早发冠心病危险因素和冠状动脉病变特点的研究

目的总结早发冠心病患者的临床特点,探讨其冠状动脉病变的特点及早发冠心病的危险因素。方法415例经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的患者,按年龄分为早发组180例(男性≤55岁,女性≤65岁)和晚发组235例,对两组患者的临床特点及冠状动脉病变特点进行统计学比较,并应用多因素分析筛选早发冠心病的危险因素。结果早发冠心病组女性患者比例(35.6%比22.1%,P=0.003)、血脂代谢紊乱比例(74.4%比55.7%,P<0.001)、陈旧心肌梗死比例(21.1%比13.2%,P=0.032)及冠心病家族史的比例(57.8%比41.3%,P=0.001)均显著高于晚发组。与晚发组相比,早发组患者舒张压水平(73±9.0mmHg比70±7.0mmHg,P<0.001)、三酰甘油(1.99±1.34mmol/L比1.51±0.84mmol/L,P<0.001)及血清总胆固醇水平(4.65±0.91mmol/L比4.33±0.91mmol/L,P=0.001)均显著升高。冠状动脉造影结果显示,两组患者在单支、多支血管病变所占比例,累及分支血管比例及病变长度等方面差异均无统计学意义。多因素分析结果显示:女性、高三酰甘油血症、陈旧心肌梗死史、冠心病家族史是早发冠心病的危险因素。结论早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变并不轻于晚发患者,对于早发冠心病患者亦应加强危险因素的综合防治,同时应加强对女性早发冠心病患者的重视。     

早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及危险因素的临床研究

目的探讨早发冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变特点及相关危险因素。方法152例经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者，根据年龄分为早发冠心病组（男性〈55岁，女性〈65岁）74例和老年冠心病组78例。对两组患者的相关资料进行回顾性统计分析，比较二者的冠状动脉病变特点、血脂水平、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、冠心病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史等，评价其是否存在差异性。结果早发冠心病组中吸烟史，冠心病家族史，血清总胆固醇高于老年冠心病组；而高血压病史、糖尿病史低于老年冠心病组。早发冠心病组冠状动脉病变多为单支病变，老年冠心病组以多支病变为主。结论吸烟、冠心病阳性家族史，高胆固醇血症均是早发冠心病的主要危险因素。冠状动脉病变特点以单支病变为主。     

早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及危险因素分析

目的 探讨早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及危险因素.方法 入选我院2012年6月至2014年4月经冠状动脉造影诊断为冠心病的患者279例,根据男性年龄≤55岁、女性年龄≤65岁分为早发冠心病组和非早发冠心病组.统计患者入院基本临床资料.所有患者均检测空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）.根据冠状动脉狭窄直径≥50％累及左前降支（LAD）、左回旋支（LCX）、右冠状动脉（RCA）或左主干（LM）分为单支、双支（累及左主干为双支病变）及三支病变组.根据Gensini积分标准对每位患者冠状动脉病变进行评分.结果 早发冠心病组男性比例、吸烟比例、存在早发冠心病家族史的比例、TG水平显著高于非早发冠心病组（P＜0.05）.与非早发冠心病组相比,早发冠心病组患者以单支病变为主,二者在受累冠状动脉部位上并无差别.非早发冠心病组患者平均冠状动脉病变支数、平均Gensini积分高于早发冠心病组（1.97±0.82比1.66±0.93,P=0.003;8.72±6.21比48.65±8.90,P=0.000）.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男性（95％CI：2.342～10.420,P=0.000）、吸烟（95％CI：9.468～31.220,P=0.000）、早发冠心病家族史（95％CI：8.120～23.480,P=0.001）、TG（95％CI：1.224～5.465,P=0.001）是早发冠心病患者独立危险因素.结论 早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点是以单支病变为主.男性、吸烟、早发冠心病家族史、TG是早发冠心病患者的独立危险因素.积极戒烟、降低TG能够降低早发冠心病的发病率.     

Registration and management of smoking behaviour in patients with coronary heart disease. The EUROASPIRE survey.

AIMS: To establish to what extent smoking status and its management is recorded in coronary patients' medical records, and to investigate their motivation to change smoking behaviour. METHODS: In EUROASPIRE, a survey on secondary prevention in 21 hospitals in the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain, data were collected from records of 4863 consecutive patients =<70 years of age, with previous (>6 months) admission for coronary bypass operation, angioplasty, myocardial infarction or ischaemia. Of these, 3569 patients were interviewed 1.6 years following their index hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the 82% of patients whose pre-hospitalization smoking behaviour was known, 34% were smokers. Documentation was significantly better in younger patients, in males and patients requiring angioplasty or bypass operation. In only 35% of 1364 smokers was the smoking habit recorded again after discharge from hospital At the time of the interview, 554 of the interviewed patients were still smoking. In over 90% of the smokers, advice to quit smoking was reported at interview. A positive relationship was found between receiving advice and seeking help to stop smoking, between receiving advice to stop smoking and attempting to stop, as well as between seeking help and attempting to stop. CONCLUSION: In almost 20% of coronary patients, smoking habits are not documented in medical records, and in only 35% of the smoking patients is smoking status documented at the follow-up. After a cardiac event requiring hospitalization as many as 50% of patients continue their smoking habit and so there is further potential to reduce the risk of recurrent coronary disease. Advice to stop smoking motivates patients to seek help and to attempt to stop smoking. Physicians repeated advice to stop smoking is important and smoking status should always be documented at follow-up.     

Risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Findings from the EUROASPIRE I AND II surveys

Aims/hypothesis We examined risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with CHD based on data from EUROASPIRE surveys.Methods Consecutive CHD patients aged 70 years or younger were interviewed and examined at least 6 months after hospitalisation for a revascularisation procedure or acute myocardial infarction or ischaemia. Of these patients, 3569 were from the EUROASPIRE I study, undertaken from 1995 to 1996 in nine countries, and 5556 were from the EUROASPIRE II study, conducted between 1999 and 2000 in 15 countries.Results In EUROASPIRE I and II 18% and 20% of CHD patients respectively had been previously diagnosed with diabetes. Fasting glucose screening raised the prevalence of diabetes in EUROASPIRE II to 28%. In EUROSPIRE II the prevalence of risk factors (known diabetic/non-diabetic) was: current smoking 17%/22 % (p=0.25); obesity (BMI 30 kg/m²) 43%/29% (p<0.001); raised blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg) 57%/49% (p<0.001); and elevated total cholesterol (5.0 mmol/l) 55%/59% (p<0.001). The proportion of users of cardiovascular medication was: antiplatelet drugs 83%/86% (NS); beta-blockers 62%/63% (NS); ACE inhibitors 49%/35% (p<0.001); and lipid-lowering drugs 62%/61% (NS). A comparison of both studies showed that for diabetic and non-diabetic patients the prevalence of smoking had increased somewhat and that the prevalence of obesity had increased clearly. There was no improvement in blood pressure control, but cholesterol control had improved, mainly explained by the increased use of lipid-lowering drugs.Conclusions/interpretation These European surveys show a high prevalence of adverse lifestyles and modifiable risk factors among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with CHD. The risk factor status was more adverse in diabetic patients.Abbreviations AMI acute myocardial infarction - CABG coronary artery bypass grafting - EUROASPIRE European Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events - FPG fasting plasma glucose - IGR impaired glucose regulation - PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty*Investigators and centres participating in EUROASPIRE I and II are listed in references [31] and [32]     

Residual risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: The EUROASPIRE Risk Categories

Background

The EUROASPIRE I, II and III surveys revealed high prevalences of modifiable risk factors in the high priority group of coronary patients all over Europe. The potential to further reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality rates is still considerable. We report here on the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) death associated with common modifiable risk factor levels based on the mortality follow-up of patients participating in the first two EUROASPIRE surveys. We also present a novel simple risk classification system (ERC) that can be used in the management of patients with existing CHD.

Methods

The study cohort consisted of a consecutive sample of CHD patients aged ≤ 70 years from 12 European countries. Baseline data gathered in 1995–2000 through standardized methods, were linked to cardiovascular mortality in 5216 patients according to an accelerated failure time model.

Results

During 28,143 person-years of follow-up, 332 patients died from cardiovascular disease denoting a CVD mortality risk of 12.3 per 1000 person-years in men and 10.2 per 1000 person-years in women. In multivariate analysis, fasting glucose, total cholesterol and smoking emerged as the strongest independent modifiable predictors of cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions

The results of the mortality follow-up of the EUROASPIRE I and II CHD patients emphasize the continuing risk from elevated glucose and total cholesterol levels and underline the importance of smoking cessation in secondary prevention. The ERC risk tool that we developed may prove helpful to obtain these goals in the setting of secondary prevention.     

女性冠心病患者临床表现特点分析

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病,CHD）患者性别差异与临床表现的关系。方法将2007年1月至2008年12月住院并接受冠状动脉造影（CAG）的410例患者按性别分为两组,其中男性组267例、女性组143例,采用回顾性分析方法对两组病例临床资料、心电图和CAG结果进行对比。结果与男性患者相比,女性患病的年龄偏大,临床常伴发高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症,常有心悸、气短、恶心或呕吐和肩背放射性疼痛的伴发症状,临床表现和心电图对于确诊CHD的特异性低,冠状动脉造影多为单支病变,狭窄程度较轻。结论女性CHD患者发病年龄大、心绞痛不典型,伴随症状多,病变较轻,心电图对女性CHD患者的诊断有一定的局限性。     

EUROASPIRE: A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Principal results

BACKGROUND: The three major European scientific societies in cardiovascularmedicine—the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), theEuropean Atherosclerosis Society and the European Society ofHypertension—published in October 1994 joint recommendationson prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice.Patients with established coronary heart disease, or other majoratherosclerotic disease, were deemed to be the top priorityfor prevention. A European survey (EUROASPIRE) was thereforeconducted under the auspices of the ESC to describe currentclinical practice in relation to secondary prevention of coronaryheart disease. AIMS: The aims of EUROASPIRE were (i) to determine whether the majorrisk factors for coronary heart disease are recorded in patientsmedical records; (ii) to measure the modifiable risk factorsand describe their current management following hospitalization,and (ii) to determine whether first degree blood relatives havebeen screened. MEHTODS: The survey was conducted in selected geographical areas andhospitals in nine European countries. Consecutive patients (70 years) were identified retrospectively with the followingdiagnoses: coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminalcoronary angioplasty, acute myocardial infarction and acutemyocardial ischaemia without infarction. Data collection wasbased on a retrospective review of hospital medical recordsand a prospective interview and examination of the patients. RESULTS: 4863 medical records were reviewed of whom 25% were women, and3569 patients were interviewed (adjusted response rate 85%)with an average age of 61 years. Nineteen percent of patientssmoked cigarettes, 25% were overweight (BMI 30 kg. m^–2),53% had raised blood pressure (systolic BP 140 and/or diastolicBP 90 mmHg), 44% had raised total plasma cholesterol (totalcholesterol 5·5 mmol . l^–1) and 18% were diabetic.Reported medication at interview was: antiplatelet drugs 81%,beta-blockers, 54% (58% in post-infarction patients). ACE inhibitors30% (38% in post infarction patients) and lipid lowering drugs32%. Of the patients receiving blood pressure lowering drugs(not always prescribed for the treatment of hypertension) 50%had a systolic BP <140 mmHg and 21% <160 mmHg, and ofthose receiving lipid lowering drugs, 49% had plasma total cholesterol<5·5 mmol. l^–1 and 13% <6·5 mmol.l^–1. Thirty-seven percent of patients had a family historyof premature coronary heart disease in a first-degree bloodrelative, but only 21% of patients reported being advised tohave their relatives screened for coronary risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: This European survey has demonstrated a high prevalence of modifiablerisk factors in coronary heart disease patients. There is considerablepotential for cardiologists and physicians to further reducecoronary heart disease morbidity and mortality and improve patientschances of survival     

血清同型半胱氨酸与冠心病的相关性研究

目的研究血清同型半胱氨酸（HCY）与冠心病的相关性,并初步探讨其致冠心病的机制。方法纳入109例冠心病患者,其中急性冠脉综合征患者（ACS组）71例,稳定型心绞痛患者（SAP组）38例,入选同期71例正常受试者作为对照组（NC组）。调查入选对象存在的心血管疾病危险因素,包括：性别、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、高胆固醇血症史及吸烟史;检测受试者血清HCY、高敏-C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、血清总胆固醇（TC）及血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D-二聚体（D-DT）;对冠心病的多重危险因素采用非条件logistic回归模型进行分析。结果①ACS组、SAP组与NC组患者血清HCY、hs-CRP、血浆FIB、D-DT水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且SAP组与NC组血清HCY及hs-CRP水平差异也具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但SAP组与NC组血清FIB及D-DT水平无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。ACS组及SAP组患者中高HCY血症发生率显著高于NC组（P〈0.01）。②多元Logistic回归分析显示HCY为冠心病的独立危险因素,相关系数为3.665,相对危险度（OR）为1.118（P〈0.01）。③冠心病患者中血清HCY水平在不同性别之间具有差异（P〈0.05）,而与年龄无相关性（P〉0.05）,在是否合并高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症及吸烟史之间均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。血清HCY水平与hs-CRP、FIB、D-DT呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论高HCY血症是冠心病的独立危险因素,HCY可能通过炎症反应及致机体处于血栓前状态,增加冠心病的发病风险。     

广西壮族冠心病病人临床特点及冠脉病变影像学特征

目的观察广西当地壮族冠心病病人的发病危险因素、临床和影像学特征。方法通过对近年我院经冠脉造影确诊冠心病的病人进行分析,比较广西当地壮族冠心病佤当地汉族冠心病人的发病 危险因素,临床特征和影像学特点。结果广西壮族冠心病的危险因素如吸烟、高血压、高甘油三酯与汉族病人相比并无差异,但壮族病人的发病年龄较轻,不稳定型心绞痛、心肌梗死和单支病变的比例高于汉族病人。结论广西壮族冠心病的发病和临床及影像学有自己     

冠心病患者血尿酸升高的临床意义

目的　研究冠心病患者血尿酸升高的临床意义。方法　选择冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者 2 93例为一组 ,非冠心病人群 191例为一组 ,两组均空腹查血尿酸。结果　冠心病组血尿酸升高者明显多于非冠心病组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;高尿酸血症常多合并高血压病和高三酰甘油血症 ;冠心病合并高尿酸血症组冠状动脉病变程度和支数与冠心病无高尿酸血症组无明显差异。结论　高尿酸血症可能是协同其它危险因素导致冠心病的重要因素。     

老年女性冠心病危险因素和冠状动脉病变特点临床研究

目的 探讨老年女性冠心病患者相关危险因素和冠状动脉病变特点. 方法 入选2003年4月至2012年5月在我科行Judkins法冠状动脉造影的连续2017例患者,根据年龄、性別及冠状动脉造影结果将其分为老年女性冠心病组(年龄≥60岁,冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50％)760例、老年女性对照组(年龄≥60岁)475例、青中年女性冠心病组(年龄＜60岁,冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50％)97例、老年男性冠心病组(年龄≥60岁,冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50％)685例.分析老年女性冠心病患者临床相关危险因素及冠状动脉病变特点. 结果 老年女性冠心病组与老年女性对照组比较,收缩压(154.0±28.8)与(146.9±27.2) mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、空腹血糖(6.5±2.4)与(6.1±1.7) mmol/L、糖化血红蛋白(6.5±1.3)与(6.2±0.9)％、血清尿酸(312.5±104.7)与(282.5±84.5)μmol/L升高(均P＜0.05);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(1.3±0.5)与(1.5±0.8)mmol/L降低(P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析结果显示,与老年女性冠心病独立相关的危险因素依次为高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=2.454,95％CI:1.462～4.121,P％0.01)、血清尿酸(OR=0.997,95％cI:0.995～0.999,P＜0.01)、糖化血红蛋白(OR=0.749,95％CI:0.609～0.921,P＜0.01).老年女性冠心病组冠状动脉造影结果提示,老年女性冠心病患者以多支病变和双支病变为主,行冠状动脉内支架置入术的比例高于青中年女性冠心病组[48.7％(370例)与34.0(33例),P＜0.05];但较老年男性冠心病组低[48.7％(370例)与55.6％(381例),P＜0.05]. 结论 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、血清尿酸是老年女性冠心病发病的独立危险因素,老年女性冠心病患者以多支病变和双支病变为主,冠状动脉病变累及范围广、程度重.     

冠心病患者冠状动脉病变进展的相关危险因素的探讨

目的:探讨影响冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者冠状动脉病变进展的危险因素。方法:选择138例在航空总医院心内科复查冠状动脉造影的冠心病患者,根据2次冠状动脉造影情况,分为冠状动脉进展组(86例)和无进展组(52例)。比较两组患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、高血压病史、糖尿病史、BMI、LDL、TG、TC、HDL-C以及两组糖尿病患者Hb A1c水平。采用多元Logistic回归分析各相关因素对冠状动脉病变进展的影响。结果:与无进展组相比,进展组男性比例更高(70%vs.42%,P<0.05),吸烟者比例更高(34.9%vs.11.5%,P<0.05),糖尿病患者比例更高(65%vs.31%,P<0.001)。糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白比无进展组明显升高[(8.2±1.0)%vs.(6.4±0.8)%,P<0.05]。两组LDL平均值无差异,但无进展组LDL-C<1.4 mmol/L的比例明显高于进展组(23%vs.9%,P=0.03)。Logistic回归分析显示,男性(OR=4.800,95%CI:4.250~5.160,P=0.021)、吸烟(OR=3.966,95%CI:3.345~4.532 P=0.046)、糖尿病史(OR=4.048,95%CI:3.827~4.324,P=0.008)、Hb Alc(OR=59.44,95%CI:56.34~62.56,P<0.001)是冠心病患者冠状动脉病变进展的危险因素。结论:男性、吸烟、糖尿病、Hb A1c水平是冠心病患者冠状动脉病变进展最主要的危险因素,LDL促进冠状动脉病变进展。戒烟、控制Hb A1c水平以及控制LDL-c<1.4 mmol/L对延缓冠状动脉病变进展意义重大。     

Consensus on: Screening and therapy of coronary heart disease in diabetic patients

The screening and best treatment for coronary heart disease in diabetic patients is still a matter of debate. For this reason the main Italian scientific societies dealing with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases have tried to finalize a document providing shared recommendations based on the available evidence on : 1) how and who to screen for coronary heart disease, 2) methodologies for the characterization of existing coronary heart disease 3) evaluation of the optimal treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and 4) appropriate revascularization procedures. For each of these points, the levels of evidence and strength of recommendations used in the Italian Standard of Care were adopted.     

老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素分析

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病的危险因素.方法 选择2010年8月至2012年8月我院收治的120例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,根据是否合并冠心病将其分为两组,对两组患者的临床资料进行比较分析,探讨影响T2DM合并冠心病的危险因素.结果 观察组的病程、BMI、SBP、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、UA等指标与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素为病程＞10年、高血压、高血脂、高血清尿酸.结论 病程＞10年、高血压、高血脂、高血清尿酸为老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素.     

血清胆红素与冠心病发病的关系

目的　探讨血清胆红素与冠心病 (CHD)发病的关系。方法　将 190 5例患者按冠状动脉造影结果分为CHD组 ( 10 74例 )和对照组 ( 831例 )。采清晨空腹静脉血测定血清总胆红素浓度 ,比较两组间临床特征及实验室指标的差异 ,对血清总胆红素浓度与CHD之间的关系进行单因素及多元逐步Logistic回归分析。 结果　CHD组血清总胆红素浓度显著低于对照组 [( 12 .6± 6 .1)μmol/L和 ( 15 .9± 5 .7) μmol/L ,P <0 .0 1] ,单因素分析显示血清总胆红素浓度越低 ,CHD发病率越高 (P <0 .0 1)。多元逐步Logistic回归分析发现 ,血清总胆红素浓度与CHD的发生显著负相关(P =0 .0 0 0 1,OR =0 .939) ,低血清总胆红素浓度是CHD的独立危险因子。结论　血清总胆红素浓度减低可能在CHD的发病中具有一定的作用。     

Conventional risk factors among newly diagnosed coronary heart disease patients in Delhi

AIM:To analyze the conventional risk factors among newly diagnosed cases of coronary heart disease(CHD) admitted to a hospital in Delhi,India.METHODS:This hospital-based prospective study in-cluded 276 consecutive newly diagnosed cases of CHD in the Coronary Care Unit of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi.RESULTS:The mean age of the cases was 49.7± 9.5 years,with the youngest case aged 27 years.The two risk factors present most frequently among the cases were inadequate physical activity and abnormal lipid profile.Just about 3.6%of cases in our study had a physical activity level(PAL)that could be termed as"active",with a large proportion(96.4%)having a PAL suggestive of a sedentary lifestyle.A majority of patients were found to be current tobacco smokers(53.3%)and 188(68.1%)subjects were lifetime ever smokers.There was not a single case who did not have one or more of the risk factors.More than one-quarter(n=76)had six or more of the studied risk factors.CONCLUSION:Indians have among the CHD highest mortality rates amongst all ethnic groups studied so far.It is important to study the regional epidemiology of the cardiovascular events to allow for location-specific prevention and control programs.     

Family history as a risk factor of coronary heart disease in patients under 60 years of age

The role of family history as a risk factor of coronary heartdisease was explored in the first-degree relatives of 121 femaleand 586 male survivors of a recent acute myocardial infarctionand in those of 130 control women. It was significantly morecommon for female patients than male patients to have first-degreerelatives with coronary artery disease before the age of 65(76% vs 62%P=0·0026). For the sisters of the female patientsthe cumulative risk of coronary heart disease by the age of65 years was almost twice that of the sisters of the male patients(25·9% vs 15·8%P=0·0123). The risk forthe brothers of the females did not significantly differ fromthat of the brothers of the male patients, but it was 3·5times that of the brothers of the controls. Thus, while a historyof coronary heart disease in first-degree relatives is a riskfactor for the disease, the risk is greater in women than inmen.     

风湿性心脏病合并冠心病的临床研究

目的了解我国风湿性心脏病患者的冠心病并发情况及临床特征。方法对本院自1993年～1997年7月40岁以上的已行瓣膜置换手术治疗的风湿性心脏病患者81例的冠状动脉造影及临床情况进行对比研究，男性48例，女性33例，年龄41～69岁，平均55．09±5．85岁。二尖瓣病变者19例，主动脉瓣病变者7例，联合瓣膜病变者55例。结果81例风湿性心脏病患者中有11例的冠状动脉有单支或多支≥50％的狭窄病变，发生率为13．58％，男女之比为2．67：1，多因素回归分析表明风湿性心脏病合并冠心病的发生与瓣膜病变的部位无明显相关性，但与冠心病的危险因素如吸烟，血脂升高，血糖升高等有一定的相关性。结论40岁以上风湿性心脏病患者应常规开展冠心病的危险因素的防治，若出现典型的胸痛，有多种冠心病易患因素存在则高度提示合并冠心病的存在，但由于部分病人为无症状性心肌缺血，因此40岁以上患者术前应常规做冠脉造影检查。     

Depression risk in patients with coronary heart disease in Germany

AIM To determine the prevalence of depression and its risk factors among patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) treated in German primary care practices.METHODS Longitudinal data from nationwide general practices in Germany(n = 1072) were analyzed.Individuals initially diagnosed with CHD(2009-2013) were identified,and 59992 patients were included and matched(1:1) to 59992 controls.The primary outcome measure was an initial diagnosis of depression within five years after the index date among patients with and without CHD.Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for confounders.RESULTS Mean age was equal to 68.0 years(SD = 11.3).A total of 55.9% of patients were men.After a five-year follow-up,21.8% of the CHD group and 14.2% of the control group were diagnosed with depression(P 0.001).In the multivariate regression model,CHD was a strong risk factor for developing depression(HR =1.54,95%CI:1.49-1.59,P 0.001).Prior depressive episodes,dementia,and eight other chronic conditions were associated with a higher risk of developing depression.Interestingly,older patients and women were also more likely to be diagnosed with depression compared with younger patients and men,respectively.CONCLUSION The risk of depression is significantly increased among patients with CHD compared with patients without CHD treated in primary care practices in Germany.CHD patients should be routinely screened for depression to ensure improved treatment and management.