拉骨质,速度为1 mm/d, 4次/d。结果 3例患者随访时间分别为14、28、24个月。2例胫骨缺损患者分别在截骨术后8个月和6个月影像学检查示新生骨形成良好,被滑移骨段与宿主骨愈合,故去除外固定架,患侧髋、膝和踝关节活动范围同健侧。股骨缺损患者截骨术后因调错牵开器方向,骨段滑移术不成功;2个月后再次实施截骨及骨段滑移术,术后10个月新生骨形成良好,拆除外固定架;术后17个月患者可独自站立和持手杖行走,膝关节僵直于中立位,无感染及复发。结论 使用单边外固定架行骨段滑移术可治疗部分骨缺损;该方法具有肢体畸形发生率低,外固定架带架时间短及避免供区损伤等优点。     

Gradual reduction of distal radial malunion using distraction osteogenesis

PURPOSE: To evaluate gradual distraction lengthening or distraction osteogenesis as a technique for treating malunions of the distal radius. METHODS: Twenty patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of distal radius malunion were treated with osteotomy of the distal radius using distraction osteogenesis. At the follow-up evaluation each patient was evaluated for healing rates, complications, resolution of pain, and radiographic alignment. Surgical treatment consisted of an application of a nonbridging external fixator that could be distracted to correct the deformity. A loosely set screw that connected the distal pins to the fixator served as a hinge and allowed the distal radius to rotate into a corrected position. Gradual distraction via distraction osteogenesis was initiated 1 week after surgery. RESULTS: Seventeen osteotomies healed uneventfully in an average of 9 weeks. Complications included 9 pin track infections. Two nonunions required bone grafting. One patient inadvertently compressed rather than distracted the fixator, leading to premature healing of the osteotomy. One patient ruptured the extensor pollicis longus. All complications resolved with additional intervention. Overall the patients showed radiographic and symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: An external fixator and distraction lengthening through distraction osteogenesis is a viable alternative to plate fixation and bone grafting. In 18 of 20 of our patients, the technique eliminated the need for bone grafting and the need for a second surgical procedure to remove a dorsal plate.     

电穿孔介导的基因治疗对兔下颌骨牵引区新生骨骨密度与强度的影响

Objective To explore the effect of electroporation mediated gene therapy on bone mineral density and strength of new-formed bone in mandibular distraction gap, so as to enhance the osteogenesis and shorten the distraction term. Methods New-Zeland rabbits were employed. The distraction began after 3 days of latency period at the rate of 0. 8 mm per day for 7 days. After distraction, the rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups to receive injection in the distraction gap with recombinant plasmid 2 μg(0. 1μg/μl)pIRES-hVEGF165-hBMP2 in group A, with recombinant plasmid pIRES-hBMP2 in group B, with recombinant plasmid pIRES-hVEGF165 in group C, with pIRES in group D, and with normal saline (NS) in group E. After injection, electroporation was performed in all the groups. After 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks of consolidation, all the animals underwent X-ray and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). The new-formed bone in distraction gap was selected as regions of interest (ROI) to measure the bone mineral density( BMD). Then the rabbits were sacrificed and the new-formed bone samples were harvested to detect 3-point crushing strength. Results BMD of newly formed bone in group A, B and C was markedly higher than that in group D and E (P < 0. 01 ). After 2 weeks of consolidation, BMD in group A was much higher than that in the other groups, but there was no difference between group B and C. After 4 weeks of consolidation, BMD in group A and B was markedly higher than that in group C, D and E ( P < 0. 01 ). After 8 weeks of consolidation, BMD in group A was markedly higher than that in the other groups. While the BMD was not significantly different between group B and C, but the BMD in group B and C was higher than that in group D and E ( P < 0. 01 ). After 4 weeks of consolidation, the 3-point crushing strength of newly formed bone in group A was markedly higher than that in group B,C, D and E ( P < 0. 01 ) , which was still the same after 8 weeks of consolidation. And the crushing strength in group B was higher than that in group C, D and E ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions Electroporation-mediated transfection of recombinant plasmid pIRES-hVEGF165-hBMP2 could greatly enhance osteogenesis and calcification. A combination of VECF and BMP may promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis simultaneously, so as to magnify the effect of each growth factor, resulting a synergetic effect.