Percutaneous treatment of bile duct lithiasis. Personal experience in the first 150 cases]

Since 1983 we have percutaneously treated 150 cases of bile duct lithiasis in which previous endoscopic maneuvers had been incomplete or unfeasible. Complete resolution of lithiasis was obtained in 139 of 150 patients. In 6 cases only partial success was obtained but symptoms subsided. In 2 cases the treatment failed and the patients underwent surgery. Minor complications were observed in 12.6% of patients and resolved either spontaneously or by percutaneous maneuvers. Mortality rate was 2%. After a follow-up period of 6-12 months, 9 patients had a recurrence, completely resolved with further percutaneous treatment. These cases never required surgery. We obtained the best results in patients with stones residual after cholecystectomy or a iatrogenic stricture of the biliary tree. We obtained good results in massive lithiasis with combined endoscopic, surgical and radiological procedures. Morbidity and mortality rates were lower than in surgical series and similar to the endoscopic ones. The short hospitalization, the low cost and the possibility of treatment on an outpatient basis should promote the spreading of percutaneous techniques in the treatment of bile duct lithiasis.     

核磁共振胰胆管水成像对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后综合征的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管水成像(MRCP)对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后发生胆囊切除综合征(PCS)的诊断价值。方法：对比分析26例LC术后出现PCS和11例未出现PCS的患者的MRCP表现。结果：PCS组的胆总管扩张的发生率为65．38％(17／26)，对照组为18．18％(2／11)。PCS组的胆囊管残留过长的发生率为53．85％(14／26)，对照组为18．18％(2／11)。PCS组胆道结石的发生率为30．76％(8／26)，对照组为0％(0／11)。PCS组1例(3．84％)有胆总管狭窄，对照组没有。结论：对于诊断LC术后出现的PCS，MRCP是一种十分有效的检查方法。     

Comparative diagnostic evaluation with MR cholangiopancreatography, ultrasonography and CT in patients with pancreatobiliary disease

Purpose

The aim of this study was to directly compare the results of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) with those of ultrasonography (US) and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary diseases.

Materials and methods

A total of 70 patients (41 men, 29 women) aged 22-89 years were studied either before (n=59) or after cholecystectomy (n=11) for biliary lithiasis. Clinical signs and symptoms were jaundice (n=15), abdominal pain (n=37) and proven biliary lithiasis (n=18). MRCP was performed in all patients, whereas abdominal US was performed in 55 (group 1) and MSCT in 37 (group 2) patients. A regional evaluation of the main structures of the pancreaticobiliary system was performed: gallbladder and cystic duct, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and main pancreatic duct. Histology (n=27), biopsy (n=5), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n=28) and/or clinical-imaging follow-up (n=10) were considered standards of reference. In particular, patients were classified as showing benign (n=47) or malignant (n=12) lesions or normal biliary anatomy (n=11).

Results

In group 1, the results of MRCP and US were concordant in the majority (92%) of cases; however, statistically significant discordance (p<0.01) was found in the evaluation of the extrahepatic ducts, with nine cases (16%) of middle-distal common bile duct stones being detected on MRCP only. In group 2, the results of MRCP and MSCT were also concordant in most cases (87%). However, findings were significantly discordant when the intra- and extrahepatic ducts were analysed, with seven (19%) and six (16%) cases, respectively, of lithiasis being detected on MRCP only (p<0.01 for both).

Conclusions

The results of our study confirm the diagnostic potential of MRCP in the study of the pancreaticobiliary duct system. In particular, the comparison between MRCP and US and MSCT indicates the superiority of MRCP in evaluating bile ducts and detecting stones in the common bile duct.     

口服法螺旋CT胆管造影临床应用价值探讨

目的探讨口服法螺旋CT胆管造影对胆系疾病的诊断价值和对胆系手术的指导价值。方法可疑胆系病变患者18例。服用碘番酸后12~14h行CT扫描,并行2D、3DMIP重建。据碘番酸剂量分大剂量组(6.0g)5例,中剂量组(3.0g)10例和小剂量组(1.0g)3例。显影程度分未显影、轻度显影、良好显影和过度显影4级。造影结果与病理和/或临床结果对照。结果(1)胆管显影与碘番酸剂量有关。观察肝内胆管用量不应<6.0g,观察肝总管和胆总管3.0g基本满足要求。(2)口服法螺旋CT胆管造影可显示肝内外胆管特别是肝外胆管的解剖结构,反映胆系功能和其通畅情况以及病变与胆管之间的关系,对胆囊阴性结石和胆囊息肉诊断的敏感度为80%,对胆总管阴性结石诊断的敏感度为88.89%,特异度为100%。(3)2D和3DMIP重建空间感好,是原始图像的重要补充。结论口服法螺旋CT胆管造影简便、无创,是显示肝内外胆管解剖结构和诊断胆系病变的一种较好方法,对胆系手术有指导作用。     

Use of a high-frequency pulsed hydro jet in the percutaneous treatment of biliary tract calculi

A new system (Broxo Jet) is described for bile duct washing to complete mechanical maneuvers during nonsurgical treatment of intra- and extrahepatic calculi. The device is connected either to a percutaneous biliary drainage catheter or to a fibroscope, and provides a high-frequency pulsating water jet. Seven patients with intra- and extrahepatic bile duct stones were treated with this new technique. Complete resolution was observed in 4/7 cases. The water jet allows the mobilization of even the biggest stones and the elimination of stone debris, as well as the removing of fibrin and necrotic tissue fragments tightly attached to bile duct walls in subacute cholangitis.     

自体组织瓣修复肝外胆管缺损的初步研究

目的：研究自体组织瓣修复肝外胆管缺损的可行性及效果。方法：21例肝外胆管缺损或狭窄的患者采用胆囊壁或空肠壁作自体组织瓣进行胆管重建，其中Mirizzi综合征12例，胆总管穿孔3例，胆管狭窄2例，医源性胆管损伤2例，胆总管结肠瘘1例。术后T型管支撑3～6个月并进行T型管造影检查。结果：所有病人均采用自体组织瓣成功修复了肝外胆管，术后随访10～96个月，无并发症发生，胆道畅通。结论：采用自体组织瓣进行肝外胆管重建可行有效，保留了Oddi括约肌的功能，维持了胆道的正常生理功能。     

肝外胆管梗阻的磁共振胆胰管造影诊断

目的 评价磁共振胆胰管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的临床诊断价值。方法 对５４例肝外胆管梗阻性疾病（肝外胆管结石３０例,恶性胆管梗阻２４例）进行ＭＲＣＰ检查,并与临床诊断或手术和病理结果对照分析。ＭＲＣＰ采用不屏气快速自旋回波（ＴＳＥ）序列重工Ｔ２ＷＩ扫描,结合呼吸触发及脂护抑制技术,原始图像以最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）法进行三维重建。结果 全部５４例ＭＲＣＰ检查均一次成功,５２例胆胰管显     

胆道闭锁的MRI诊断

目的:分析胆道闭锁的MRI表现,评价其诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析7例确诊为胆道闭锁患儿的MRI资料,观察其肝内外胆道、肝门部结构及胆囊的显示情况.结果:所有的患儿均未见到完整的肝外胆道.其中,3例冠状面T2WI可见肝门部三角形高信号影;5例门静脉周围增宽,肝门部出现条索状长T2信号;6例可见小胆囊,1例胆囊未显示.结论:胆道闭锁的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,多方位观察均未发现完整的肝外胆道时,应高度怀疑胆道闭锁.     

十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开及球囊扩张治疗肝外胆管结石的临床观察

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开及球囊扩张治疗肝外胆管结石的临床价值.方法 将我院2008年10月～2011年2月收治的肝外胆管结石患者128例,随机分为两组：（1）十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开加内镜乳头球囊扩张术（EST＋EPBD）组65例：男39例,女26例,年龄45～77岁;原发性肝外胆管结石46例,胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石12例,行单纯胆囊切除术后肝外胆管结石7例.在括约肌小切开后,以10～15 mm球囊扩张乳头部,然后进行相应的碎石或取石操作.（2）乳头括约肌切开组（EST组）63例：男37例,女26例,年龄33～78岁;原发性肝外胆管结石51例,胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石9例,行单纯胆囊切除术后肝外胆管结石3例.采用单纯乳头切开,加取石治疗.结果 EST＋EPBD组取石成功率为98.46%（64/65）,有1例因结石太大无法套住转开腹手术;EST组取石成功率为95.24%（60/63）,有3例取石失败,原因为：1例结石大无法套住,另2例的乳头太小,而结石偏大（直径1.2~1.5 cm）、太硬难以粉碎,未能取出,安放鼻胆管引流后,家属要求外科手术,3例均外科手术取石.EST＋EPBD 组与EST组的取石成功率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,EST组所需机械碎石例数均高于EST ＋EPBD组（9.23% vs.3.33%,P＜0.01）.两组近期并发症发生率（包括胰腺炎3.08% vs.1.59%、高淀粉酶血症9.23% vs.7.93%、出血1.54% vs.6.35%）无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,无活动性消化道穿孔、出血及死亡病例.结论 十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开后球囊扩张治疗胆总管结石安全有效,且保留了括约肌功能.     

磁共振胰胆管成像对肝外胆管梗阻的诊断价值(附35例分析)

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管成像对肝外胆管梗阻的诊断价值。方法：对35例肝外胆管梗阻性疾病行MRCP检查，MRCP采用呼吸门控重T2 FSE序列，把资源图像行MIP和／或MPR法重建。全部病例与临床诊断或手术和病理对照分析。结果：全部35例MRCP检查均一次成功，且胰胆管显示满意。经手术病理证实或临床综合诊断，恶性胆管梗阻28例(胆管癌14例，胰头癌11例，壶腹癌2例，转移癌1例)，胆管结石7例。MRCP对肝外胆管梗阻程度的判断和定位诊断准确率为100％，总定性诊断准确率为88．6％。结论：MRCP对肝外胆管梗阻定位诊断准确，结合资源图像和MR平扫，对肝外胆管结石和恶性梗阻的定性诊断均有较高的准确性。     

MRCP 3D FRFSE系列对良恶性胰胆管梗阻的诊断价值

目的探讨三维快速恢复快速回波脉冲系列磁共振胰胆管水成像(MRCP 3D FRFSE)对良恶性胰胆管梗阻的临床应用价值。方法对106例临床疑有胰胆管梗阻患者行MRCP 3D FRFSE系列检查,2位高年资放射科医师前瞻性分析图像,结果与手术病理或临床随访结果比较。结果106例MRCP检查均一次性成功,肝内外胆管显示率为100%,主胰管显示率为93.4%,其中80例良性梗阻包括肝内外胆管结石66例,乳头炎6例,十二指肠降段憩室炎2例,十二指肠腺瘤样增生1例,慢性胰腺炎5例;26例恶性梗阻包括肝外胆管癌9例,壶腹癌5例,胆囊癌4例,胰头癌8例。MRCP对胰胆管梗阻的定位诊断准确率为100%,在区分良恶性梗阻中,敏感性92.3%,特异性96.3%,准确性95.3%。结论3D FRFSE系列的MRCP是区分良恶性胰胆道梗阻病变较为理想的技术,在临床上有较大的应用价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆管损伤的预防和处理。方法：回顾性分析2001年3月至2005年3月LC 510例临床资料。结果：510例中，胆管损伤2例(0．39％)，其中：副肝管损伤1例，行胆管对端吻合；肝总管横断伤1例，行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术，术后恢复良好。结论：良好显露胆囊三角，认清胆囊三角解剖关系，可避免损伤肝外胆管。根据损伤的情况和术后时间选择不同的处理方法。     

CT of intrahepatic lithiasis

Twenty out of 65 patients, submitted to percutaneous treatment for intrahepatic stones at our department since 1983, had ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) performed before any treatment. CT visualised stones in 65% of patients while distribution of stones was assessed correctly in 40%. In 5 patients CT provided information useful for treatment: in one case extremely dilated bile ducts hindered cholangiographic evaluation of lithiasis while in the other four cases CT examinations showed stones in dilated bile ducts unrecognised on percutaneous or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. It is concluded that CT is a useful tool in the diagnosis of bile duct lithiasis. It aids in treatment selection and, when the percutaneous approach is chosen, allows the interventional radiologist to select the ducts to be catheterised. Correspondence to: D. ReggePresented at the ECR 91     

创伤性肝外胆道损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨创伤性肝外胆道损伤的诊治方法。方法 回顾分析本组17例创伤性肝外胆道损伤的诊治资料。结果 17例均于术中确诊。10例胆囊破裂均行胆囊切除术；4例胆总管部分破裂行缝合修补术并“T”管引流；2例胆总管横断行胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术；1例胰腺段胆管断裂行胰十二指肠切除术，术组17例均治愈。结论 创伤性肝外胆道损伤术前诊断困难，常于术中确诊，治疗可采用胆囊切除术，一期缝合修补术，胆肠吻合术和胰十二指肠切除术等手术治疗，包括单纯左，右单侧肝管结扎术。     

Percutaneous treatment of biliary stones: sphincteroplasty and occlusion balloon for the clearance of bile duct calculi

OBJECTIVE: Our study describes the percutaneous expulsion of bile duct calculi into the duodenum by dilating the papilla with a balloon catheter. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Patients (n = 212; 101 men and 111 women; mean age, 73 years; range, 31-95 years) had their calculi (single, 131; multiple, 81) percutaneously expelled into the duodenum in 73 patients via an indwelling T tube, and in 139 via transhepatic or transcystic duct route. Stone expulsion was facilitated with an occlusion balloon after balloon sphincteroplasty and with prior mechanical fragmentation in only 37 patients. After the expulsion of the calculi into the duodenum, drainage of the main bile duct to the exterior was maintained for 2-8 days. RESULTS: Technical success was initially 90.4%, increasing to 93% at the second attempt. There were 13 failures due to the large size of the calculi in nine patients, excessive tortuosity of the T tube (Kher tube) in one, and breaches of the established protocol in two. Residual lithiasis was resolved in 98.6% of cases, decreasing to 92% in the group of native, or nonresidual, lithiasis. There were 10 major complications (hemobilia) with three cases of poor clinical outcome: hepatic necrosis, multiorgan failure, or death. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous anterograde evacuation of bile duct stones with dilatation of the papilla using an angioplasty catheter and assisted with an occlusion balloon to expel the calculi is a cost-effective, nontraumatic, and safe procedure that retains the anatomic and functional integrity of the sphincter. It is a viable alternative procedure in the treatment of bile duct lithiasis.     

多层螺旋CT在肝外胆管梗阻病变诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在肝外胆管梗阻病变中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、病理以及临床随访证实的均做了CT检查的肝外胆管梗阻病变51例,其中良性41例,恶性10例。结果肝外胆管梗阻性病变中,良性多表现为肝内胆管呈枯枝状或残根状轻、中度扩张,梗阻部胆管呈漏斗样改变,肝外胆管壁呈环形弥漫性增厚;恶性多表现为肝内胆管呈软藤状中、重度扩张,梗阻部胆管呈截断型或突然狭窄并伴肿块,肝外胆管壁呈环形局限性增厚。结论良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变均有其特征性的CT征象,注意观察胆管的形态改变,以及与周围组织结构的关系,结合临床综合分析,有助于提高诊断的准确性。     

Role of MR cholangiopancreatography in patients with failed or inadequate ERCP

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of MR imaging features of primary sclerosing cholangitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of MR imaging findings including MR cholangiography and multiphasic contrast-enhanced dynamic sequences in 22 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. MR imaging analysis included abnormalities of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, abnormalities of liver parenchyma, changes in liver morphology, and lymphadenopathy. RESULTS: Abnormal findings of bile ducts were seen in all 22 patients; the most common finding was intrahepatic bile duct dilatation (77%), followed by intrahepatic bile duct stenosis (64%), extrahepatic bile duct wall enhancement (67%), extrahepatic bile duct wall thickening (50%), extrahepatic bile duct stenosis (50%), and intrahepatic bile duct beading (36%). Increased enhancement of the liver parenchyma on dynamic arterial-phase images, predominantly in the peripheral areas of the liver, was identified in 56% of patients. Other findings included periportal lymphadenopathy (77%), periportal high signal intensity on T2-weighted images (68%), hypertrophy of the caudate lobe (68%), and abnormal hyperintensity of the liver parenchyma on T1-weighted images (23%). CONCLUSION: On MR imaging, primary sclerosing cholangitis showed several characteristic features, including bile duct abnormalities and increased enhancement of the liver parenchyma. MR cholangiography and contrast-enhanced dynamic MR techniques are useful for revealing intra- and extrahepatic signs of primary sclerosing cholangitis.     

肝硬化门静脉性胆病的影像表现

目的：探讨肝硬化门静脉高压性胆病（PB）的MSCT及MRI表现。方法：回顾性分析16例肝硬化PB患者的MSCT及MRI表现,分析门静脉血栓导致PB的解剖位置和临床表现。结果：16例患者中门静脉海绵样变13例,其中8例合并门静脉血栓;门静脉和／或门静脉分支血栓3例。16例患者中3例表现为肝内胆管扩张,9例表现为肝外胆管及一侧肝内胆管扩张,4例表现为肝外胆管和两侧肝内胆管扩张。本组病例门静脉系统侧支循环的类型包括食道一胃底静脉曲张13例（13／16,81％）、胰腺周围静脉曲张10例（10／16,63％）和胆囊静脉曲张10例（10／16,63%）。结论：肝硬化门静脉高压患者出现肝外或肝内胆管扩张时应考虑门静脉高压性胆病的可能。     

磁共振胰胆管造影在肝外胆道梗阻性疾病中的应用价值分析

目的　评价磁共振胆胰管造影 (MRCP)对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的临床诊断价值。方法　对 2 9例肝外胆管梗阻性疾病 (肝外胆管结石 9例 ,恶性胆管梗阻 18例 ,胆囊周围淋巴结反应性增生 1例 ,胆囊结石 1例 )进行MRCP检查 ,并与术后病理结果或临床综合诊断对照分析。MRCP采用屏气单次激发半数傅立叶变换的TSE序列 (HASTE) ,原始图像以最大信号强度投影 (MIP)法进行三维重建。结果　全部 2 9例MRCP检查均一次成功 ,2 7例胆胰管显示满意。MRCP对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的定位诊断率为 10 0 % ,定性诊断率为 79.3 %。结论　MRCP检查成功率高 ,对肝外胆管梗阻的定位诊断准确 ,结合原始图像和常规MRI扫描 ,对肝外胆管结石和恶性胆管梗阻的定性诊断也有较高的准确性     

直接胆管造影时胆囊不显影的意义探讨

本文回顾性分析连续130例(ERCP 78例、PTC 52例)肝内外胆管显影好、技术上满意、未作胆囊切除而胆囊或胆囊管不显影的直接胆管造影片及手术结果。按使胆囊不显影病变的部位将所有病例分成3组:(1)胆囊和/或胆囊管病变(83例,63.8％):(2)胆总管中下段病变(37例,28.5％);(3)肝总管远端或胆总管近端病变(9例,6.9％)。分析胆囊和/或胆囊管不显影的原因及发病机制。 本研究证明:直接胆管造影中,(1)如果肝内外胆管显影好且无梗阻性病变,胆囊和/或胆囊管不显影可下“病理胆囊”的诊断;(2)如果肝内外胆管显影好,胆总管或肝总管远端有梗阻性病变,胆囊和/或胆囊管不显影不一定提示胆囊或胆囊管病变。